Pedestrian Safety Enforcement行人安全執(zhí)法

1、Pedestrian Safety Enforcement:The Maryland Experience,George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO,Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8, 2004,Maryland Pedestrian Crash Data (5-year average, 1999-2003),109 fatalities (119 in 2003) 17% of total traffic fatalities MD ranks 13th for fatali

2、ties in the US (per population) 2887 injuries 84% of all crashes and 73% of fatal crashes occur in the 5 most populous jurisdictions 6% of crashes involve the elderly, but they account for 16% of all fatal crashes,Maryland Pedestrian Crash Data (5-year average, 1999-2003),53% of all crashes and 70%

3、of fatal crashes occur from 4 pm to 4 am 28% of fatalities involve alcohol on the part of the pedestrian and 8% on the part of the driver, but 57% of fatalities occur on US/State Roads 55% of all crashes and 72% of fatalities occur not in a crosswalk 39% of all crashes and 54% of fatalities occur no

4、t at an intersection,At Fault Pedestrian, Cyclist, and Driver Crash Data,Pedestrians cross where they cross for a REASON Pedestrians often cross mid-block because intersections seem threatening,Real-World Pedestrian Problems,Challenging Suburban Environments,Many suburban roads in the state have hig

5、h pedestrian volumes, high vehicle speeds, and long distances between signalized intersections.,MD 193 between MD 650 & MD 212,MD 650 at Langley Park,What Works in Pedestrian Safety Enforcement?,The Crosswalk must have meaning for both drivers and pedestrians. Target the DRIVER as well as the pedest

6、rian. Seattle PD gave 500,000 jaywalking tickets and found few safety gains, but dramatic public resentment. Success achieved when strategy changed to focus on driver as well as pedestrian behavior and roadway/crosswalk design.,Pedestrian Enforcement Issues,Peer Pressure “Ped violations arent real c

7、rimes, its not real police work.” Social Pressure Questions from the public, “Why arent you out catching robbers and murderers?” Police Administration “My Chief (Lt. , Sgt., etc.) doesnt want me to do it.” Courts “My calendar is crammed and you bring me this petty matter?” Fines Fines may be too hig

8、h or too low. May require a “must appear.”,1990 NHTSA report on pedestrian enforcement found many reasons given by police for not enforcing pedestrian safety laws:,Importance of the third “E” Enforcement,The Need for Police Enforcement: Un-enforced laws will be ignored Enforcement gives credibility

9、to engineering and education interventions Increases driver awareness Increases compliance and saves lives Enhances “walkability” of communities,Impact of Crosswalk Enforcement,Washington State conducted a before-during-after multiple comparison study of targeted crosswalk enforcement (2003).,Maryla

10、nd Pedestrian Safety Enforcement Initiative,Multi-Jurisdictional: Overtime highway safety grant funds in 10 jurisdictions ($200,000) Created in 2002 Training workshops and recognition events Educational materials, law card, warning tickets Encourage publicity about enforcement its the best education

11、 Balanced enforcement,Dan Burden & John Moffat,Enforcement Resources,Enforcement Program Manual How to set up crosswalk and intersection enforcement How to effectively enforce laws on pedestrians Resources & training materials Contact the “experts” section,Enforcement Resources,Crosswalk Law Card,Dr

12、iver/Ped Warning Ticket,Pedestrian Enforcement Training, 2002 & 2004,Annapolis,College Park,MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement Initiative,Baltimore City,MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement Initiative,Baltimore County,Pedestrian refuge island & mid-block crosswalk constructed by MD State Highway Administr

13、ation,Educating Pedestrians,Education of pedestrians with selective, highly publicized education/enforcement.,C-SAFE Initiative International Corridor, suburban Washington,13 police departments participating Over 40 crosswalk enforcement events Nearly 750 citations and 536 warnings given to drivers

14、at crosswalk enforcement events 258 warnings and 748 educational brochures given to pedestrians Over 2000 speeding citations 19 arrests, including 7 unlicensed drivers, 1 stolen car, 1 DUI arrest,MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement Program Results, 2004,MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement Initiative,Montg

15、omery County,Publicity about enforcement,MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement Initiative,Publicity about enforcement,Conducted since 2002 Washington and Baltimore metro areas Funded by highway safety grant funds (DC, MD, VA) Targets pedestrians & drivers English and Spanish 4 week campaigns Survey evalu

16、ation,Enforcement-related Education Efforts,STREET SMART Pedestrian Safety Media Campaign,Enforcement-related Education Efforts,Tip Card,Interior Bus Card,Transit shelter Poster,Targeting Pedestrians,Enforcement-related Education Efforts,Targeting Drivers,Tip Card,Radio PSA,Bus Backs,Enforcement-rel

17、ated Education Efforts,Awareness of Enforcement, 2002,Comparison of pre and post measurement indicates that unaided awareness of police efforts to crack down on drivers who do not yield to pedestrians increased 4 percentage points.,Awareness of Enforcement, 2004,2004 Baltimore campaign did not gener

18、ate an increase in unaided awareness of police efforts to crack down on drivers who do not yield to pedestrians but it was higher than in DC.,Conclusions-Recommendations,Get your state highway safety office to create a pedestrian safety enforcement program! Enlist partners that can help increase publicity about enforcement, e.g. county govts, police PIOs, sympathetic reporters, etc. Good training is important Recognition is a must with cops! Enlist partne