四級翻譯練習(xí)2.docx

京劇 Peking opera秦腔 Qin opera功夫Kungfo太極Tai Chi口 技 ventriloquism木偶戲puppet show皮影戲 shadowplay折子戲 opera highlights雜技 acrobatics相聲 witty dialogue comedy刺繡 embroidery蘇繡 Suzhou embroidery泥人 clay figure書法 calligraphy中國畫 traditional Chinese painting水墨畫 Chinese brush painting中國結(jié) Chinese knot中國古代四大發(fā)明 the four great inventions of ancient China火藥 gunpowder印刷術(shù)printing造紙術(shù) paper-making指南針 the compass青銅器 bronze ware瓷器 porcelain; china唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty景泰藍(lán)cloisonne秋千swing武術(shù) martial arts儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化 Confucian culture道教 Taoism墨家Mohism法家 Legalism佛教 Buddhism孔子 Confucius孟子 Mencius老子 Lao Tzu莊子 Chuang Tzu墨子 Mo Tzu孫子Sun Tzu象形文字 pictographic characters文房四寶(筆墨紙觀)the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone)大學(xué)The Great Learning中庸The Doctrine of the Mean論語The Analects of Confucius孟子The Mencius孫子兵法The Art of War三國演義Three Kingdoms西游爺己Journey to the West紅樓夢Dream of the Red Mansions水滸傳Heroes of the Marshes山海經(jīng)The Classic of Mountains and Rivers資治通鑒History as a Mirror春秋The Spring and Autumn Annals史記Historical Records詩經(jīng)The Book of Songs易經(jīng)The I Ching; The Book of Changes禮記The Book of Rites三字經(jīng)Three-character Scriptures八股文 eight-part essay五言絕句 five-character quatrain七言律詩 seven-character octave旗袍 cheongsam中山裝 Chinese tunic suit唐裝 Tang suit風(fēng)水 Fengshui; geomantic omen陽歷 Solar calendar陰歷 Lunar calendar閏年 leap year十二生肖zodiac春節(jié) the Spring Festival元宵節(jié) the Lantern Festival清明節(jié) the Tomb-sweeping Day端午節(jié) the Dragon-boat Festival中秋節(jié) the Mid-autumn Day重陽節(jié) the Double-ninth Day七夕節(jié) the Double-seventh Day春聯(lián) spring couplets廟會(huì) temple fair爆竹 firecracker年畫(traditional) New Year pictures壓歲錢 New Year gift-money舞龍dragon dance元宵 sweet sticky rice dumplings花燈 festival lantern燈謎 lantern riddle舞獅 lion dance踩高蹺 stilt walking賽龍舟 dragon boat race胡同hutong山東菜 Shandong cuisine川菜 Sichuan cuisine粵菜 Canton cuisine揚(yáng)州菜 Yangzhou cuisine月餅 moon cake年糕 rice cake油條 deep-fried dough sticks豆?jié){ soybean milk饅頭 steamed buns花卷 steamed twisted rolls包子 steamed stuffed buns北京烤鴨 Beijing roast duck拉面 hand-stretched noodles餛飩 wonton (dumplings in soup)豆腐 tofu? bean curd麻花 fried dough twist燒餅 clay oven rolls皮蛋 100-year egg; century egg蛋炒飯 fried rice with egg糖葫蘆 tomatoes on sticks火鍋hot pot長城 the Great Wall of China烽火臺(tái) beacon tower秦士臺(tái)皇陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang兵馬俑 Terracotta Warriors and Horses大雁塔 Big Wild Goose Pagoda絲綢之路the Silk Road敦煌莫高窟M(jìn)ogao Grottoes華清池 Huaqing Hot Springs五臺(tái)山Wutai Mountain九華山 Jiuhua Mountain蛾眉山Mount Emei泰山 Mount Tai黃山 Mount Huangshan; the Yellow Mountain故宮 the Imperial Palace天壇 the Temple of Heaven午門 Meridian Gate大運(yùn)河 Grand Canal護(hù)城河the Moat回音壁Echo Wall居庸關(guān) Juyongguan Pass九龍壁 the Nine Dragon Wall黃帝陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi十三陵 the Ming Tombs蘇州園林 Suzhou gardens西湖 West Lake九寨溝 Jiuzhaigou Valley日月潭 Sun Moon Lake布達(dá)拉宮Potala Palace鼓樓 drum tower四合院 quadrangle; courtyard complex孔廟 Confucius Temple樂山大佛 Leshan Giant Buddha十八羅漢 the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha喇嘛L(fēng)ama轉(zhuǎn)世靈重 reincarnated soul boy 中藥 traditional Chinese medicine黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)Emperor Huangdis Canon of Traditional Chinese Medicine神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)Shennongs Herbal Classic本草綱目Compendium of Materia Medica針灸 acupuncture推拿 medical massage切脈 feeling the pulse五禽戲 five-animal exercises舊石器時(shí)代 the Paleolithic Age新石器時(shí)代 the Neolithic Age; New Stone Age母系氏族社會(huì) matriarchal clan society封建的feudal朝代 dynasty秦朝 Qin Dynasty漢朝 Han Dynasty唐朝 Tang Dynasty宋朝 Song Dynasty元朝 Yuan Dynasty明朝 Ming Dynasty清朝 Qing Dynasty秦士臺(tái)皇帝 Emperor Qinshihuang; the First Emperor of Qin皇太后 Empress Dowager漢高祖劉邦 Liu Bang, Emperor Hangaozu, founder of the Han Dynasty成吉思汗Genghis Khan春秋時(shí)期 the Spring and Autumn Period文成公主 Tang Princess Wencheng慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Ci Xi皇帝，君主 emperor; monarch諸侯vassal皇妃 imperial concubine丞相，宰相 prime minister太監(jiān) court eunuch少數(shù)民族 ethnic minority祭祀 offer sacrifices西域 the Western Regions戰(zhàn)國 the Warring States中華文明 Chinese civilization文明的搖籃 cradle of civilization秦始皇統(tǒng)一中國 unification of the country by Emperor Qinshihuang鴉片戰(zhàn)爭the Opium War太平天國 the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom戌戌變法 the Reform Movement of 1898辛亥革命 the 1911 Revolution新民主主義革命 New-democratic Revolution五四運(yùn)動(dòng) the May 4th Movement of 1919南昌起義 Nanchang Uprising918 事變 September 18th Incident長征 the Long March西安事變 Xian Incident南京大屠殺Nanjing Massacre抗日戰(zhàn)爭 the War of Resistance Against Japan毛澤東 Mao Tse-tong孫中山 Sun Yat-sen蔣介石 Chiang Kai-shek國民黨 Kuomingtang中華人民共和國 the Peoples Republic of China (PRC)滿族 Manchu蒙古人Mongol士大夫 scholar-officials學(xué)者 scholar詩人 poet政治家statesman社會(huì)地位social status 北京有無數(shù)的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活給古都北京帶來了無窮的魅力。北京的胡同不僅僅 是平民百姓的生活環(huán)境，而且還是一門建筑藝術(shù)。通常，胡同內(nèi)有一個(gè)大雜院，房間夠4到10個(gè)家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充滿了友善和人情味。如今，隨著社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，很多胡同被新的高樓大 廈所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下來。參考答案In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs. The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing. The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture. Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people. Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity. Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings. I hope hutongs can be preserved.難點(diǎn)精析1.帶來了無窮的魅力：翻譯為bring endless charm to。2.漢語習(xí)慣于用并列的散句或短語來表達(dá)一個(gè)語境，而英文習(xí)慣上用整句表述，句內(nèi)不太重要的信息會(huì)用 | 介詞短語或從句來補(bǔ)充說明，如本段中“胡同內(nèi)有一個(gè)大雜院，房間夠4到10個(gè)家庭的差不多20口人住”是 ： 兩個(gè)并列關(guān)系的漢語短句，翻譯成英文時(shí)可將第二句用with介詞結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)出來，起補(bǔ)充說明的作用。3.充滿友善和人情味：翻譯為full of friendliness and genuine humanity。4.隨著社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展：翻譯為with rapid social and economic development，也是with介詞短語的應(yīng)用，在句中作伴隨狀語。中國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)慶膳食是節(jié)日必不可少的伴侶。例如，我國的端午節(jié)(the Dragon Boat Festival)是紀(jì)念古代 詩人屈原的日子。那一天，人們通常要賽龍舟、吃粽子(zongzi)。中秋節(jié)是觀賞滿月的日子。圓圓的月亮象征 著圓滿，象征著家庭團(tuán)聚。因此，中秋節(jié)(The Mid-autumn Festival)的特制食品是一種圓形的月餅。春節(jié)是中國 的農(nóng)歷新年(the Chinese lunar New Years holiday)，除了常見的家禽和肉類之外，人們還要按各自的地方習(xí)俗 烹制傳統(tǒng)食物，如鉸子和年糕。參考答案Traditional Chinese holiday meals are indispensable on some festivals. For example, the Dragon Boat Festival is a day established in memory of the ancient poet Qu Yuan and people usually hold dragon boat races and eat zongzi, or rice dumpling on that day. The Mid-autumn Festival is an occasion for viewing the full moon. The round moon is a symbol for completeness and family reunion. The special food of the day is yuebing, a round cake known as the mooncake. The Spring Festival is the Chinese lunar New Years holiday. Besides the popular poultry and meat, people cook traditional food according to regional customs, for example, jiaozi, or boiled dumplings, and niangao, or the “ 1 ” new year cake .難點(diǎn)精析 1.中國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)慶膳食：翻譯為Traditional Chinese holiday meals,其中“節(jié)慶膳食”直接譯為holiday meals , 即可，翻譯時(shí)注意“中國的”和“傳統(tǒng)”的順序。2.紀(jì)念：翻譯為介詞短語in memory of,修飾前面的a day。 3.賽龍舟：翻譯為hold dragon boat races,其中hold意為“舉行”，“舉行龍舟比賽”即“賽龍舟”。4.觀賞滿月：“滿月”即fMlmoon,此處的“觀賞”可以譯為viewing,也可以用enjoying或watching表示。5.象征著家庭團(tuán)聚：“象征”翻譯為系表結(jié)構(gòu)is a symbol for,也可以用動(dòng)詞symbolize表示，“家庭團(tuán)聚”翻譯： 為 family reunion 即可。唐朝（Tang Dynasty）被歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為是中國文明最輝煌的時(shí)期。唐朝的首都在長安。在與印度和中東（the Middle East）的交流中，在他們的促進(jìn)下，唐朝在許多領(lǐng)域里得到了長足的發(fā)展。唐朝是文學(xué)和藝術(shù)的黃金時(shí)期。唐朝通過科舉制度（civil service examinations）在全國選出優(yōu)秀的儒家文人（Confucian literati）為政府效力，而唐朝的政府體系在儒學(xué)官僚（Confucian bureaucratic）的支持下也日臻完善。公元8世紀(jì)中期，唐朝勢力開始衰落。 Tang Dynasty, whose capital is Changan, is regarded by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization. Stimulated by the contact with India and the Middle East, the empire saw a great development in many fields. The Tang period was the golden age of literature and art. Served by a large class of Confucian literati selected through civil service examinations, the government system of Tang Dynasty was gradually perfected under the support of Confucian bureaucratic. By the middle of the eighth century A. D., the power of Tang Dynasty began to ebb. 面子是某個(gè)人在他人眼中的社會(huì)地位和名聲。中國人一生都用語言和行動(dòng)維護(hù)和提升面子?？梢孕〉秸l先上電梯，也可以大到百萬美元的合同授予。沒有面子也就沒有了影響力。即使是無意中讓別人沒面子，也是極其嚴(yán)重的冒犯（dishonor），可能意味著斷絕關(guān)系。中國人不會(huì)公開批評、忽視或取笑他人，即使是開玩笑。點(diǎn)評別人的成績時(shí)，也是先說優(yōu)點(diǎn)，再講不足The concept of “face” can be described as someones social status or reputation in the eyes of others. Throughout a Chinese persons life, he maintains and enhances his “face” with words and actions. It may be something as small as who gets into the elevator first or as big as the awarding of multimillion dollar contacts. Losing face equals/ means losing power or influence. Even to make someone lose face unintentionally is a serious dishonor and could mean the end of a relationship. Chinese people never criticize, ignore or make fun of a person in front of others, even jokingly. When discussing individual performance, they always emphasize good points before bad ones.在中國，喝茶是一種儀式（ritual），一種精致品位(refined taste)的展示。人們在飲茶的同時(shí)，也領(lǐng)略著（take delight in）品茶的情趣之意。喝茶聊天是中國人中最流行的大發(fā)時(shí)間的方式。過去，他們是以進(jìn)有名的茶館（tea house）而開始一天的生活的。中國的茶館相當(dāng)于法國的咖啡館和英國的酒館。人們到這里不僅是為了喝茶，也是為了議論當(dāng)?shù)氐男侣劵驅(qū)φ卧掝}進(jìn)行激烈的（furious）辯論。Tea drinking in China is a ritual and a demonstration of the refined taste. While drinking tea, people also take delight in the essence of tea itself. Chatting over a pot of tea is a very popular way of pastime among Chinese. In the past, they would start the day with a visit to a well-known teahouse. Chinese teahouses would be the equivalent of French cafes and English pubs. People come here not just for tea, but also to discuss local news or to have furious political debates.據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)網(wǎng)上調(diào)查顯示，55%的中國青年認(rèn)為自己對生活缺乏熱情，71%的人認(rèn)為他們承受著巨大的壓力。焦慮普遍存在于當(dāng)今的中國年輕人中。名車、豪宅和優(yōu)越的生活（live a privileged life）是人們追求的目標(biāo)。然而，與高昂的房價(jià)、教育支出和醫(yī)療費(fèi)用相比，他們的工資過低且增長緩慢，看不到脫離困境的希望，焦慮因此而產(chǎn)生A recent online survey found that 55 percent of young people in China thought they ware lacking enthusiasm for life, and 71 percent considered themselves under heavy pressure. Anxiety is a common phenomenon among young Chinese today. Brand-name cars, luxurious houses and living a privileged life are peoples driven goals. However, compared with the high housing prices, education expenses and medial costs, their income is too low with slow growth and they see little hope for escaping, so anxiety occurs. 傳統(tǒng)中國繪畫是一門獨(dú)特的藝術(shù)，無論是風(fēng)格還是技巧都與世界其他藝術(shù)門類迥然不同。傳統(tǒng)的日本繪畫可能算是例外，但是不要忘了，它是深受中國文化影響的。中國繪畫采用毛筆（brush）蘸墨汁或顏色，靈巧地?fù)]灑（wield）在紙上。畫家用深、淺、濃、淡的點(diǎn)和線構(gòu)成一幅圖畫。在優(yōu)秀畫家的手里，毛筆和墨汁不僅是繪畫的工具，也是畫家藝術(shù)追求的象征。Passage 5. Traditional Chinese paintings constitute a unique school of art, a school that, in style and techniques is widely different from any other art school in the world. Traditional Japanese art may be the only exception, but it has to be remembered that it has been heavily influenced by the Chinese culture. The Chinese do paintings with brushes, dipping their brushes in ink or paint and then skillfully wielding them. Painters produce on the paper pictures with lines and dots-some heavy, and some light, and some deep, and some pale. In the hands of a good painter, brushes and ink are not only tools for drawing pictures, but also the symbol of his or her artistic pursuit. 二十四節(jié)氣（solar terms）的劃分起源于黃河流域一帶（Yellow River area），是中國古代歷法（calendar）特有的重要組成部分和獨(dú)特創(chuàng)造。在古代中國，人們常用二十四節(jié)氣來表示季節(jié)更替和氣候變化狀況。節(jié)氣的制定是我們祖先在長期的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中，逐步認(rèn)識(shí)氣象變化規(guī)律的結(jié)果。長期以來，甚至直到今天，二十四節(jié)氣在中國的農(nóng)牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)（agricultural and animal husbandry production）中一直起著重要的作用Passage 6. The twenty-four solar terms is a unique component and creative invention of the Chinese traditional calendar, first originating from the Yellow River area. It was used to indicate the alternation of seasons and climate changes in ancient China. The establishment of solar terms reflected our ancestors knowledge about climate changes during their long history of farming activities. Over years, it has played an important role in Chinas agricultural and animal husbandry production even to this day. 在媒介文化高度發(fā)展的今天，年輕人接觸外來文化的方式越來越多。根據(jù)中國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息中心（CNNIC）的統(tǒng)計(jì)，截止到 2004年6月30日，中國上網(wǎng)用戶總數(shù)達(dá)到8,700萬人，其中多數(shù)是年輕人。現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的開放性、多樣性，是的年輕人不得不在西方文化的沖擊中尋找自己的文化定位。實(shí)際上，現(xiàn)在很多年輕人在很多生活方式上已經(jīng)很難分清它是來自西方還是東方。Passage 7. In the era of highly developed media culture, young people have more contact than ever with foreign culture. According to CNNIC statistics, by June 30, 2004, China had had 87milion Internet users, most of whom are young people. Coupled with the openness and diversity of modern society, young Chinese people now have to seek their culture orientation under the impact of Western culture. In fact, many aspects of the Western and Eastern lifestyle are so blended that many young people find it difficult to make those lifestyle distinguishable. 刺繡（Embroidery）是中國藝術(shù)的一顆璀璨明珠， 在秦漢時(shí)期就已達(dá)到較高的水平。它是一門傳統(tǒng)工藝，有各種樣式，廣泛分布于中國的各個(gè)地區(qū)。有些精致（elaborate）繡品需要花費(fèi)幾位熟練技工數(shù)月甚至數(shù)年才能完成。在服飾文化中，刺繡工藝占有重要地位。它不僅是中國傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)和手工藝的瑰寶，也是中華文化的重要組成部分。它代表了中國人民的智慧。Passage 8. Embroidery which had already reached a high level in the Qin and Han dynasties is a brilliant pearl in Chinese art. Embroidery is a traditional craft found in many styles in different parts of China. Some elaborate pieces require months or even years to be finished and call on the skills of several experienced craftspeople. In the costume culture, it occupies an important position in the treasure of the Chinese traditional arts and crafts, and is also an important part of Chinese culture. It represents the wisdom of Chinese people. 京劇在中國有200多年的歷史。它源于華東地區(qū)的徽劇及華中地區(qū)的漢劇，后又汲取了昆曲、河北梆子兩種地方戲的精華。由于這一表演藝術(shù)在北京興起并繁榮，因此而得名。京劇是中國最有影響力的戲曲， 在社會(huì)各階層中都有廣大愛好者。晴天時(shí)，人們常常可以看到京劇票友（amateurs of Peking Opera performers）在街頭（street corner）、公園或居民區(qū)周圍練唱。觀看京劇是到中國來的海外游客最喜愛的活動(dòng)之一。Passage 9. Peking Opera has a history of more than 200 years in China. It started as a derivative of Hui Opera in eastern China and Han Opera in central China, absorbing valuable elements from two regional operas, Kunqu and HebeiBangzi. Since this performing art arose and flourished in Beijing, hence the name. Peking Opera is the most influential opera in China, claiming numerous enthusiasts in all segments of society. It can be often seen that amateurs of Peking Opera performers sing in street corners, parks or residential areas on fine days. Watching Peking Opera is one of the most popular even