鄉(xiāng)村旅游外文翻譯兩篇

畢業(yè)論文 （設(shè)計(jì)） 外文翻譯 學(xué) 院 ：旅游與城市管理學(xué)院 專 業(yè) ：資源環(huán)境與城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃管理 二一二 年 六 月 - - 外文翻譯之一 Factors for success in rural tourism tourism development 作者： Suzanne Wilson, Daniel R.Fesenmaier, Julie Fesenmaier and John C,Van Es 國(guó)籍： US 出處： Journal of Travel Research 原文正文： Since the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because of tourisms ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the community approach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism. - - Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities economic opportunities.Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993). These changes limited rural communities economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areas have a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their distinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies. - - Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areas those directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores). Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondary income for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful. Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion: the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components. While the above components and a community s assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread - - participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a review and description of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks) directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community development of tourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors - - that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rural tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990). - - 鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展成功因素 作者： 蘇珊娜威爾遜，丹尼爾 朱莉和 約翰 國(guó)籍： 美國(guó) 出處： SAGE 出版社 中文譯文： 20 世紀(jì) 70 年代以來(lái)，經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的改革和農(nóng)業(yè)危機(jī)使得農(nóng)村社區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的選擇減少，同時(shí)促使 老年人發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略可行 性降低 ，迫使 人們?nèi)?尋找非傳統(tǒng)的方式來(lái)維持 生計(jì) 。 鄉(xiāng)村旅游及其相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展策略因其為社會(huì)帶來(lái)的資金收入、增加就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)及支持零售增長(zhǎng)的功能而成為時(shí)下最流行的非傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展策略之一。本研究的目的是確定和審查這些因素，幫助農(nóng)村社區(qū)成功 走上 發(fā)展旅游業(yè)的創(chuàng)業(yè)道 路 。幾個(gè)重點(diǎn)群體 在 伊利諾斯 六個(gè)農(nóng)村社區(qū)與 當(dāng)?shù)厣倘撕皖I(lǐng)導(dǎo)人 進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn) 。結(jié)果清楚地表明重要的社區(qū) 不是直接就是間接地參與到了鄉(xiāng)村 旅游 的 開發(fā) 中。 20 世紀(jì) 70 年代以來(lái)，經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的改革和農(nóng)業(yè)危機(jī)的發(fā)生已嚴(yán)重阻礙了農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整導(dǎo)致了鄉(xiāng)村農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力和就業(yè)崗位的減少。 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代在中西部 發(fā)生的農(nóng)業(yè)危機(jī) 也導(dǎo)致 了農(nóng)民和重組制農(nóng)場(chǎng)的減少 ，迫使一些農(nóng)戶 為 增加收入 而參與 非農(nóng)工作， 或 離開農(nóng)場(chǎng)，或宣布破產(chǎn)。農(nóng)場(chǎng)的危機(jī)和制造工作 的丟失對(duì) 農(nóng)村社區(qū) 產(chǎn)生了重大的影響 。隨著農(nóng)村失業(yè)率高于城市水平，實(shí)際 的 收入增長(zhǎng)停滯在 農(nóng)村地區(qū)（希爾和瑞德 1992）。許多商店和農(nóng)業(yè) 從 農(nóng)村小城鎮(zhèn)消失 ， 毫不奇怪， 1992 年 伊利諾斯州的調(diào)查 表明 ， 39%的農(nóng)村居民認(rèn)為他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)前景 將 惡化（沃爾澤 1993）。 這些變化 限制了 農(nóng)村社區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方案，使 舊式 的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略 例如制造業(yè)的可行性降低 ，并迫使許多 人 尋找非傳統(tǒng)的方式來(lái)維持 生活 。其中最流行的非傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)村發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略 當(dāng)屬 旅游及其相關(guān)的創(chuàng)業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)（艾基爾和哈博 1993；魯洛夫 等人。 1994）。農(nóng)村地區(qū)因 其 神秘獨(dú)特的文化，歷史，民族 和 地理特征 而對(duì)游客產(chǎn) - - 生了 特殊的吸引力，（艾基爾和哈博 1993）。鄉(xiāng)村旅游 比 起其他的農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略例如制造業(yè)相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)開發(fā)成本較低且建立較容易。鄉(xiāng)村旅游的發(fā)展可以帶動(dòng)制造等的發(fā)展。 鄉(xiāng)村旅游可以 與其所在地的 地方政府和小型企業(yè) 共同發(fā)展 ， 但它的發(fā)展并不一定依賴于外部企業(yè)或公司。雖然旅游 在某些中心地區(qū)的發(fā)展需要較大的成本投入或者涉及大公司和連鎖企業(yè)，但是鄉(xiāng)村旅游卻可以在較少的信貸投資，人員培訓(xùn)和少量資本情況下得到發(fā)展。因此，鄉(xiāng)村旅游相比較其他的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展策略可以在較少投入花費(fèi)情況下得以發(fā)展。此外，鄉(xiāng)村旅游不需要涉及依賴外部公司以及他們是否在同一區(qū)域的決定。鄉(xiāng)村旅游為一些因人口少而可能無(wú)法留在 農(nóng)村社區(qū)的小公司提供了保障。 旅游特別有助于 兩種 類型的小型企業(yè) ， 在農(nóng)村 地區(qū) 直接參與（例如，旅游景點(diǎn)和酒店 、 汽車旅館）和間接參與旅游 的企業(yè) （例如，加油站和雜貨店）。 此外，鄉(xiāng)村旅游與現(xiàn)有的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)如農(nóng)場(chǎng)（例如，采場(chǎng)）發(fā)展較好并且可以為家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生第二收入（ 奧普曼 1996）。 盡管有這些好處，其可行性作為一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，鄉(xiāng)村旅游， 在 一些農(nóng)村地區(qū) 業(yè)有缺點(diǎn) （ luloff等人。 19941989 ）。如農(nóng)村制造，它可以 使得 農(nóng)村社區(qū) 之間 互相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。旅游業(yè)的就業(yè)，像許多其他服務(wù)部門，仍然是美國(guó)最低工資支付階梯（ 1989）。旅游 及和 它相關(guān)的 工作 的生產(chǎn)利潤(rùn) 往往是季節(jié)性的，一年中只有部分。然而，鄉(xiāng)村旅游對(duì)于 農(nóng)村社區(qū)仍然是少數(shù)可行的經(jīng)濟(jì)選擇。像其他的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略 一樣 ，鄉(xiāng)村旅游 的成功 需要若干部分 的 組成。 旅游開發(fā) 涉及（ 1） 景點(diǎn)：社區(qū) 內(nèi) 自然和人為的 功能分區(qū) ； （ 2） 推廣：一個(gè)社區(qū)和旅游景點(diǎn)的潛在游客 的營(yíng)銷 ； （ 3） 旅游設(shè)施：設(shè)施（公路，機(jī)場(chǎng)，火車，公共汽車），水和電力服務(wù)，停車場(chǎng)，標(biāo)志，及娛樂(lè)設(shè)施； （ 4） 服務(wù)：住宿，餐飲，和各種零售企業(yè)需要照顧的游客的需要； （ 5） 餐飲：游客在旅游企業(yè)和旅游景點(diǎn) 被 社區(qū)居民和雇員 如何對(duì)待 （甘 1988）。 除上 述列表外，還有旅游企業(yè)家促進(jìn)了旅游的開發(fā)。 雖然上述成分和社區(qū)資產(chǎn) 對(duì)于 旅游開發(fā) 是十分重要的 ，只有廣泛的參與和貢獻(xiàn)，鄉(xiāng)村旅游企業(yè)家確保廣泛的基礎(chǔ)， 鄉(xiāng)村旅游才能成功的發(fā)展 。研究文學(xué)出現(xiàn)了關(guān)于如何最好地促進(jìn)旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展 的研究 。一個(gè)繪制大量的經(jīng)濟(jì) 試圖的 文獻(xiàn)，認(rèn)為 對(duì) 旅游業(yè)及其相關(guān)的創(chuàng)業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)最 好 的幫助 是 建立個(gè)人企業(yè)，讓他們?cè)谑袌?chǎng)上競(jìng)爭(zhēng)這一觀點(diǎn)，但是，一直精益求精，因?yàn)樗崖糜螛I(yè)及相關(guān)企業(yè)及其問(wèn)題作為孤立的大社區(qū)； 它 不承認(rèn)相互依存 ， 不同的部門和行動(dòng)者 共 - - 同 參與旅游；（ 6）多數(shù)旅游小企業(yè)，特別是在農(nóng)村地區(qū)，沒(méi)有資源， 實(shí)現(xiàn)自身或 社會(huì)旅游產(chǎn)品的開發(fā) （甘 1988； 1985 ；帕和 bejou1995）。反對(duì)這一觀點(diǎn) 的是社區(qū)旅游業(yè)發(fā)展 的 企業(yè)家（莫非 1985）。顧名思義，該方法認(rèn)為，旅游是一個(gè)社區(qū)和產(chǎn)品，隨著旅游企業(yè) 創(chuàng)業(yè)技能的發(fā)展 ， 以及當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū) （例如，當(dāng)?shù)氐念I(lǐng)導(dǎo)和正式 或 非正式網(wǎng)絡(luò)）直接參與旅游的開發(fā)和促銷的努力（莫非 1985）。而社區(qū)的辦法可能是一種有效的方式，推動(dòng)旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展，創(chuàng)造了必要的共同合作，合作是一個(gè)復(fù)雜而艱難的過(guò)程。企業(yè)資源共享的同時(shí) ，也有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的要求 。地方政府可以看到合作發(fā)展旅游業(yè)是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的，或者他們可能擔(dān)心失去地方?jīng)Q策 的控制（ 黃和斯圖爾特 1996；賈馬爾和蓋茨 1995）。 了解 這些問(wèn)題， 合作研究 這些因素， 對(duì)于 社區(qū)旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展是必要的。本研究的目的是確定和審查這些因素，幫助農(nóng)村社區(qū)成功發(fā)展旅游業(yè) ,創(chuàng) 造創(chuàng) 業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。 本研究額外 進(jìn)行了 對(duì) 在鄉(xiāng)村旅游 發(fā)展中的 鄉(xiāng)村旅游企業(yè)家 ， 一個(gè)被忽視的群體 的 研究（斯托科夫斯基 1990）。 - - 外文翻譯之二 Rural Tourism and Economic Development 作者： Martha Frederick 國(guó)籍： U.S 出處： SAGE Publication 原文正文： Tourism is a popular economic development strategy. The author reviews three diverse books that study tourism from various social science perspectives economic, sociological, psychological, and anthropological. Ryan s book is multidisciplinary in approach and covers all major topics of tourism; tourist experience; and marketing. Michal Smith details the negative affects of tourism development in rural areas of the southeastern United States. Finally, Valene Smith s book presents international case studies that document cultural changes caused by tourism development. Despite their different focuses, all three books agree that tourism development has its benefits and costs and that changes to the destination areas are inevitable. Careful planning and marketing can lessen the harmful effects of tourism development. Tourism is an increasingly popular elixir to economic rural and urban underdevelopment. Its current prominence in the array of local economic development strategies can be traced to several features of the tourism industry. Tourism jobs are mostly low-skill jobs, which are a good fit with the job skills of many rural residents. Also, tourism has a potential for creating an export base that builds on favorable local advantages such as a pleasant climate or sites of historic or natural interest. More - - important, tourism strategies mesh with the current political philosophy and budget realities of minimizing government involvement and investment. The accommodations, restaurants, and entertainment activities that necessarily accompany tourism are assumed to be provided by the private sector. Critics of tourism as a development strategy cite its low-paying and dead-end jobs, its degradation of the local natural environment, and its potential corruption of local culture and customs. Further, not every jurisdiction in need of jobs and a tax base has tourism potential. The study of tourism, like much of the economic development literature, draws from a wide range of disciplines. The forte of economists is in addressing the affects of tourism on the local economy; however, economists fail to describe who tourists are or why they travel. Anthropologists major contribution to defining and studying tourism is in examining the impacts of tourism on local culture. Psychologists are more likely to dwell on the motives for tourism, but they ignore the impacts. Clearly, the complete definition of tourism includes the economic, social, anthropological, and psychological viewpoints. One strength of Recreational Tourism: A social Science Perspective by Chris Ryan is its multidisciplinary approach to the study of tourism. In contrast, the case studies from around the world found in Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, edited by Valene Smith, dwell on tourism from the perspectives of history and anthropology, with its focus on the culture affects of tourism and tourism s role in the acculturation process. Behind the Glitter: The Impact of Tourism on Rural Women in the Southeast, by Michal Smith, focuses on the economic and cultural effects of tourism in the rural Southeast. Benefits of tourism Perhaps chief among the advantages of tourism is that it is seen as obtainable, even for communities with minimal public resources. Most - - communities envision negligible public investments such as new roads, history markers, town cleanup, storefront rehabilitation, and marketing. The private sector is expected to provide hotels, motels, restaurants, entertainment, and other tourist accommodations. Second, tourism is a relatively easy-to-understand concept for the lay public and can, therefore, generate local support. Community pride leads residents to conclude that their home town has something to offer tourists. Tourism builds on perceived and existing local advantages or amenities, such as sites of historical interest, mountains and other places of natural beauty, pleasant climates, or clean air. Tourism development uses these resources, which are “ free” in the sense that the tourism industry has not paid for them. In some cases, these natural resources would have small economic value without tourism development. Mieczkowske cites the Alps, “ dying” fishing or mill towns of New England and the Canadian Maritime provinces, and Caribbean islands as places where tourism has given economic value to natural amenities. Thus tourism can have a positive economic effect in such areas of otherwise low economic productivity. Third, decades of experience in smokestack chasing has been disappointing for many communities. The competition for manufacturing plants is intense and as long as manufacturing employment continues its downward trend, competition for the remaining plants will only increase. Also, tourism is perceived as a cleaner industry for the environment than is manufacturing. Fourth, rural tourism havens tend to be growth. This decade became known as the population turnaround as it was the first time in the history of the United States the population of rural areas grew at faster rates than urban areas. In Behind the Glitter, Smith found that 65 of the 84 rural tourism counties in her study of the Southeast had population - - growth equal to or exceeding the national rate of growth in the 1970s.,these nonmetropolitan counties grew 37.9% and in the 1980s, they grew at a still impressive rate of 24.6%. Fifth, tourism is a labor-intensive industry, creating large numbers of jobs that employ low-skill workers and youths, who may otherwise remain unemployed. The low-skilled nature of tourism jobs is ideal for economies with poorly educated or trained labor forces. These added jobs help cut welfare rolls and provide a source of tax revenue. Finally, tourism development means more income and profits for tourist-related businesses. Local income from tourist expenditures is mostly spent again in the local area, which leads to more local income, and perhaps, to more local jobs. Such indirect benefits of tourism are measured via regional economic impacts of tourism. Ryan s book has a section that introduces techniques used to measure the economic impacts of tourism. Many other studies also focus on measuring economic effects of tourism. In contrast, other sources of economic activity, particularly for remote counties, create relatively few direct and indirect benefits. For example, nuclear power plants, waste disposal sites, and many manufacturing plants create relatively few jobs and generate small amounts of local purchases. Aside from the fact that not all communities can be tourist havens, tourism development has its costs. It seems that every benefit of tourism development has a corresponding cost. - - 鄉(xiāng)村旅游和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展 作者： 弗雷德里克 國(guó)籍： 美國(guó) 出處： SAGE 出版社 中文譯文： 旅游業(yè)是一 種十分 受歡迎的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。作者審查三 本 不同的書籍，研究了 旅游業(yè)的各種社會(huì)科學(xué)觀點(diǎn) 經(jīng)濟(jì)，社會(huì)學(xué)，心理學(xué)，人類學(xué)。 賴安的新書是 綜合性的 ，涵蓋 幾乎 所有主要議題 例如 旅游；旅游體驗(yàn)；銷售。 米哈烏 詳細(xì)的描述了美國(guó)東南部的鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展所帶來(lái)的負(fù)面影響。 最后，纈草烯的書介紹了因鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展導(dǎo)致鄉(xiāng)村文化發(fā)生改變的國(guó)際研究案例。 盡管他們有不同的側(cè)重， 但是 三本書 全部都 認(rèn)為，旅游開發(fā)具有 的 成本效益和改變目的地 的環(huán)境 是不可避免的