句子成分與句型

1、句子成分 和 基本句型,Members of a Sentence,什么是句子,句子是由詞按照一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)組成的，是能表達一個完整概念的語言單位句子的第一個字母必須大寫，結(jié)尾要有,I am a teacher. Are you a student? How beautiful the girl is,現(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。英語的基本成分有八種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial) 、補語（complement）、同位語,句

2、子包括哪些成分,主語：主語是在句子中說明全句中心主題的部分一般由名詞，代詞，不定式，動名詞或從句充當它的位置一般在句首,The girl is pretty. Reading is useful. To see is to believe. They are good friends,謂語,謂語說明主語做什么，以什么狀態(tài)或特征存在，由簡單動詞或者動詞短語構(gòu)成,They are teachers. She looks well. He studies hard. He laughed at his classmates. He can speak English,表語,表語說明主語是什么，或者怎

3、么樣，由名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，不定式，動名詞，短語，或者從句充當表語位于系動詞后面,I am a teacher. She feels happy. Everybody is here. They are at home now. He went mad. Seeing is believing,賓語,賓語是動作，行為的對象，由名詞，代詞，短語，不定式，動名詞，從句充當它和及物動詞一起說明主語做了什么，在謂語之后,She plays the piano. He often helps me. I like watching TV. She likes to go to shop thi

4、s afternoon. I think that he is good boy,賓語補足語,在英語中，有些句子只有賓語并不能表達完整的意思，還必須在賓語后面家上賓語補足語才能表達完整的意思它起補充說明賓語干什么，怎么樣的作用 它可以由名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，不定式，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞充當,If you let me go, Ill make you king. Leave the door open. We found John out when we arrived. Make yourself at home. I heard my name called,狀語,狀語用來修飾動詞，

5、形容詞或副詞它表示行為發(fā)生的時間，地點，目的，方式，程度一般由副詞，介詞短語，不定式或相當于副詞的詞或短語充當，也可由從句來充當,He did it carefully. He studied very hard. I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi. He is writing with a pen. I will stay at home if it rains tomorrow,定語,定語用來修飾名詞或代詞形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞，介詞短語，不定式，動名詞，分詞，從句都可以充當定語,The black bike is mine. Whats yo

6、ur name? I have 5 books. A sleeping boy is sleeping. They made paper flowers. The boy in the room is Jack,三、同位語,同位語 當兩個指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時，一個句子成分用來說明和解釋另一個句子成分，這個句子成分就叫做它的同位語。 We students should study hard. (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批學生） Li Lei, my brother, came to see me today. (my brother是Li Lei的同位語,一)

7、挑出下列句中的賓語 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill,二) 挑出下列句中的表語 - The old man was feeling very tired

8、. - The leaves have turned yellow. - He is a teacher while his little brother is still a junior middle school student,三) 挑出下列句中的定語 1. What is your given name? 2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. A beautiful girl is running to us. 5. The

9、 boy in the clssroom is crying,四) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語 He asked her to study hard. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus,五) 挑出下列句中的狀語 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was e

10、leven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast,With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books,句子成份練習,1、You should study hard. 2、The teacher got very angry. 3、The boy told me his story. 4、We elected him our monitor. 5、The sun keeps us w

11、arm. 6、I told him to open the window. 7、We watched the train leaving the station,狀語,表語,間語+直賓,賓語+賓補,賓語+賓補,賓語+賓補,賓語+賓補,8. I think it difficult to finish the work this morning. 9. There seems little hopes of success. 10、To our joy, they arrived safe. 11、The fact is very clear that our team will win the

12、 game. 12. After graduation he will work where he came from,賓語+賓補,主語,狀語,同位語,狀語,有哪幾種常見的句型結(jié)構(gòu),按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：簡單句、 并列句和復(fù)合句。 簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. They walked, talked and laughed,英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型,掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)

13、,一： （主謂） 二： （主系表） 三： （主謂賓） 四： （主謂間賓直賓） 五： （主謂賓賓補,基本句型一 +i（主謂） 此句型的句子有一個共同特點，即句子的謂語動詞都能表達完整的意思。 這類動詞叫做不及物動詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、不定式、狀語從句等,基本句型 二 + +（主系表） 此句型的句子有一個共同的特點：句子謂語動詞都不能表達一個完整的意思，必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做連系動詞。系動詞分兩類：be, look, feel,smell,taste,sound等屬一類，表示情況；get, grow, become, turn,g

14、o等屬另一類，表示變化。be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用,系動詞詞義不完整，在句中不能單獨使用（除省略句外），后面必須接有表語，系動詞和表語一起構(gòu)成合成謂語,一、系動詞的分類： 常見的系動詞大致可分為三類。 第一類：表示特征或狀態(tài)的，有be， look， feel， seem， appear， smell， taste， sound， turn out（結(jié)果是、證明是）等。 You dont look very well. I feel rather cold,He seems to be ill. The roses smell sweet. The mixture tast

15、ed horrible. How sweet the music sounds,第二類：表示從一種狀態(tài)到另一種狀態(tài)的變化，有become， get， grow， turn， fall， go， come， run等。 He became a world-famous scientist. It is getting warmer and warmer. It grew dark. The food has turned bad,第三類：表示保持狀態(tài)的，有keep， remain， continue，stay等。 Keep quiet, children! It remains to be pr

16、oved,基本句型 三 +t +（主謂賓） 此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞,基本句型 四 +t +IO +（主謂間賓直賓） 此句型的句子有一個共同特點：謂語動詞必須跟有兩個賓語才能表達完整的意思。這兩個賓語一個是動作的直接承受者，另一個是動作的間接承受者。 通常這一間接承受者用一個介詞來連接，當動作的間接承受者在動作的直接承受者之前時，這一介詞往往被省略,基本句型 五 +t + +（主謂賓賓補） 此句型的句子的共同特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完

17、整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整,用 it 做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補足語的后面，以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，是英語常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補+真正賓語。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family,典型例題分析,1.They work hard. 主 + 謂 2.The flower is dead. 主 + 系 + 表 3.Plants need water. 主 + 謂 + 賓 4.He gives me some seeds. 主 + 謂 + 直賓 + 簡賓 5.We should ke

18、ep the plants in the shade. 主 + 謂 + 賓 + 賓補 6.Many animals live in trees. 主 + 謂,a， b， c， d， e，,1，Pleas tell us a story._ 2, She smiled._ 3. I have a lot work to do._ 4. His job is to train swimmers._ 5. He noticed a man enter the room._ 6. Please look at the picture._,d,a,e,b,e,c,用 it 做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到

19、賓語補足語的后面，以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，是英語常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補+真正賓語。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family,并列句,定 義,用 法,并列句是由and, but, or, for等并列連詞把兩個或兩個以上意義有關(guān)的簡單句連在一起而構(gòu)成的句子。其結(jié)構(gòu)為:簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句。并列句是初中英語語法的重點和難點,也是中考的?？贾R點之一。要想真正、全面掌握并列句,就讓我們一起聆聽它的“四重奏”吧,定義,并列句是由and, but, or, for等并列連詞把兩個或兩個以上意義有關(guān)的簡單句連在一起而構(gòu)成的句

20、子。其結(jié)構(gòu)為:簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句。并列句是初中英語語法的重點和難點,也是中考的?？贾R點之一。要想真正、全面掌握并列句,就讓我們一起聆聽它的“四重奏”吧,定義,聯(lián)合并列句,并列連詞:and(和、并且), 其中and意為“和、又、而”，表示動作先后等，not only.but also.(不但而且)等,Jim finished his homework and he went to bed. 吉姆寫完作業(yè),就上床睡覺了。 Not only I come to school early, but also my teacher does. 不但我到校早,而且我的老師也是如此,and在表示條件

21、時，可與if引導(dǎo)的肯定條件句轉(zhuǎn)換,keep passing the ball to each other, and you”ll be Ok,If you keep passing the ball each other, you”ll be Ok,轉(zhuǎn)折并列句,并列連詞:but(但是),however(然而),yet(但是),while(而,然而)等。其中but意為“但是、可是、然而、不過”，表意思轉(zhuǎn)折,Shes good at English, but her Chinese isnt good. 她擅長英語,但語文不好。 He worked hard, yet he failed.他努力地

22、干,然而失敗了。 Tom is tall while his brother is short. 湯姆個兒很高,而他的兄弟卻很矮。 Id like to go with you, however my hands are full. 我想和你一塊兒去,可是我忙不過來,特別提醒: though, although(雖然，盡管)不能 與 but(但是)連用,雖然他很累,但是他沒有停止工作。 誤:Although he is very tired, but he doesnt stop working,正:Although he is very tired, he doesnt stop worki

23、ng. 正:He is very tired, but he doesnt stop working,選擇并列句,并列連詞:or(或者;否則,要不然),either.or.(或者或者),neither. nor.(既不又不)等,You must tell the truth, or you will be punished. 你必須說真話,否則你將會受到懲罰。 Either you can do it by yourself, or you can ask someone else to do it. 你或者自己做,或者讓別人去做,提醒:“祈使句+or/and+簡單句”也是一個固定句型,此句型

24、中的祈使句在意義上相當于一個if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句,Work hard, and youll pass the exam. (=If you work hard, youll pass the exam.) 努力學習,你就會通過考試,因果并列句,并列連詞:for(因為),表示因果關(guān)系，起解釋說明的作用。 so(所以)等。其中so為“所以、結(jié)果”，表因果關(guān)系,That was our first lesson, so she didnt know all our names. 那是我們第一堂課,因此她并不知道我們所有人的名字。 She didnt come to school today, fo

25、r she was ill. 今天她沒來上學,因為她生病了,提醒: so與because不能連用,因為我有錢,所以我能給自己買很多東西。 誤:Because Im rich, so I can buy myself lots of things,正:Because Im rich, I can buy myself lots of things. 正:Im rich, so I can buy myself lots of things,1. Excuse me. Do you have a table for two? Im sorry, _ there arent any seats now. Would you mind waiting for a while?