介詞for 和 to 用法完全歸納

1、.介詞for用法完全歸納?本站特約作者? 陳根花?用法1：(表目的)為了。如：They went out for a walk. 他們出去散步了。What did you do that for? 你干嗎這樣做？Thats what were here for. 這正是我們來的目的。Whats she gone for this time? 她這次去干什么去了？He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽車?！居梅ㄕf明】在通常情況下，英語不用 for doing sth 來表示目的。如：他去那兒看他叔叔。誤：He went there for seeing his un

2、cle.正：He went there to see his uncle.但是，若一個動名詞已名詞化，則可與 for 連用表目的。如：He went there for swimming. 他去那兒游泳。(swimming 已名詞化)注意：若不是表目的，而是表原因、用途等，則其后可接動名詞。(見下面的有關(guān)用法)用法2：(表利益)為，為了。如：What can I do for you? 你想要我什么？We study hard for our motherland. 我們?yōu)樽鎳W(xué)習(xí)。Would you please carry this for me? 請你替我提這個東西好嗎？Do mor

3、e exercise for the good of your health. 為了健康你要多運動。【用法說明】(1) 有些后接雙賓語的動詞(如 buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等)，當(dāng)雙賓語易位時，通常用 for 來引出間接賓語，表示間接賓語為受益者。如：She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她為她女兒做了件連衣裙。He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked so

4、me potatoes for us. 他為我們煮了些土豆。注意，類似下面這樣的句子必須用 for：He bought a new chair for the office. 他為辦公室買了張新辦公椅。(2) 注意不要按漢語字面意思，在一些及物動詞后誤加介詞 for：他們決定在電視上為他們的新產(chǎn)品打廣告。誤：They decided to?advertise for their new product on TV.正：They decided to advertise their new product on TV.注：advertise 可用作及物或不及物動詞，但含義不同：advertise

5、 sth為賣出某物而打廣告；advertise for sth為尋找某物而打廣告。如：advertise for a job=登廣告求職。由于受漢語“為”的影響，而此處誤加了介詞 for。類似地，漢語中的“為人民服務(wù)”，說成英語是 serve the people，而不是 serve for the people，“為某人的死報仇”，說成英語是 avenge sbs death，而不是 avenge for sbs death，等等。用法3：(表用途)用于，用來。如：Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用來切東西的。This knife is for

6、cutting bread. 這把小刀是用于切面包的。Its a machine for slicing bread. 這是切面包的機器。The doctor gave her some medicine for her cold. 醫(yī)生給了她一些感冒藥。用法4：為得到，為拿到，為取得。如：He went home for his book. 他回家拿書。He went to his friend for advice. 他去向朋友請教。She often asked her parents for money. 她經(jīng)常向父母要錢。We all hope for success. 我們都盼望成

7、功。Are you coming in for some tea? 你要不要進(jìn)來喝點茶？? ?用法5：給(某人)，供(某人)用。如。如：Thats for you. 這是給你的。Here is a letter for you. 這是你的信。Have you room for me there? 你那邊能給我騰出點地方嗎？用法6：(表原因、理由)因為，由于。如：I am sorry for it. 對不起。Thank you for coming to see me. 謝謝你來看我。You cant see the wood for the trees. 你只見樹木，不見森林。He is fa

8、mous for his poems. 他因為他的詩出名。He was sent to prison for robbery. 他因為搶劫而坐牢。I couldnt speak for laughing. 我笑得說不出話來。He couldnt sleep for joy. 他高興得不能入睡。For several reasons, Id rather not meet her. 由于種種原因，我寧愿不見她?！居梅ㄕf明】有些表原因的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)不宜用介詞 for 來引出，而用其他介詞。如：他由于努力工作而加了工資。誤：For the result of his hard work, he got

9、a pay rise. 正：As a the result of his hard work, he got a pay rise.注：as a the result of 是習(xí)語，意為“由于的結(jié)果”。因為母親不在家，她只好自己做飯。誤：For Mother (being) away, she had to cook the meal herself.正：With Mother (being) away, she had to cook the meal herself.注：“with+賓語+賓語補足語”可用來表示原因，此時的 with 不能換成 for。類似地，下例中的 with 也不能換成

10、 for：With all this work to do, I dont know if Ill have time to go out. 有這么多工作要做，我不知是否有時間出去。我們祝賀你的成功。誤：We congratulate you for your success. 正：We congratulate you on your success.注：congratulate 后習(xí)慣上接介詞 on 表示原因。用法7：(表目標(biāo)、去向)去。如：Is this bus for Chicago? 這輛公共汽車開往芝加哥嗎？Theyll leave for Beijing tomorrow. 明天

11、他們動身去北京。They set off for the shops. 他們買東西去了。Is this the train for Shanghai? 這是開往上海的火車嗎？Passengers for Tianjing must change at Beijing. 去天津的旅客必須在北京換車?！居梅ㄕf明】比較 for 與 to，兩者均可表示目的地，注意以下區(qū)別：for 通常與 leave, start, set out, set off, head, steer, depart, be bound, be destined 等動詞連用，而 to 則通常與 come, drive, fly,

12、 get, go, lead, march, move, return, ride, run, travel, walk 等動詞連用。如：We departed for London at 10 am. 我們上午10點動身去倫敦。Then we drove to the station. 然后我們就開車去了車站。有時，同一個動詞(如 sail)兩者均可連用，但含義稍有差別：用 for 通常只表示向著某目的地那個方向，并不強調(diào)到達(dá)的意思；而 to 含有到達(dá)某目的地的意思。如：They sailed for Shanghai. 他們開船駛往廣州。They sailed to Shanghai. 他

13、們開船駛至廣州。若與名詞連用，也有類似區(qū)別。如：There will be a train for Wuhan. 有開往武漢的火車。(僅表示向武漢方向，但在武漢未必是?？空?There will be a train to Wuhan. 有開往武漢的火車。(開往武漢方向，且在武漢?？?(R56)順便說一句，也有的辭書持幾乎相反的觀點，認(rèn)為 for 與 to 表示目的地時，for 表示的是預(yù)定目的地，而to 表示的是假設(shè)將會到達(dá)的目的地。? ?用法8：(表時間、距離、數(shù)量等)達(dá)，計。如：Im going away for a few days. 我要走開幾天。Ive been here for

14、ten years. 我來這兒有10年了。He walked for ten miles. 他走了10英里路。The shop sent me a bill for $50. 商店給我送來了一張50美元的賬單?！居梅ㄕf明】for 用于表示時間或距離的長度(尤其是緊跟在動詞之后)時，有時可省略。如：The meeting lasted (for) three days. 會議持續(xù)了3天。They walked (for) fifty miles. 他們走了50英里。但是當(dāng) for 短語位于句首或在否定句中時, for 通常不宜省去。如：For ten years he lived here. 他

15、在這里住過10年。We have not heard from him for a long time. 我們很久沒收到他的來信了。用法9：對，對于。如：Eggs are good for you. 雞蛋對你有好處。Reading in bed is bad for your eyes. 躺在床上看書對你的眼睛不好。Fortunately for me, the train was also late. 我很走運，火車也晚點了?！居梅ㄕf明】關(guān)于 for 與 to 表示“對來說”時的區(qū)別，參見 to。用法10：(表適合)適于，適合。如：Do you have any books for chil

16、dren? 你有適合小孩子看的書嗎？He is the very person for the work. 他是最適合做這工作的人。Its a good place for a camp. 那是個露營的好地方。She bought some clothes for winter. 她買了些冬天穿的衣服。用法11：(表交換)換，以作交換。如：He gave her some magazines for her dictionary. 他用幾本雜志換她的字典。She bought the skirt for $50. 她花了50美元買這條裙子。I bought a pound of apples

17、for 70 cents. 我花了七角錢買了一磅蘋果。Dont translate word for word. 不要逐字硬譯。用法12：作為，當(dāng)作。如：Dont take him for a fool. 別把他當(dāng)傻瓜。He mistook a rope for a snake. 他把一條繩子誤認(rèn)為是蛇。He knew that for a fact. 他知道那是事實。The missing persons were given up for dead. 大家都認(rèn)為那些失蹤的人已死了?！居梅ㄕf明】用于此義時，有時相當(dāng)于 as, to be, as being，但要注意不同句型的搭配習(xí)慣。如：I

18、 took him for an honest man. / I took him to be honest. 我看他為人老實。It was built for as a pleasure boat. 這船建作游艇之用。比較：He took her smile for agreement. 他把她的微笑視為同意。Will you take me as your partner? 你把我看作你的合伙人好嗎？按傳統(tǒng)語法，takefor 通常指誤認(rèn)為是，而 takeas to be 則主要指正確地認(rèn)為是。但在現(xiàn)代英語中，有時并未完全遵守此規(guī)則。但是與 mistake 連用的則通常是 for 而不是

19、as。如：We mistook the house for a hotel. 我們把那房子誤以為旅館。? ?用法13：(表支持、贊成)支持，贊成。如：Are you for or against the plan？你是支持還是反對這個計劃？Im all for the young enjoying themselves. 我完全贊成年輕人多玩玩。用法14：(表基準(zhǔn))就來說，以而言，作為。如：Hes done well for a beginner. 作為新手，他干得很好。He is heavy for a small boy. 作為一個小男孩而言，他的身體算重的了。She was short

20、for her age. 就她的年齡來說，個子是矮了點。The day is cool for July. 在7月里這樣的日子算是涼快的了。用法15：(表比例)每就。如：Plant three trees for every one that is cut down. 每砍一棵樹要種三棵樹。He has one enemy for a hundred friends. 他的敵人與朋友之比為一比一百。For every five who passed, there were two who failed. 每5個人及格，就有2個不及格。For every mistake you make, yo

21、ull lose half a mark. 你每犯一個錯誤，就要扣去半分?！居梅ㄕf明】用于此義時，通常與 each, every 或數(shù)詞連用。用法16：代表，代替，代理。如：Whats the English for “中國”? 英語里“中國”怎么說？Whats the “C” for in “BBC”? BBC中的C代表什么？Red is for danger. 紅色代表危險。Let me do it for you. 讓我替你做吧。The lawyer acted for him during the trial. 在審案期間由律師代表他行事。用法17：(表安排的時間)在，于。如：The

22、appointment is for 10:30. 約會定在十點半。Weve invited our guests for 7 oclock. 我們已邀請我們的客人7點鐘來。Weve booked our holiday for the second week in July. 我們的假期安排在七月份的第二個星期。The next meeting was arranged for the tenth of May. 下次會議已定于5月10日舉行?！居梅ㄕf明】用于此義時，for 主要指安排或約定的時間，所以像下面兩例中的介詞 at，in 就不能換成 for。如：He gets up at six

23、 every day. 他每天6點鐘起床。He was born in September, 1988. 他出生于1988年9月。用法18：(表讓步)盡管，雖然。如()：For all his money, hes a very lonely man. 他雖然富有，可是非常寂寞。For all his efforts, he didnt succeed. 盡管他做了很多努力，卻仍然沒有成功。I love you, for all your shortcomings. 盡管你有很多缺點，但我仍然愛你。【用法說明】用于此義時，通常與 all 連用。(見上例)用法19：(與不定式連用引出邏輯上的主語

24、)。如：It is for you to decide. 該由你來決定。All I want is for us to be together. 我希望的只是我們能在一起。Is there any need for me to go? 我有沒有必要去？He spoke too fast for her to follow. 他說得太快，她跟不上。It is a great pity for him to leave here so soon. 他這么快就離開這里真是遺憾。It is dangerous for a small child to cross the road alone. 小孩子

25、自己過馬路很危險。For a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable. 一座橋像那樣倒塌是不可想像的?！居梅ㄕf明】(1) 下面兩句同義，但以第一句為普通。如：老人快跑是危險的。正：It is dangerous for an old man to run fast. 正：For an old man to run fast is dangerous. (2) 有時可表目的。如：Ive sent my coat away for it to be cleaned. 我把外衣送去洗了。For sales to increase, we must l

26、ower our prices. 為了增加銷量，我們必須降低價格。(3) 有時用于 than 后引出不定式的邏輯主語。如：Theres nothing worse than for a person to ill-treat a child. 沒有什么比虐待小孩更惡劣的了。?一：表示相對，針對be strange (common, new, familiar, peculiar, distinct, sensitive,immune, vulnerable, indispensable) toAir is indispensable to life.Aircrafts are vulnerab

27、le to interference caused by radiation.This injection will make you immune to infection.二：表示對比，比較1：以-ior結(jié)尾的形容詞，后接介詞to表示比較，如：superior ,inferior,prior,senior,juniorThe quarrel happened prior to my arrival.2: 一些本身就含有比較或比擬意思的形容詞，如equal，similar，equivalent，analogousA is similar to B in many ways.3：表示一些先后順

28、序的形容詞，如：second,subsequent,next,preliminary,preparatorySubsequent to the war,they returned to their hometown.4: to也偶爾出現(xiàn)在個別動詞之后,與動詞形成固定詞組,表示比較,如:prefer to,compare to,incontrast tocompare to sth.表示比喻或比擬,而compare with sth.表示比較,如:World is usually compared to a stageCompared with his past,he has changed a

29、 lot.Prefer的正確句型是:prefer A to B或prefer doing A to doing B,但當(dāng)prefer后接動詞不定式時,表示比較的介 詞to就要改成rather than ,如:The undaunted soldier preferred death to surrender.Many people prefer spending money to earning money.They prefer to pursue careers rather than remain home as house wives.5: to與及個別的名詞構(gòu)成比較之意,如:alte

30、rnativeGoing to an under water concert is a great alternative to going to dinner.三: 表示修飾關(guān)系1: 表示回復(fù),反應(yīng)意思的詞,如:answer to question,solution to problem,response to inquiry,reaction to proposal,reply to letter2: 表示建筑構(gòu)件的詞匯,如: entry,entrance,approach,access,passage,exit,vent,paththe approach to a bridge引橋the

31、 approach to scienceHalf of the population was estimated to have no access to the health service.The access to education 接受教育的機會The access to medical care 享受公費醫(yī)療的權(quán)利3: 表示人物職位和官銜的詞,如:assistant to manager, ambassador to Spain, successor to tradition,heir to throne,deputy to the National Peoples Congres

32、sadvisor to the Prime Minister4: 表示權(quán)利和許可的詞匯,如:right,admissionThe employee finally got the admission to the boardroom.Everyone has an equal right to .5: 表示柵欄或障礙的詞匯,如:bars to development,the barrier to progress6: 表示與書籍,文本相關(guān)的詞,如:introduction to passage.7: 表示恭喜或是祝賀,如:The director proposed a toast to the

33、 health of the guests.Lets drink to Dicks success in business8: 另外還有一些名詞符合這種用法,有的具有兩者息息相關(guān),缺一不可的含義.如:key todoor,invitation toparty,guide to action,limitation to life,accessory to school四: to還具有依據(jù),伴隨,和著節(jié)奏的含義,如:sing to piano, chance to the tune, stamp to the rhythm of the song, add salt to taste（一）：表示相

34、關(guān)聯(lián)，相連接，如：be related to,be relative to,in relation to,be relevant to,link to Investigate all the facts related to the problem.People often linked walth to happiness.（二）：表示反對和贊同。1：to引導(dǎo)的表示反對，抗拒，對抗意義的詞組。Be opposed to,be oppsist to,be contrary to,beadverse to,be resistant to,be contradictory to,object to

35、,oppose to,deny tp,be aline toThese buildings are resistant to earthquake.They are to tally opposed to any changes being made in the plans.2: to引導(dǎo)的表示同意，贊同意義的詞組：consent to,subseribe to,The employer consented to give him a salary raise.表示調(diào)整，使符合，使適應(yīng)的含義，如：adapt to,commodate to, adjust to,conform to,habi

36、tuateto,fit to,suit to,correspond to,cater toShe tried to habituate herself to the style of plain living.Your action should conform to the interests of the people.They offered various foods to cater to the need of customers.His words doesnt fit to his actions.Suit your writing style to the masses.3:

37、 表示投降,屈服,服從的含義,如:be subject to,be subordinate to,submit to,subject to,surrenderto,give in to,confess to,admit to.The minority is subordinate to the majority少數(shù)服從多數(shù)Countries nearby oceans are always subject to earthquake.He confessed to having robbed the woman of her wallet.Were not the kind of people

38、 to yield to any military threat.五: 表示趨勢或傾向,如:tend to,be prone to,be inclined to,be apt to,be liable toHes liable to seasickness.You are liable to come to wrong conclusion.六: 表示對事情的堅持與執(zhí)著,如:sick to,hold o,adhere to,cling toHe still holds on to his original views.七: 表示約束,局限,如:limit to,confine to,resri

39、ct toHes confined to the house by illness.He confined his remarks to scientific mangement.八: 表示一種習(xí)慣或是一種適應(yīng)性,如:get (be) to,used to,be accustomed toFinally,the students got used to my teaching method.九: 表示起因和原由,如wing to,due to,thanks to,attribute to,come down toThe flight was cancelled due to the thick

40、 fog.The famous artist attributed his success to his wife.十: 表示目的或結(jié)果,如:aim to,lead to,give rise toI aim to be an excellent college teacher.His conceit lead to his failure.These bad condition has given rise to a lot of crises十一: 表示命運,注定,如:be doomed to,be destined to,All military adventures by the two

41、 super powers are doomed to fail.十二: 表示數(shù)量上的積累或增加,如:in addition to,add to,amount toIn addition to relief supplies,he also presented with some money.The annual output of steel amounts to 1200 tons.十三: 表示全身心投入的含義,如:be addicted to,contribute to,devote to,commit toHe is determined to devote all his life

42、to his.十四: 表示展望或是回顧,如:look forward to反date back toThe church dates back to the 13th century.十五: 表示方位概念.如:close to,next toI dont like wool next to my skin.十六: 表示依靠或借助,如:resort to,turn to,appeal to,He usually appeals to arms to settle the territory dispute.十七: 表示有關(guān)注,關(guān)于: as to,with regard to十八: 表示關(guān)注或重視

43、,如:pay attention to,attach to,We should attach primary importance to job training.十九: 表示依據(jù)或是根據(jù),如:according to,in proportion toAccording to todays newspaper,the match will be postponed.The lending countries subscribe towards capital stock in proportion to heir economic importance.二十: 表示應(yīng)該或必須含義的句式, 如:

44、Its time to get up.We are supposed to get here at seven.Its up to this country to ban nuclear weapons.?類似to my joy結(jié)構(gòu)的語法分析? “to +ones+情感名詞”是英語中一個十分有用的結(jié)構(gòu)，主要表示某人由于某事的發(fā)生而喚起其內(nèi)心的某種情感，通常譯為“令某人的是”“使某人感到的是”。這類結(jié)構(gòu)在學(xué)習(xí)時應(yīng)弄清以下幾個方面。?B一、該結(jié)構(gòu)主要適用哪些名詞B能用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的名詞非常有限，常見的有 admiration(羨慕), amazement(驚奇), amusement(娛樂), ann

45、oyance(煩惱), astonishment (驚奇), delight(欣喜), despair(絕望), disappointment(失望), embarrassment(難堪), happiness, horror(恐怖), joy(高興), puzzlement(疑惑), regret(遺憾), relief(放心), satisfaction(滿意), shame(羞愧), sorrow(悲傷), surprise(驚訝)等。如：To my amazement, he arrived on time. 令我驚異的是，他居然準(zhǔn)時趕到了。To my great amusement

46、his false beard fell off. 使我感到極其好笑的是，他的假胡子掉了下來。To his annoyance, he discovered they hadnt waited. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)他們沒有等他而感到十分煩惱。To his no small astonishment the woman began to laugh. 使他吃驚不小的是這個女人竟開始笑了起來。To her embarrassment, she couldnt remember his name. 令她感到困窘的是，她記不起他的名字了。To my shame I never thanked him for his kindness. 我感到慚愧的是對他的好意我從未表示過感謝。注：有時可將兩個名詞并列使用。如：To