語法系列復習專題三-----形容詞、副詞

語法系列復習專題三-形容詞、副詞 1狠抓基礎知識： 1)熟讀課文； 2)背記單詞、詞組、短語(該冊書約300條詞組、短語)； 3)復習各課語言點； 4)復習有關交際用語；5)復習該冊語法項目：定語從句、動名詞、不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞、動詞時態(tài)、 主謂一致、名詞性從句、情態(tài)動詞、強調句。 2易混淆詞語辨析： 1) carry on(vi.)繼續(xù)；carry out(vt.)實行；實現；執(zhí)行。 例如：They carried out the plan and carried on with the work. 2) lie (lay, lain) down 躺下；lay (laid, laid) down 放下 3) in charge of 負責，in the charge of 由負責。 例如：Im in charge of the class.The class is in the charge of me. 4) be angry with/at sb. 生某人氣；be angry at/about/over sth.因某事生氣； 例如：Mother got angry with/at me only because I had broken a precious cup. 5) call on sb. 拜訪某人；call at sp. 訪問某處 drop in on sb. 順便拜訪某人；drop in at sp. 順便拜訪某處 6) knock on/at sth. 敲某物；knock into sb./sth. 撞上某人/某物。7) by the way 順便說；on the way (to) 在去的路上；in the way 以這種方式， 礙事；in sbs way 礙某人的事 例如：By the way, would you please buy me a pen on the way to school? 順便說一下，你上學路上能幫我買支筆嗎？If you work in the way you will be in my way.如果你以這種方式工作，那你就礙我的事了。8) deep與deeply：兩詞作副詞用時，前者表可量度的“深”意思。后者表抽象概念 的“深”意。 例如：They dug deep but didnt find water./I was deeply moved. 9) be fit for be suitable/proper for 適合于；fit(v.)(尺寸、大小)適合。 例如：The clothes fit me, and the colour is also fit for me. 這衣服我穿合身，而且顏色也合適。 10)glance at 瞅/瞥/很快地看一眼；glance over 穿過 瞅/瞥/很快看。 例如：He glanced at her shoulder. 他瞅了一下她的肩膀。 He glanced over her shoulder and found a short man following her. 他從她的肩膀瞥了一眼，發(fā)現有個矮個子男的跟著她。 11)say to oneself think to oneself 暗自思量；talk to oneself 自言自語12)break off (使)折斷；停止說話；突然中斷；停頓；break down 武力鎮(zhèn)壓；推翻； 將(門、墻等)搗毀；崩潰；分解；瓦解；出毛病；壞掉；break up 分解；驅散； 打碎；拆散 break into 闖入。例如：Some people broke down the door and broke into his house. They broke up the TV and something else. When they left they broke off some trees in the gard. 一些人搗開他的屋門闖進他家，他們打碎了電視機和一些別的東西。走時又砍 倒了院子里的幾棵樹。13)be in love with sb.與某人相愛(延續(xù)狀態(tài))；fall in love with sb.愛上某人(短 暫情況)。例如：They fell in love with each other three years ago and they have been in love with each other for three years. 三年前他們相愛了，三年來他們一直相愛著。 14)be dressed as/like 穿得象/打扮成；be dressed in 穿著。 例如：The man who is dressed in blue clothes is dressed as a worker. 穿著藍衣服的那個男人打扮得象個工人。 15)seat vt.就座，容納；sit vi.坐 例如：He is seated in the room.He sits/is sitting in the room. The cinema can seat 500 people. 16)work on 從事于；忙于；work out 做出，解出。 例如：They are working on the maths problems and have worked out nearly half. 17)believe 相信(某人的話)；believe in 信賴；信任。 例如：Though I believe what he said just now, I cant believe him. 雖然我相信他剛才說的話，但是我不信賴他。18)share與share in：兩詞都可表“分享”意，但share還可表“合用”、“共用”意。例如：We should share (in) both happiness and sorrow. I wouldnt like to share the bed with you. 我不愿與你合睡一張床。19)many與many a：兩詞都表“許多”意。但many后跟復數名詞，復數謂語；many a 后跟單數名詞，單數謂語。 例如：Many students are writing now.Many a student is writing now. 20)more than 多于；不僅；not more than 不超過；no more than 不過；僅僅。 例如：Winter sleep is more than sleep. 冬眠不僅僅是睡覺。 She is not more than thirty. 她不超過三十歲。 She is no more than thirty.She is only thirty. 她只不過三十歲。21)by surprise, in surprise與to ones surprise：by surprise用于take by surprise 出乎意料；對突然襲擊。 例如：He took me by surprise when he suddenly appeared at the door. 他突然出現在門口，這使我感到意外。 in surprise 驚訝地。 例如：He looked at me in surprise. 他驚訝地看著我。 to ones surprise 使某人驚訝的是。例如：To my surprise he got full marks in the physics test. 使我驚訝的是他物理得了滿分。 22)astonishsurprise 使吃驚；使驚訝；shock 使震驚；使震動；使電擊。 例如：It astonished/surprised us that he didnt go to work this morning. The news that all the boats had sunk in the storm shocked us. 23)raise與rise：raise vt.升起；舉起；提高；飼養(yǎng)；rise vi.上升；升高；升起。 例如：They climbed up onto the top of the ship to raise themselves so as to watch the sun which was rising in the east. The workers wanted to have their pay raised.24)take care與look out：兩個短語都有“小心”、“當心”意。take care既可單獨 使用，也可跟賓語從句或不定式；look out只能單獨使用，若表“挑選”意，可 跟賓語。 25)die of與die from：都表“死于”意。die of后跟表“內因”的死因，如：hunger, anger, brief(憂傷)；die from后跟表“外因”的死因，如：flood, lock of water, chest wound；具體病名，如：cancer, stomachache等則可用于兩短語之后。26)put out 熄滅/撲滅(火等)；關掉(燈、煤氣)等；put down 放下；平定/鎮(zhèn)壓(起義、 暴亂等)；記下27)live on 以為生/為主食；live in 住在；live by (doing )靠(做某事)維 生/生活28)think about 考慮；think of 考慮；想出；思念；think over 仔細考慮；think up 想出；編造；設計出 29)try on 試穿；try out 試能力；試用(某人，某物)30)make of 由制成(成品中見不到原料模樣)；make from 由制成(成品中見不到 原料模樣)；make up of 由構成；由組成；make out of 由制出；由改制 而成。 31)keep off 離開；勿接觸；keep out 將陰擋在外 32)a number of 許多/一些；the number of 的數目 33)hand out 分發(fā)；hand in 上交；hand to 交給；遞給 34)fall to pieces 跨臺；崩潰；倒塌；解體；fall into ruins 成為廢墟 3交際用語的幾個注意點： 1)回答道謝語或道歉語可說“Thats all right.”“Thats OK.”(意“不用謝”，“沒 關系”。)但不能說“All right.”“OK.” 2)回答“Would/Do you mind doing sth.”問句，表“不介意”多說“(No).not at all/not in the least.”“Of course not.”“Certainly not.”而不要誤說“Yes.”“Yes, please.”“all right.”“Never mind.”要表達“介意”時，宜采用委婉方式，如： “Sorry, youd better not.” 3)別人贊揚你時，不要說“No, no, (dont say so.),”通常說“Thank you.”4)別人邀請你(吃東西、參加舞會等)時，或主動向你提供幫助時，表示“同意”多說 “Yes, thank you.”表示“不同意”多說“Thank you/Thats very kind of you, but (引出拒絕原因)”或“No, thank you all the same/just the same.” 4.幾項語法疑難 1)動名詞與不定式作主語、賓語的用法比較 作主語： (1)多數情況兩者可以互換。例如：Seeing is believing. = To see is to believe. Talking is easy and doing is difficult. = To talk is easy and to do is difficult. (2)如果表示一種具體、短期的行為，或表示將來的行為，宜用不定式。例如： It took him two hours to finish the work. To be a scientist is his desire(愿望). (3)如果表示一種經常性、習慣性的行為，一般用動名詞。例如： Getting up early is a good habit. 作賓語： (1)有些動詞跟不定式、動名詞作賓語皆可，意義也差不多，主要有：begin, start, continue, love, prefer等。(2)有些動詞后只跟不定式作賓語，主要有：wish, hope, expect, demand, refuse, decide. (3)有些動詞后只能跟動名詞作賓語，已學過的這類詞有：finish, imagine, insist on, enjoy, escape, consider, cant help, admit, avoid, mind, miss, practise, put off (延遲)delay, suggest. (4)有些動詞后跟不定式、動名詞意義有明顯差別，主要有：forget, remember, regret, stop, mean, try, want, need, require, go on A. forget to do sth. 忘記要做某事 forget doing sth.忘記做過某事forget having done sth. = forget to have done sth. B. remember to do sth. 記住要做某事 remember doing sth. 記住做過某事C. regret to do sth. 遺憾（要）做某事 regret doing sth. 懊悔做了某事D. stop to do sth. 停下(原事)去某事(不定式作目的狀語) stop doing sth. 停止做某事E. mean to do sth. 決意打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味表明做某事 F. try to do sth. 努力設法去做某事 try doing sth. 試圖嘗試用某一方法做某事 G. want/need/require to do sth. 要想做某事 want/need/require doing. 需要想要被 H. go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)做不同的事 go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做相同的事 2)現在分詞用法 關于現在分詞完成式用法的幾點說明： (1)現在分詞完成式表示一個先于句子謂語的動作。例如：Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.(完成作業(yè)在先，出去散步在后) Having been rebuilt this way, these temples look even more beautiful. (重建在先，顯得 更美麗在后)(2)現在分詞完成主動式或完成被動式都不能作定語。例如：The girl who has passed the maths test looks very happy. (句中劃線部分不能改為having passed the test)The sentence made by him is very long.(made 不可改為 having been made) 使用現在分詞的幾個注意點： (1)作狀語用的現在分詞，其邏輯主語必須同句中主語為同一人或同一事，例如： Standing on top of the tall building, we could see the whole city.(正) (Standing=When we stood) Standing on top of the tall building, the whole city could be seen.(誤) Having found the cause, they continued the experiment.(正)(Having found=After/When they had found) Having found the cause, the experiment continued. (誤) (2)短暫動詞（即瞬間動詞）的現在分詞被動式不可作賓補或定語。例如： He saw the old man knocked down by the car.(knocked down 不可改為being knocked down或having being knocked down) Do you like the dictionary bought by Zhang Ming?(bought不可改為being bought或having been bought) 3)過去分詞用法 過去分詞和現在分詞一樣在句中都可以充當狀語、定語、表語、賓語補足語。例： 狀語：Disturbed by the noise,we had to finish the meeting early. 定語：Large boards can be used for printed posters. 表語：The supermarket is crowded with shoppers. 賓補：We must get the work finished today. 現在分詞被動式與過去分詞用法的區(qū)別： 現在分詞被動式與過去分詞都有被動意，但其用法是有區(qū)別的： (1)作定語時，現在分詞的一般被動式表示一個正在發(fā)生的被動動作，過去分詞則表示 一個已發(fā)生過的被動動作或沒有時間性的狀態(tài)。例如：正在建造的建好的builtthere ? being built Do you see the hospital 你看見了那邊那個 醫(yī)院嗎？ The continent connected with Asia at the Suez Canal is Africa. 在蘇伊士運河處與亞洲相連的洲是非洲。（句中connected無時間性） (2)作原因狀語，現在分詞被動式與過去分詞可以互換。例如： Being led ( Led ) by the Party, the Chinese people have won great victories. (3)作方式或伴隨狀語，不用現在分詞被動式，而用過去分詞。例如： The soldiers lay on the ground,covered with nothing.(4)作時間狀語，若動作先于句子的謂語動作，且有具體過去時間，不可用現在分詞一 般被動式或完成被動式。例如：Built in 1192,the bridge was very useful. 如果沒有具體過去時間狀語，可用過去分詞或現在分詞完成被動式。例如： Discussed(Having been discussed)many times,the problem was settled at last. 如果要強調分詞狀語的動作發(fā)生的時間在謂語動作之前，則宜用現在分詞完成被動 式，而不用過去分詞。例如： Not having been invited,she had to stay at home. (5)在have,get之后宜用過去分詞作賓補，不用現在分詞被動式或不定式被動式作賓 補。例如：Ill have my hair cut.(cut不能改為being cut或be cut) He got his watch repaired.(repaired不能改為being repaired或to be repaired)(6)在make,order,want,like,wish等動詞后，多用過去分詞作賓補，少用現在分詞被 動式作賓補。例如： The speaker couldnt make himself heard.(一般不說being heard) He wanted his house painted.(一般不說being painted) 4)名詞從句下面幾點是學習名詞從句要加以注意的： whether和if都可以引導賓語從句表達是否意,（即引導賓語從句時if和 whether可以互換）但以下幾種名詞從句要用whether（不用if）引導: (1)引導主語從句,且在句首時。例：Whether he has won the tennis is not known.(但 It is not known whether/ if he has won the tennis.)(2)引導表語從句時。例：The problem is whether he can get a job.(3)引導同位語從句時。例：I have no idea whether he will come . (4)詞后的whether從句 。例:I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 位于句首引導主語從句的that不可忘。 例如：That he got the first place in the competition surprised all of us.在“It is suggested / proposed /ordered /a pity /no wonder /necessary / strange / that從句”結構中，that從句謂語有時用（ should ）do這樣的 虛擬語氣形式。 例如：It is suggested that we (should)improve the relations between us. It is a pity that one (should )stay in one place all ones life. It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings(缺點). 在“The reason why is that ”句式中that不要誤用because. 例如：The reason why he didnt go to school yesterday is that he was ill.名詞從句中that, what用法比較： 引導名詞從句的that是連詞，在句中無成份，無意義，而what是連接代詞，what the thing(s) that. 例如：It was told in yesterdays newspaper that what the students had done was praised by the factory. 5)情態(tài)動詞have done must have done 表示“肯定做過”之意。如： The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. should/ought to have done 表示“本應該做”之意。 should not/ought not to have done 表“本不應該做”意，是一種責備口吻。 例如：You are late again. You should have come earlier. You ought not to have told him about it, because it was a secret. need not have done 表示“本沒有必要做”之意。如： You neednt have waited for him because he said he would not come. 你本沒必要等他，因為他說他是不會來的。(這是就已發(fā)生過的事而言。) 比較：You neednt wait for him because he wont come. 你不必等他，因為他不會來。(這是對將來情況而言。) may/might(not)have done 表示“可能(沒)做了”之意。 例：He may not have finished the work. She might have had an accident.could/might have done 表“本來能夠(可以)做而沒有做”意，含責備和婉轉批 語意。 如：You could have finished the work before you went home. You might have given him some help though you were busy.cant/couldnt have done 表“肯定沒做”意。是must have done的否定式(不 說mustnt have done) 例如：I saw him just now, he cant have gone to Shanghai. He stayed at home yesterday. he couldnt have been hit by a car. will have done 表“肯定已經做了”意。 例如：You will have heard the news last night. 昨晚你肯定聽到這個消息了。 He will have got home by now. 現在他該到家了。 5. 糾正幾個陳舊錯誤語言觀點： 1)at the end 不能單獨使用，必須與of連用。 2)fairly修飾褒義詞，rather修飾貶義詞 3)Its no use/good/help后只跟動名詞，不能跟不定式 4)虛擬語氣中be只用were, 不用 5)key to the door, entrance to the hall這類短語中的to不能改為of 6)any other后只能跟單數名詞 7)只能說who elses, 不能說whose else 8)只能說hit sb. on/in the部位，不能說hit sbs部位典型單項填空題訓練1What _, if he _ about it? A. will happen；was told B. would happen；were told C. will happen；were told D. would happen；is told2Her expression suggested that she _ very angry. A. should be B. be C. was D. being3. The scientist devoted all his life _ a new kind of machine. A. to invent B. to discovering C. to discover D. to inventing4. Is this dam _ the students of that school visited last week? A. the one B. that C. where D. which5. The singer _ I have always admired _ her sweet voice is Yang Liyin. A. whom；不填 B. that；for C. who；不填 D. that；不填6The ship with 2000 passengers on it is heading _ Shanghai. A. the south toward B. south on C. south toward D. the south for7. _ he was made League secretary excited his parents. A. That B. What C. Because D. Which8. It is suggested that a study plan _ today. A. should make B. will be made C. be made D. would be made9. I have no idea _ he will join us. A. if B. whether C. as D. unless10. Which would you rather have, tea or coffee? _. A. Yes, both B. Yes, please C. Sure, I would D. Neither, thank you11.Little _ about his own health though he was very ill. A. he cares B. does he care C. did he care D. he cared12.We dont doubt _ shell win the tennis game this afternoon. A. whether B. that C. if D. what13.You _ the good news on TV last night. A. have heard B. hear C. will have heard D. had heard14.She looked _ his shoulder to see if someone was following her. A. through B. over C. at D. on15.Are the students busy _ their coming examinations? A. with preparing for B. preparing C. preparing for D. in preparing16. _? Yes, I cant sleep well.A. What can I do for you B. Can I help youC. How can I help you D. Hello17.He acted _ nothing _. A. as if；had happened B. as though；