數(shù)學(xué)專業(yè)簡單英語定義.doc

BasicConceptsoftheTheoryofSetsIn discussing any branch of mathematics, be it analysis, algebra, or geometry, it is helpful to use the notation and terminology of set theory. This subject, which was developed by Boole and Cantor in the latter part of the 19th century, has had a profound influence on the development of mathematics in the 20th century. It has unified many seemingly disconnected ideas and has helped to reduce many mathematical concepts to their logical foundations in an elegant and systematic way. A thorough treatment of theory of sets would require a lengthy discussion which we regard as outside the scope of this book. Fortunately, the basic noticns are few in number, and it is possible to develop a working knowledge of the methods and ideas of set theory through an informal discussion . Actually, we shall discuss not so much a new theory as an agreement about the precise terminology that we wish to apply to more or less familiar ideas.In mathematics, the word “set” is used to represent a collection of objects viewed as a single entityThe collections called to mind by such nouns as “flock”, “tribe”, crowd”, “team, are all examples of sets, The individual objects in the collection are called elements or members of the set, and they are said to belong to or to be contained in the set. The set in turn ,is said to contain or be composed of its elements.We shall be interested primarily in sets of mathematical objects: sets of numbers, sets of curves, sets of geometric figures, and so on. In many applications it is convenient to deal with sets in which nothing special is assumed about the nature of the individual objects in the collection. These are called abstract sets. Abstract set theory has been developed to deal with such collections of arbitrary objects, and from this generality the theory derives its power.NOTATIONS. Sets usually are denoted by capital letters: A,B,C,.X,Y,Z ; elements are designated by lower-case letters: a, b, c,.x, y, z. We use the special notation XSTo mean that “x is an element of S “or” x belongs to S”. If x does not belong to S, we write xS. When convenient ,we shall designate sets by displaying the elements in braces; for example ，the set of positive even integers less than 10 is denoted by the symbol2,4,6,8whereas the set of all positive even integers is displayed as 2,4,6,the dots taking the place of “and so on”.The first basic concept that relates one set to another is equality of sets:DEFINITION OF SET EQUALITY Two sets A and B are said to be equal(or identical)if they consist of exactly the same elements, in which case we write A=B. If one of the sets contains an element not in the other ,we say the sets are unequal and we write AB.SUBSETS. From a given set S we may form new sets, called subsets of S. For example, the set consisting of those positive integers less than 10 which are divisible by 4(the set4,8)is a subset of the set of all even integers less than 10.In general, we have the following definition.DEFINITION OF A SUBSET.A set A is said to be a subset of a set B, and we write A BWhenever every element of A also belongs to B. We also say that A is contained in B or B contains A. The relation is referred to as set inclusion.The statement A B does not rule out the possibility that B A. In fact, we may have both A B and B A, but this happens only if A and B have the same elements. In other words, A=B if and only if A B and B A .This theorem is an immediate consequence of the foregoing definitions of equality and inclusion. If A B but AB, then we say that A is a proper subset of B: we indicate this by writing A B.In all our applications of set theory, we have a fixed set S given in advance, and we are concerned only with subsets of this given set. The underlying set S may vary from one application to another; it will be referred to as the universal set of each particular discourse.The notation XXS. and X satisfies Pwill designate the set of all elements X in S which satisfy the property P. When the universal set to which we are referring id understood, we omit the reference to S and we simply writeXX satisfies P.This is read “the set of all x such that x satisfies p.” Sets designated in this way are said to be described by a defining property For example, the set of all positive real numbers could be designated as XX0;the universal set S in this case is understood to be the set of all real numbers. Of course, the letter x is a dummy and may be replaced by any other convenient symbol. Thus we may write xx0=yy0=tt0and so on .It is possible for a set to contain no elements whatever. This set is called the empty set or the void set, and will be denoted by the symbol.We will consider to be a subset of every set. Some people find it helpful to think of a set as analogous to a container(such as a bag or a box)containing certain objects, its elements. The empty set is then analogous to an empty container.To avoid logical difficulties, we must distinguish between the element x and the set x whose only element is x ,(A box with a hat in it is conceptually distinct from the hat itself.)In particular, the empty setis not the same as the set .In fact, the empty set contains no elements whereas the set has one element (A box which contains an empty box is not empty).Sets consisting of exactly one element are sometimes called one-element sets.UNIONS,INTERSECTIONS, COMPLEMENTS. From two given sets A and B, we can form a new set called the union of A and B. This new set is denoted by the symbolAB(read: “A union B”)And is defined as the set of those elements which are in A, in B, or in both. That is to say, AB is the set of all elements which belong to at least one of the sets A,B.Similarly, the intersection of A and B, denoted byAB(read: “A intersection B”)Is defined as the set of those elements common to both A and B. Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint if AB=.If A and B are sets, the difference A-B (also called the complement of B relative to A)is defined to be the set of all elements of A which are not in B. Thus,by definition,A- B=X|XA and X BThe operations of union and intersection have many formal similarities with (as well as differences from) ordinary addition and multiplications of union and intersection, it follows that AB=BA and AB=BA. That is to say, union and intersection are commutative operations. The definitions are also phrased in such a way that the operations are associative:(AB)C=A(BC)and(AB)C=A=(BC).The operations of union and intersection can be extended to finite or infinite collections of sets.VocabularySet 集合proper subset真子集Set theory 集合論universal set泛集Branch 分支empty set空集 Analysis 分析void set 空集Geometry 幾何學(xué)union 并，并集Notation 記號(hào)，記法intersection交，交集Terminology 術(shù)語，名詞表 complement余，余集Logic 邏輯 relative to相對于Logical 邏輯的 finite有限的Systematic 系統(tǒng)的disjoint不相交Informal 非正式的infinite無限的Formal正式的 cardinal number基數(shù)，純數(shù)Entity 實(shí)在物 ordinal number序數(shù)Element 元素generality一般性，通性Abstract set 抽象集 subset子集Designate指定， divisible可除的Notion 概念 set inclusion 集的包含Braces 大括號(hào) immediate consequence直接結(jié)果Identical 恒同的，恒等的Notes 1. In discussing any branch of mathematics, be it analysis, algebra, or geometry, it is helpful to use the notation and terminology of set theory.意思是：在討論數(shù)學(xué)的任何分支時(shí)，無論是分析，代數(shù)或分析，利用集合論的記號(hào)和術(shù)語是有幫助的。這一句中be it analysis, algebra, or geometry 是以be開頭的狀語從句，用倒裝形式。類似的句子還有：people will use the tools in further investigations, be it in mathematic, hysics , or what have you .2. Actually, we shall discuss not so much a new theory as an agreement about the precise terminology that we wish to more or less familiar ideas.意思是：事實(shí)上，我恩將討論的與其說是一種新理論，不如說是關(guān)于精確術(shù)語的一種約定，我們希望將它們應(yīng)用到或多或少熟悉的思想上去。注意：not so much A as B 在這里解釋為“與其說A不如說B。”類似的用法如：This is not so much a lecture as a friendly chat.(與其說這是演講不如說是朋友間的交談。)3Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they consist of exactly the same elements, in which case we write A=B. 數(shù)學(xué)上常常在給定了定義后，就 用符號(hào)來表達(dá)。上面句子是常見句型。類似的表達(dá)法有：A set A is said to be a subset of a set B, and we write A=B whenever every element of A also belongs to B.This set is called the empty set or the void set, and will be denoted by the symbol .Exercise . Turn the following mathematical expressions in English: )xAB)AB= )A= )A=X: axb.Let A =2,5,8,11,14 B=2,8,14C=2,8D=5,11 E=2,8,11)B,C,D and E are _of A.)C is the _of B and E.)A is the _of B and D.)The intersection of B and D is _Read the text carefully and then insert the insert the correct mathematical term in each of the blanks.)Give t