埃菲爾鐵塔建成記[文檔資料]

埃菲爾鐵塔建成記 本文檔格式為 WORD,感謝你的閱讀。 On March 31st， 1889， the Eiffel Tower opened in Paris. The opening ceremony儀式 was presided over負(fù)責(zé)，主持 by Gustave Eiffel， the towers designer ， and attended by French Prime Minister Pierre Tirard， a handful of other dignitaries顯要人物 ， and 200 construction workers. In 1889， to honor the 100th anniversary周年紀(jì)念 of the French Revolution， the French government planned an international exposition博覽會(huì) and announced a design competition for a monument紀(jì)念物 to be built on the Champ-de-Mars in central Paris. Out of more than 100 designs submitted提交 ， the committee委員會(huì) chose Eiffels plan. The design was of an open-lattice格子金屬架 wrought-iron熟鐵，鍛鐵 tower that would reach almost 1， 000 feet above Paris and be the worlds tallest man -made structure. Eiffel， a noted bridge builder， was a master of metal construction and designed the framework of the Statue of Liberty. Eiffels tower was greeted with doubt from critics who argued that it would be structurally unsound不穩(wěn)固的 ， and anger from others who thought it would be an eyesore丑的東西，眼中釘 in the heart of Paris. Despite the critics， Eiffel completed his great tower under budget預(yù)算 in just two years. Only one worker lost his life during construction， which at the time was a remarkably顯著地 low casualty傷亡 number for a project of that magnitude巨大 . The light， airy structure was by all accounts據(jù)大家所說(shuō) a technological科技的 wonder. Within a few decades， it was regarded as an architectural建筑學(xué)的 masterpiece杰作 . The Eiffel Tower is 984 feet tall and consists of由 組成 an iron framework supported on four masonry石建筑 piers墩 ， from which rise four columns柱狀物 that unite to form a single vertical垂直的 tower. Platforms， each with an observation deck觀景臺(tái) ， are at three levels. Elevators升降機(jī) ascend上升 the piers on a curve曲線 . The elevators were not completed by March 31st， 1889， however， so Gustave Eiffel ascended the towers stairs， with a few hardy能吃苦的 companions同伴 ， and raised a huge French flag up the structures flagpole 旗桿 . Fireworks were then set off from the second platform. In early May， the Paris International Exposition opened， and the tower served as the entrance gateway to the giant fair. The Eiffel Tower remained the worlds tallest man-made structure until the completion of the Chrysler Building in New York in 1930. Incredibly， the Eiffel Tower was almost destroyed when the International Expositions 20 -year lease租約 on the land expired期滿 in 1909， but its value as an antenna天線 for radio transmission saved it. It remains largely unchanged today and is one of the worlds premier 首要的 tourist attractions. 1889 年 3 月 31 日，巴黎的埃菲爾鐵塔正式向公眾開(kāi)放。開(kāi)幕式由鐵塔的設(shè)計(jì)師古斯塔夫 埃菲爾主持，法國(guó)總理皮埃爾 蒂拉爾和一小部分政要，以及 200 名建筑工人參加了開(kāi)幕式。 1889 年，為紀(jì)念法國(guó)大革命 100 周年，法國(guó) 政府計(jì)劃舉辦一次國(guó)際博覽會(huì)，并宣布將舉行一場(chǎng)設(shè)計(jì)比賽，為巴黎市中心的戰(zhàn)神廣場(chǎng)興建一座紀(jì)念碑。在提交的一百多份設(shè)計(jì)方案中，委員會(huì)最終選擇了埃菲爾的方案。其設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)開(kāi)放式支架的鍛鐵塔，高度近 1000 英尺（ 304.8 米），一旦建成，將是當(dāng)時(shí)世界上最高的人造結(jié)構(gòu)。埃菲爾是一位有名的橋梁建筑師，精于設(shè)計(jì)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)，自由女神像的框架即出自其手筆。 埃菲爾的鐵塔（建筑方案）受到了批評(píng)家的質(zhì)疑，他們認(rèn)為這種結(jié)構(gòu)不牢固；它也引發(fā)了另一些人的憤怒，他們視其為與巴黎中心地帶格格不入的眼中釘。盡管受到了批評(píng)，埃菲爾僅用了 兩年時(shí)間便在預(yù)算之內(nèi)完成了他的偉大作品。施工期間，僅有一名工人喪生。在當(dāng)時(shí)，這一傷亡數(shù)字對(duì)修建如此規(guī)模的建筑項(xiàng)目而言，已是很低的記錄。所有人都承認(rèn)，埃菲爾鐵塔輕盈通透的結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)技術(shù)奇跡。在其后數(shù)十年里，它已經(jīng)被視為一件建筑杰作。 埃菲爾鐵塔高 984 英尺（ 299.9 米），由四個(gè)塔墩支撐著一個(gè)鐵制框架組成。四條支柱從塔墩上升起，逐漸聯(lián)合成一個(gè)直立的塔身。鐵塔上建有三層平臺(tái)，每層各有一個(gè)觀景臺(tái)。電梯從塔墩沿曲線上升。 然而，電梯要到 1889 年 3 月 31 日才能建成。于是古斯塔夫 埃菲爾與幾個(gè)吃苦 耐勞的同伴一起徒步爬樓梯登上鐵塔，在鐵塔的旗桿上升起一面巨大的法國(guó)國(guó)旗。隨后，鐵塔第二層平臺(tái)燃放起了煙花。五月初，巴黎國(guó)際博覽會(huì)開(kāi)幕，埃菲爾鐵塔便是此次盛會(huì)的入門(mén)處。 直到 1930 年紐約克萊斯勒大廈建成之前，