電力電子及電力系統(tǒng)常用翻譯

第一章電力電子技術(shù)Semiconductor switches are very important and crucial components in power electronic systems.these switches are meant to be the substitutions of the mechanical switches,but they are severely limited by the properties of the semiconductor materials and process of manufacturing. 在電力電子系統(tǒng)，中半導(dǎo)體開關(guān)是非常重要和關(guān)鍵部件。半導(dǎo)體開關(guān)將要替換機械開關(guān),但半導(dǎo)體材料的性質(zhì)和生產(chǎn)過程嚴重限制了他們。1 開關(guān)損耗Switching losses Power losses in the power electronic converters are comprised of the Switching losses and parasitic losses. 電力電子轉(zhuǎn)換器的功率損耗分為開關(guān)損耗和寄生損耗the parasitic losses account for the losses due to the winding resistances of the inductors and transformers, the dielectric losses of capacitors, the eddy and the hysteresis losses. 寄生損失的繞組電感器、變壓器的阻力、介電損耗的電容器,渦流和磁滯損耗the switching losses are significant and can be managed. 這個開關(guān)損耗是非常重要的,可以被處理。they can be further divided into three components:(a)the on-state losses,(b)the off-state losses and the losses in the transition states. 他們可以分為三個部分: 通態(tài)損耗，斷態(tài)損耗和轉(zhuǎn)換過程中產(chǎn)生的損耗。2通態(tài)損耗On-State LossesThe electrical switches conduct heavy current and have nonzero voltage across the switch in the on-state.The on-state power losses are given by Pon=Uson if.這個電子開關(guān)能導(dǎo)通大電流，并且在通態(tài)時有非零的壓降。這個通態(tài)功率損耗的公式為Pon=Uson if.The Uson and If are respectively the switch voltage in the on-state and the forward current through the switch.For example,the typical power diodes and the power transistors have nearly 0.5 to l volt across them in the on-state.The forward currents can be hundreds to thousands of amperes.The on-state power losses are very significant. 其中Uson是通態(tài)時開關(guān)上的壓降，if是流過開關(guān)的電流。例如，典型的功率二極管和功率晶體管有近似0.51伏的通態(tài)壓降。而電流會有數(shù)百到數(shù)千安培。這個通態(tài)損耗非常重要。3 斷態(tài)損耗Off-State Losses The electrical switches withstand high voltages and have nonzero leakage current through the switch in the off-state.The off-state power lesses are given by Poh=Uoff ir在關(guān)斷狀態(tài)時，電子開關(guān)到經(jīng)受得起高電壓，并會有非零的漏電流。斷態(tài)損耗的公式為Poh=Uoff ir.The Usoff and Ir are respectively the reverse bias voltage in the off-state and the reverse current through the switch.For example,the typical power diodes and the power transistors have high reverse voltages in hundreds to thousands of volts and microamps to milliamps through them in the off state. 其中Uoff在斷態(tài)時的反向偏置電壓，ir是流過開關(guān)的反向漏電流。例如，典型的功率二極管和功率晶體管有很高的反向壓降幾百到幾千伏和幾微安到幾毫安的漏電流。4 轉(zhuǎn)換損耗Transition-State LossesThe practical switching devices have limited capabilities of rate of voltage transition and the rate of current steering.These nonabrupt transition rates give rise to power losses in the switching devices.We will examine these switching losses in two cases separately:the inductive and capacitive loads. 在實際的開關(guān)裝置限制了電壓變換率和電流變化率。非突變引起了開關(guān)裝置的功率損耗。我們測試開關(guān)損耗時分兩種情況：感性負載和容性負載。5 接感性負載的開關(guān)Switching with Inductive LoadThe indutor is assumed to be large so that the current through it in steady state is nearly constant Io.Assume that initially the switch is off.The inductor current is +Io and freewheels through diode V1.When the switch is turned on,the current through the switch begins to build up linearly(an assumption)to+Io while the diode V1is still on.The on diode has zero voltage across it(an ideal diode),hence,the voltage on the switch is held constant at+Us.When the current buildup is over,the diode V1 ceases to conduct and the voltage on the switch ramps linearly(again an assumption)down to zero. 假設(shè)電感無窮大，即在穩(wěn)定時流經(jīng)電感的電流是恒定的Io，假定開始時開關(guān)處于關(guān)斷狀態(tài)。電感電流為+Io慣性流過二極管V1。當(dāng)開關(guān)閉合后，電流流經(jīng)開關(guān)開始建立線性上升+Io此時二極管扔導(dǎo)通。二極管壓降為0，此時開關(guān)兩端電壓維持在+Us當(dāng)電流建立完成后，二極管V1截止，開關(guān)兩端電壓線性下降為0。When the switch is turned off ,the voltage begins to build up linearly to +us while the diode V1 is off. while the diode is off the current through the switch equals the inductor current,which is constant I0 After the switch voltage reaches aero, the current through the switch begins to decrease below I0,as the remaining current is now steered through the diode V1 which has now turned on The current through the swithch ramps down to zero ultimately. Switching waveforms with inductive load are shown in Fig.3-1開關(guān)打開后，開關(guān)兩端電壓線性上升至Us。此時二極管仍截止，二極管截止，流過開關(guān)的電流相當(dāng)于流過電感的電流，維持在恒定的Io。開關(guān)電壓到0時，通過開關(guān)的電流開始上升到Io以下。此時余留的電流正轉(zhuǎn)向二極管V1，V1導(dǎo)通。最終通過開關(guān)的電流下降到0，開關(guān)過程的波形的電感負載波形見圖3-1 The switching losses are given by : Psw=1/2UsIo.fs6 開關(guān)損耗的公式Psw=1/2UsIo.fs The switching power losses increase linearly with the switching frequency like in the resistive case but about six times more. The upper bound on the switching frequency is also about half. 開關(guān)功率損耗線性增加隨著開關(guān)頻率 此時的損耗要比阻性負載損耗的6倍還多。當(dāng)f取最大時 Psw=1/2UsIo。7 開關(guān)接有容性負載Switching with capacitive Load The capacitor is assumed to be large so that the voltage through is in stedy state is nearly constant U0.Assume that initially the switch is on,hence,the cuttent through the switch is IS.The capacitor voltage is U the voltage across the switch is zero and the diode V1is reverse biased.When the switch is turned off,the switch voltage begins to ramp up to+U0 while the diode V1 is still off.During this buildup,the current through the switch is held constant at Is.Wheng the voltage buildup is over,the diode V1begins to conduct and the voltage on the switch is clamped at U0,and the current through the switch ramps linearly(again an assumption)down to zero. 假設(shè)電容器很大，致使在穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下其兩端電壓接近為常數(shù)Uo。假使開關(guān)初始狀態(tài)為閉合，則通過開關(guān)的電流為Is。電容器的電壓為Uo開關(guān)兩端的電壓為零，二極管V1反向偏置。當(dāng)開關(guān)打開后，開關(guān)兩端電壓開始上升到Uo，此時二極管一直關(guān)斷。當(dāng)電壓等于Uo時，二極管V1開始導(dǎo)通并且開關(guān)兩端電壓被鉗位在Uo。流過開關(guān)的電流線性下降到零。When the switch is closed,the current begins to build up linearly to Is while the diode V1 is still on .The voltage on the switch remains clamped at U0.After the switchcurrent reaches Is ,the diode turns off and the voltage on the switch begins to ramp down to zero. 當(dāng)開關(guān)閉合，電流開始上升至Is，此時V1仍然導(dǎo)通，開關(guān)兩端電位被鉗位在Uo。當(dāng)開關(guān)電流等于Is時，二極管關(guān)斷并且開關(guān)兩端電壓線性下降至0。The switching power losses in the case of capacitive load also have similar dependence as in the case of inductive loads. 當(dāng)開關(guān)閉合，電流開始上升至Is，此時V1仍然導(dǎo)通，開關(guān)兩端電位被鉗位在Uo。當(dāng)開關(guān)電流等于Is時，二極管關(guān)斷并且開關(guān)兩端電壓線性下降至0。The switching power losses in the case of capacitive load also have similar dependence as in the case of inductive loads. 接容性負載情況下的開關(guān)功率損耗的決定因素與感性負載情況下有相似之處。The switching losses can be usually minimized in two ways; 1divert the energy from the switch to a loss or non-loss circuit or 2switch at either zero current or at zero voltage.The first is called snubbering and the later is known as zero-voltage and zero-current swithching. 開關(guān)損耗一般被歸為兩點：1。開關(guān)的能量轉(zhuǎn)化成了損耗或無損耗電流或開關(guān)的過0電流或過0電壓，第一個被稱為緩沖，最后一個被成為過0電流或過0電壓的開關(guān)。第二章Electric Power Systems 電力系統(tǒng) 1 介紹 IntroductionThe modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before. 現(xiàn)代社會的電力供應(yīng)依賴于更多地比以往任何時候。 It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world. 它無法想象的世界應(yīng)該是什么，如果電力供應(yīng)中斷了世界各地。 Electric power systems (or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world. 電力系統(tǒng)（或電力能源系統(tǒng)），提供電力到現(xiàn)代社會，已成為不可缺少的組成部分產(chǎn)業(yè)界的。 The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads) was built by Thomas Edison the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882. 第一個完整的電力系統(tǒng)（包括發(fā)電機，電纜，熔斷器，計量，并加載）的托馬斯愛迪生所建-站紐約市珍珠街的歷史始于1882年9月運作。 This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system. 這是一個半徑直流系統(tǒng)組成的一個蒸汽發(fā)動機驅(qū)動的直流發(fā)電機面積約1.5公里至59供電范圍內(nèi)的客戶。負載，其中包括完全的白熾燈，為V提供110通過地下電纜系統(tǒng)。 Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world. With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems. This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world. In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems. By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent. They could deliver power only a short distance from generators. 在一個類似的系統(tǒng)在大多數(shù)大城市在世界各地運行數(shù)年。隨著馬達的弗蘭克斯普拉格發(fā)展在1884年，電機負載被添加到這些系統(tǒng)。這是什么開始發(fā)展成為世界上最大的產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。在最初的直流系統(tǒng)廣泛使用盡管如此，他們幾乎完全被空調(diào)系統(tǒng)所取代。到1886年，直流系統(tǒng)的局限性也日益明顯。他們可以提供功率只有很短的距離從發(fā)電機。To keep transmission power losses ( I 2 R ) and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission. Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power; therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity. 為了保持發(fā)射功率損失（我2 R）和電壓下降到可接受的水平，電壓等級，必須長途輸電高。如此高的電壓不發(fā)電和電力消耗可以接受的，因此，電壓轉(zhuǎn)換成為一個方便的手段的必要性。 The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L. Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems. 在發(fā)展的變壓器，法國和交流輸電由L.巴黎戈拉爾和JD吉布斯導(dǎo)致交流電力系統(tǒng)。 In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland. 1889年，第一次在北美交流傳輸線將在俄勒岡州波特蘭之間威拉梅特大瀑布和實施。It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km. With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive. By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems. Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.這是一個單相線路傳輸功率為4,000公里，超過21 V系統(tǒng)的距離。隨著交流的發(fā)展多相系統(tǒng)由尼古拉特斯拉，成為更具吸引力的。通過1888年，特斯拉舉行交流多項專利電動機，發(fā)電機，變壓器和輸電系統(tǒng)。西屋公司購買了這些早期的發(fā)明專利，并形成了系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)，現(xiàn)在的交流。 In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC. By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons: 在19世紀90年代，有很大的爭議或交流電力行業(yè)是否應(yīng)該統(tǒng)一于直流。到了世紀之交的，在交流系統(tǒng)贏得了原因出在下面的直流系統(tǒng)為： （1）Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption. （1）電壓水平可以很容易地改變了空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，從而提供了傳輸?shù)撵`活性，發(fā)電用不同的電壓和消費。 （2）AC generators are much simpler than DC generators. （2）交流發(fā)電機簡單得多比直流發(fā)電機。 （3）AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors. （三）交流電機和電機便宜簡單得多，比直流。 The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California. 前三個階段的美國北線投產(chǎn)于1893年- 1 2300五，南加州12公里路線研究。 In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized. 在電力傳輸初期交流，頻率不規(guī)范。 Many different frequencies were in use: 25, 50, 60, 125, and 133 Hz. 有許多不同頻率的使用：25，50，60，125，和133赫茲。 This poses a problem for interconnection. Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries. 這對互連的問題。最后60赫茲標準獲得通過，成為美國在北美，雖然是50赫茲在許多其他國家使用。 The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels. To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels. In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage (HV) class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage (EHV) class. In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330 (only in Northwest China) and 500 kV for EHV class . 較長的距離越來越需要大量的電力傳輸多激勵他們逐步使用高壓的水平。為了避免電壓增殖數(shù)量無限，業(yè)界標準電壓水平。在美國，標準是115，138， 161，和230千伏的高電壓（高壓）類，345，500和765千伏級的特高電壓（超高壓）。在中國，各級使用電壓為10，35，110級高壓， 220，中國330（僅在西北）和500千伏超高壓類。The first 750 kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China. 第一個750 kVtransmission線將建在不久的將來在中國西北地區(qū)。With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations. 隨著交流的發(fā)展/直流轉(zhuǎn)換設(shè)備，高壓直流高壓直流（HVDC）傳輸系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)成為更具吸引力的經(jīng)濟和情況特殊。 The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different. 在高壓直流輸電可用于輸電塊以上的大長途電話，并提供不同系統(tǒng)間的異步連接在AC聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)將是不切實際的，因為穩(wěn)定考慮，或因標稱頻率的系統(tǒng)。 The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency. 基本要求到電源系統(tǒng)是提供一個不間斷的能源供應(yīng)，以客戶可接受的電壓和頻率。 Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously. A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers. 由于電力無法大量儲存在一個簡單的方法和經(jīng)濟，電力的生產(chǎn)和消費必須同時進行。系統(tǒng)的故障或誤操作的權(quán)力在任何階段可能導(dǎo)致電力供應(yīng)中斷給客戶。 Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance. 因此，一個正常的電力系統(tǒng)連續(xù)運行的，提供可靠的電力供應(yīng)給客戶的重要性是至關(guān)重要的。 翻譯Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. 電力系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定，可廣泛定義為干擾財產(chǎn)的權(quán)力系統(tǒng)，可繼續(xù)經(jīng)營的狀態(tài)下正常運行的平衡條件和后向遭受恢復(fù)一個可以接受的平衡狀態(tài)。 Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configuration and operating mode. 在電力系統(tǒng)的不穩(wěn)定可能會表現(xiàn)在經(jīng)營方式和多種不同的方式取決于系統(tǒng)配置。 Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation. Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially in step. This aspect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor angles and power-angle relationships, and then referred to rotor angle stability . 傳統(tǒng)上，穩(wěn)定性問題一直是一個保持同步運行。由于電力系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電電力，一個令人滿意的系統(tǒng)運行的必要條件是，依靠同步電機同步電機都留在同步或通俗的“步驟”。這一方面是受穩(wěn)定的發(fā)電機轉(zhuǎn)子的動態(tài)角度和功角的關(guān)系，然后提到“轉(zhuǎn)子角穩(wěn)定”。2 電力系統(tǒng)的組成部分 Components of Power Systems Modern power systems are usually large-scale, geographically distributed, and with hundreds to thousands of generators operating in parallel and synchronously. 現(xiàn)代電力系統(tǒng)通常規(guī)模大，地域分布，并與數(shù)百名，并同步在數(shù)以千計的發(fā)電機并聯(lián)運行。 They may vary in size and structure from one to another, but they all have the same basic characteristics: 他們可能會有所不同的規(guī)模和結(jié)構(gòu)從一個到另一個，但它們都具有相同的基本特征： （1）Are comprised of three-phase AC systems operating essentially at constant voltage. （1）是由三個三相交流電壓恒定系統(tǒng)經(jīng)營本質(zhì)上。 Generation and transmission facilities use three-phase equipment . 發(fā)電和輸電設(shè)施使用三個階段的設(shè)備。 Industrial loads are invariablythree-phase; single-phase residential and commercial loads are distributed equally among the phases so as to effectively form a balanced three-phase system. 工業(yè)負荷總是三相，單相負載的住宅和商業(yè)之間平等分配的階段，從而有效地形成一個平衡的三相系統(tǒng)。 （2）Use synchronous machines for generation of electricity. （2）使用電力同步一代機器。 Prime movers convert the primary energy (fossil, nuclear, and hydraulic) to mechanical energy that is, in turn, converted to electrical energy by synchronous generators. 牽引車轉(zhuǎn)換的一次能源（化石，核能和水力）為機械能就是反過來，中，轉(zhuǎn)換為電能的同步發(fā)電機。 （3）Transmit power over significant distances to consumers spread over a wide area. This requires a transmission system comprising subsystems operating at different voltage levels. （3）重大的距離發(fā)射功率超過的面積分布在一個廣大消費者。這就要求傳輸系統(tǒng)的子系統(tǒng)組成的經(jīng)營水平在不同的電壓。 The basic elements of a modern power system in USA are shown in Fig.6-1. Electric power is produced at generating stations (GS) and transmitted to consumers through a complex network of individual components, including transmission lines, transformers, and switching devices. 系統(tǒng)在美國一個現(xiàn)代化強國的基本要素是：1顯示在圖6 -。電功率）產(chǎn)生于發(fā)電廠（GS和傳播給消費者通過一個復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各個組成部分，包括輸電線路，變壓器和開關(guān)設(shè)備。It is common practice to classify the transmission network into the following subsystems: Transmission system; Subtransmission system; Distribution system. 它通常的做法是分類 傳輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)分為以下子系統(tǒng)：傳輸系統(tǒng); Subtransmission制度;分配制度。 Fig.6-1 圖6 - 1 3 電力系統(tǒng)的基本要素 Basic elements of a power systemThe transmission system interconnects all major generating stations and main load centers in the system. 該傳輸系統(tǒng)互連所有主要發(fā)電廠在系統(tǒng)中心和主要負載。 It forms the backbone of the integrated power system and operates at the highest voltage levels (typically, 230 kV and above in USA). 它形成了系統(tǒng)的骨干力量的整合和經(jīng)營水平在最高電壓（通常為230千伏及以上美國）。 The generator voltages are usually in the range of 11 to 35 kV. 發(fā)電機的電壓范圍通常在11至35千伏。 These are stepped up to the transmission voltage level, and power is transmitted to transmission substations where the voltages are stepped down to the subtransmission level (typically, 69 to 138 kV). 這是加強宣傳，電壓等級輸電和電力傳輸?shù)絺鬏敚┳冸娬镜碾妷涸谀抢锵屡_的subtransmission水平（通常是69至138千伏。 The generation and transmission subsystems are often referred to as the bulk power system. 發(fā)電和傳輸子系統(tǒng)通常稱為大容量電源系統(tǒng)。 The subtransmisson system transmits power in small quantities from the transmission substations to the distribution substations. 該系統(tǒng)傳輸subtransmisson變電站的電力由分布在小批量的輸電站通過。 Large industrial customers are commonly supplied directly from the subtransmission system. In some systems, there is no clear demarcation between subtransmission and transmission circuits. 大工業(yè)用戶通常直接供應(yīng)subtransmission制度。在一些系統(tǒng)中，沒有明確劃分輸電線路之間subtransmission和。 As the system expands and higher voltage levels become necessary for transmission, the older transmission lines are often relegated to subtransmission function. 隨著系統(tǒng)的擴展和更高電壓等級輸電成為必需的，舊的輸電線路往往淪為subtransmission功能。 The distribution system represents the final stage in the transfer of power to the individual customers. The primary distribution voltage is typically between 4.0 kV and 34.5 kV. Small industrial customers are supplied by primary feeders at this voltage level. The secondary distribution feeders supply residential and commercial customers at 120/240 V. 分配制度代表了個人客戶的最后階段中的轉(zhuǎn)移權(quán)力的。主要分布電壓一般為4.0千伏和34.5千伏。小型電壓等級的工業(yè)客戶提供的主要是飼養(yǎng)在此。二次配電饋線供應(yīng)住宅和五，商業(yè)用戶在120/240 Small generating plants located near the load are also connected to the subtransmission or distribution system directly. Interconnections to neighboring power systems are usually formed at the transmission system level. The overall system thus consists of multiple generating