中小學生心理健康狀況分析

1、.心理健康指沒有心理疾病，個體對于社會生活適應(yīng)良好，具有完善的人格，能夠充分發(fā)揮心理潛能，即處于“心理形式協(xié)調(diào)、內(nèi)容與現(xiàn)實一致和人格相對穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)”1。但從已有調(diào)查來看，學生心理狀況令人擔憂。如，天津市內(nèi)高中學生的心理健康狀況良好的約占37%，心理健康狀況一般水平的占43%，20%學生存在中度以上的心理問題。2對河南省高中生進行調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，處于中等焦慮水平的學生占77.80%，重度焦慮水平的學生占2.52%。3 對北京市2萬多名中學生跟蹤調(diào)查顯示，有輕度心理問題的占28%，中度的占3.9%，重度的占0.1%。4 對浙江省湖州市46年級559名小學生調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，心理問題的總檢出率達22.9%。5 可

2、見，近年來中小學生心理發(fā)展存在著許多問題，心理健康水平偏低，這已經(jīng)成為制約中小學生素質(zhì)全面發(fā)展的瓶頸。參考上述研究成果，為了全面了解江門市中小學生心理健康狀況，筆者所在的研究組于2015年6月開展了一次調(diào)查，旨在為下一步規(guī)劃開展心理健康教育工作提供科學依據(jù)。一、研究方法（一）研究工具本次調(diào)查采用日本鈴木清等人編制、華東師范大學周步成教授修訂的心理健康診斷測驗（MHT）。測驗共100題，測定了受試者的8種焦慮傾向：學習焦慮、對人焦慮、孤獨傾向、自責傾向、過敏傾向、身體癥狀、恐怖傾向和沖動傾向。（二）被試以分層隨機抽樣的方式進行調(diào)查。在江門市的4個縣級市（鶴山市、開平市、恩平市、臺山市）、3個區(qū)（

3、蓬江區(qū)、新會區(qū)、江海區(qū)）和市直屬學校，各地區(qū)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)小學、初中各抽查1所，城區(qū)小學、初中、高中、中專/職中各抽查1所，共抽取了45所學校。其中鶴山市818人，開平市753人，恩平市779人，臺山市791人，蓬江區(qū)663人，新會區(qū)779人，江海區(qū)490人，市直學校298人。男生2584名，女生2787名；獨生子女2131名，非獨生子女3240名；小學生1856人，初中生1822人，普高學生990人，職高學生703人。（三）數(shù)據(jù)來源本次調(diào)查共發(fā)放問卷5600份，其中有效問卷5371份，有效率95.9%。根據(jù)周步成等人編制的全國常模將原始分轉(zhuǎn)換成標準分后，采用統(tǒng)計軟件SPSS 16.0進行了描述統(tǒng)計、t

4、檢驗和方差分析。6二、調(diào)查結(jié)果（一）總體水平和各因子均分（二）心理健康水平和檢出率根據(jù)MHT篩選的原則，總分大于等于65分代表個體存在“總體焦慮傾向”，某項因子大于等于8分即代表個體在該因子上存在焦慮傾向。從表2可以看出，在5371個樣本中，存在“總體焦慮”的學生有192人，占比3.57%，說明江門市中小學生整體心理健康狀況良好。但是，在某些方面，學生存在一定程度的焦慮：14.02%的學生有自責傾向，常把不屬于自己的錯誤歸咎于自己；17.65%的學生存在恐怖傾向，比如怕黑、怕高；12.21%的學生有沖動傾向，經(jīng)常會被情緒左右，不顧后果地做出一些沖動的事情；11.68%的學生存在對人焦慮，他們害

5、怕生人，擔心有人在背地里說自己壞話；13.63%的人存在身體癥狀，當焦慮急劇襲來時，感到將要死去，呼吸困難，心跳加快，喘不過氣，出虛汗，頭暈，知覺異常。（三）性別比較從表3的t檢驗可以看出，女生在多項因子得分均高于男生，比男生更容易焦慮。（四）獨生子女與非獨生子女比較根據(jù)表4的t檢驗顯示，除了沖動傾向之外，非獨生子女在其他7個因子和總分上顯著高于獨生子女學生。（五）單雙親比較根據(jù)表5的t檢驗顯示，單親家庭學生在孤獨傾向、身體癥狀、沖動傾向3個因子和總分上顯著高于雙親家庭學生。（六）地區(qū)比較根據(jù)表6方差分析顯示，不同地區(qū)的學生在所有因子上差異顯著。其中，市直學校的中小學生在學習焦慮、對人焦慮、自

6、責傾向和過敏傾向等4個因子上分數(shù)最高，新會區(qū)的中小學生在總分、孤獨傾向、身體癥狀、恐怖傾向和沖動傾向等4個因子得分上比其他地區(qū)高。（七）學段比較根據(jù)表7方差分析顯示，除孤獨傾向和沖動傾向兩個因子外，總分和其他6個因子的分數(shù)呈現(xiàn)隨學段升高而升高的現(xiàn)象，具體表現(xiàn)為職高學生普高學生初中學生小學生。三、問題分析從調(diào)查結(jié)果可以看出，江門市中小學生心理狀況總體良好，但通過比較不同因子，可以看出以下問題：（一）非獨生子女心理健康狀況與社會預期相反“獨生子女的心理健康狀況不如非獨生子女”，是一直以來社會普遍認為的觀點，而本次調(diào)查推翻了這種刻板看法：除了沖動傾向因子外，非獨生子女在其他7種焦慮傾向上均顯著高于獨

7、生子女，表明非獨生子女的心理健康水平不如獨生子女，與一般的社會預期相反。為何事實與人們的預期截然相反？通過訪談，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)有以下兩方面原因：一是媒體過分放大了獨生子女某些特點如“不會分享”等問題，卻忽視了獨生子女的優(yōu)點如自信、綜合素質(zhì)高等；二是獨生子女的父母多為有穩(wěn)定工作的人群，如公務(wù)員、事業(yè)單位工作人員等，而非獨生子女的父母多為商人、私營業(yè)主、農(nóng)民等，獨生子女享受的家庭資源普遍優(yōu)于非獨生子女。大部分獨生子女父母文化程度高，懂得如何滿足孩子的心理需求，擅長與孩子溝通，教育孩子的方式也更為民主；相比之下，非獨生子女的父母文化程度較低，不太關(guān)注孩子的內(nèi)心需求，與子女溝通不到位。另外，家庭負擔重的父母

8、很少聆聽孩子的傾訴，當孩子遇到心理問題后，很難得到及時的解決，因此孩子會更焦慮、自責、過敏。 （二）高年級學生的心理健康狀況比低年級學生差除了沖動傾向外，職高與普高學生的心理健康水平總分和其他7個因子的得分均高于初中生和小學生。通過調(diào)查及訪談發(fā)現(xiàn)主要有以下三方面原因：第一，隨著年齡增長，學生不再是無憂無慮的小孩，他們?nèi)遮叧墒?，開始對自己未來從事什么職業(yè)、要成為什么樣的人有了初步思考，但正是處于由幼稚向成熟的過渡階段，學生許多問題沒有想明白，也沒有形成穩(wěn)定的人生觀、世界觀、價值觀，由此引發(fā)的問題相對來說比較多；第二，心理健康教育課在各個學段開課程度不一致，小學階段開課率較高，高中階段開課率偏低，

9、高中生的心理問題得不到及時疏導；第三，普高學生面對高考壓力，職高生面對就業(yè)壓力，這也是他們在心理測驗中得分較高的原因。（三）職高學生的心理健康狀況不容樂觀相對其他學段的學生，職高學生在焦慮總分和對人焦慮、孤獨傾向、自責傾向、身體癥狀、恐怖傾向、沖動傾向等因子得分最高。筆者通過訪談了解到，主要原因有三方面：第一，從職高學生的生源質(zhì)量來看，職高學生較普高學生學習基礎(chǔ)差，學習目的性不是很明確，家庭對其期望值也不是很高；第二，職高學生處于一種相對特殊的教育環(huán)境，教育管理、教師教學態(tài)度、課程設(shè)置、學習難度與普通中小學有較大差異，部分學生難以適應(yīng)，往往對剛接觸的專業(yè)課感到接受不了，對于解決專業(yè)課和文化課之

10、間的矛盾沒有經(jīng)驗；第三，職高畢業(yè)生實際就業(yè)率與就業(yè)期望值落差大，學生容易產(chǎn)生自卑心理，認為就讀職業(yè)中學前途不佳，對自己缺乏信心。（四）單親家庭學生的孤獨感、沖動傾向遠高于雙親家庭學生除了學習焦慮外，單親家庭學生的心理健康水平總分和孤獨傾向、身體癥狀、沖動傾向等3個因子上得分較高。原因在于，單親家庭孩子上學經(jīng)常遲到、早退、曠課、打架，不主動參與學習，上課注意力不集中，學習成績不理想。缺失父愛或者母愛對一個正處于青春期發(fā)育的孩子來說，容易使之產(chǎn)生孤獨感，甚至產(chǎn)生心理偏差。很多單親家庭的孩子經(jīng)常產(chǎn)生一些不良情緒，如想摔東西，想離家出走，甚至想自殺等。（五）初中生的沖動傾向得分高初中生的叛逆性較強。曾

11、經(jīng)有研究指出：初中階段是人一生中最叛逆的階段。初中生好沖動，做事往往被情緒左右，做決定不經(jīng)大腦，老是做出事后后悔的事情。本次調(diào)查再次印證了這一說法。四、對策及建議（一）構(gòu)建心理健康教育課程體系以筆者所在的地區(qū)為例，參照廣東省教育廳關(guān)于中小學心理健康教育活動課內(nèi)容指南，科學建設(shè)心理健康教育課程的教學內(nèi)容體系。明確心理健康教育課程教學的針對性、科學性、專業(yè)性和有效性，做到心理認知與活動體驗相結(jié)合。遵循學生身心發(fā)展規(guī)律，根據(jù)不同學段、不同群體、不同性別學生的特點構(gòu)建“發(fā)展性心理健康教育內(nèi)容體系”，合理安排各年級的教育教學內(nèi)容。（二）全方位開展心理健康教育學校要結(jié)合本校特點，創(chuàng)新活動形式，全方位開展形

12、式多樣的心理健康教育活動。除了落實心理健康教育課程外，還要把心理健康檔案、個體心理咨詢、團體心理輔導納入學校心理健康教育常規(guī)工作中。同時，根據(jù)學校的特點，創(chuàng)新活動形式，組織開展心理健康教育特色活動。以心理健康教育活動課為基點，把心理健康教育工作滲透到校園文化建設(shè)中，一是營造心理健康教育的氛圍，根據(jù)校園環(huán)境布局，結(jié)合學生的年齡特點，以提示語、圖片等形式開展心理健康知識宣傳；二是結(jié)合校團委、學生會和各種社團，定期開展心理健康教育主題活動，讓不同學段、不同群體、不同性別的學生得到應(yīng)有的關(guān)愛，引領(lǐng)學生思考社會、思考人生，學會真誠地對待生活。充分發(fā)揮班主任在班級管理中滲透心理健康教育的作用，關(guān)注特殊群體

13、，結(jié)合班級學段，開展有效的心理輔導，促進學生均衡發(fā)展；充分發(fā)揮心理教師在專業(yè)引領(lǐng)中的作用，加強對教師心理健康教育理論與實踐方面的專業(yè)指導，提高學校教師隊伍的心理健康教育水平。組織班級進行測評分析，提出專業(yè)化的建議，及時反饋給班主任及任課教師，使他們在日后的教學中針對學生的特點采取措施，做到有的放矢，全方位提高學生的綜合素質(zhì)。學科教師充分發(fā)揮在學科教學中滲透心理健康教育的作用，抓住容易對學生心理產(chǎn)生影響的學習內(nèi)容，巧妙利用，使其在教學過程中潛移默化地影響學生的心理。（三）提升心理教師的專業(yè)素養(yǎng)目前，我市只有部分學校設(shè)有專職心理教師，有的學校雖然配備了兼職心理教師，但兼職心理教師的專業(yè)水平較為低下

14、。要提升心理教師隊伍的專業(yè)水平，一是要大力引進專業(yè)教師配備到基層學校；二是要建立市、縣（區(qū)）、學校三級培訓機制，加大培訓力度，打造骨干教師隊伍，開展師徒結(jié)對、區(qū)域幫扶等活動，全面提升心理教師的專業(yè)水平。（四）發(fā)揮家庭教育和社區(qū)教育的作用中小學生正處在身心發(fā)展的重要時期，在學習、情緒調(diào)適、人際交往、人格發(fā)展以及升學就業(yè)等方面會遇到各種心理困擾，教育難度大，僅僅依靠學校的力量很難解決，需要家庭、社區(qū)的緊密配合，形成教育合力，逐步健全學校、社會、家庭教育網(wǎng)絡(luò)化體系，整合教育資源。一是積極組織開展教師家訪和家長來訪活動，通過家長學校、家訪、家長來訪等各種渠道，使學校教育與家庭教育相結(jié)合，讓家長們了解學

15、校教育動態(tài)，了解孩子在校情況，掌握教育子女的方法，以科學的方式去贏得教育孩子的最佳時機；二是善用周邊社區(qū)各類教育資源，促進學校與社會互為依靠，提高教育的實效性。（五）提高學生心理品質(zhì)完整的心理健康教育，不僅包括關(guān)注學生心理問題的減少（即消極情緒的減少），同時還包括心理品質(zhì)的提升（即積極情緒的增加）。國內(nèi)外有大量的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，提升學生的心理品質(zhì)，可以在很大程度上減少心理問題的出現(xiàn)。培養(yǎng)學生積極的心理品質(zhì)，需要教育工作者敏銳地捕捉孩子身上的閃光點，并引導孩子發(fā)揚優(yōu)點，克服消極情緒，愉快地度過人生的起步時期，為以后的學習、生活打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。（六）關(guān)注特殊群體中小學生心理健康教育是素質(zhì)教育的重要內(nèi)容，

16、特殊群體學生的心理健康教育尤為重要。綜上所述，這里的特殊群體學生是指離異家庭學生、單親家庭學生、非獨生子女學生以及職高學生，他們面臨的社會壓力日益增多，在學習、生活和社會適應(yīng)等方面遇到越來越多的困難和挫折，各種心理問題相繼出現(xiàn)。學校教育工作者應(yīng)根據(jù)不同學生群體的特征，開展有針對性的心理健康教育實踐活動，幫助學生保持健康穩(wěn)定的心理狀態(tài)，提高應(yīng)對問題的能力。Mental health refers to the mental illness, the individual to adapt to the social life is good, has the perfect personalit

17、y, to be able to give full play to the psychological potential, namely in the form of psychological coordination, content is consistent with the reality and personality is relatively stable state 1. But from the point of existing research, the psychological condition of students is worrying. Such as

18、 tianjin city high school students mental health is in good condition accounts for about 37% of the mental health level of 43%, 20% students have moderate psychological problems. 2 the high school students in henan, the survey found in moderate anxiety level of students (77.80%), severe anxiety leve

19、l of students accounted for 2.52%. 3 more than 20000 secondary school students in Beijing, tracking survey had mild psychological problems (28%), moderate (3.9%), severe (0.1%). 4 559 pupils in huzhou city, zhejiang province 4 6 grade survey found that psychological problem of the total detection ra

20、te of 22.9%. 5 can be seen, there are many problems in recent years, primary and middle school students psychological development, psychological health level is low, it has become the bottleneck of restricting the quality of primary and middle school students overall development.Refer to the above r

21、esearch results, in order to get a comprehensive understanding of the primary and middle school students mental health status of jiangmen city, the authors research group conducted a survey in June 2015, planning for the next step is designed to provide a scientific basis for carrying out mental hea

22、lth education work.A, the research methods(a) research toolsThe survey by Japans suzuki qing et al., east China normal university professor zhou step into revision of the mental health diagnostic test (MHT). Test 100, measured the participants eight kinds of anxiety tendency: learning anxiety, peopl

23、e tended to anxiety, loneliness, remorse, allergic tendency, body symptom, horror tendency and impulsive tendency.(2) the subjectsIn the form of stratified random sampling to investigate. 4 county-level cities in jiangmen (yinhe, kaiping, enping, taishan), three area (pengjiang wealth purifying, xin

24、hui, jianghai district and city directly under the school, each district town primary school, junior high school 1 selectiving examination, urban elementary school, junior high school, high school, technical school/secondary 1 selectiving examination, a total 45 schools. 818 including 818 yinhe, kai

25、ping, enping, 779, taishan city, 791 people, 663 pengjiang wealth purifying, xinhui district 779, jianghai district, 490 people, 298 people straight school. 2584 boys, 2584 girls; The one-child 2131, not only children, 3240; Elementary student 1856 people, 1822 people in junior high school students,

26、 the corporation is 990 students, 703 high school students.(3) the data sourceThe survey questionnaires out of 5600, of which 5371 valid questionnaires, the effective rate was 95.9%. According to step into the national norm compiled by zhou after converting the original points into norm, the statist

27、ical software SPSS 16.0 is used for description statistics, t test and variance analysis. 6Second, the survey results(a) the overall level and divide each factor(2) of the mental health level and the detection rateBased on the principle of MHT screening, total score is greater than or equal to 65 po

28、ints on behalf of individuals overall anxiety tendency, a factor is greater than or equal to eight points which stands for the individual existence anxiety tendency in the factor.Can be seen from table 2, in 5371 samples, the existence of overall anxiety student 192 people, accounted for 3.57%, jian

29、gmen good overall mental health status of primary and middle school students. However, in some ways, student there is a certain degree of anxiety: 14.02% of the students has a tendency to blame themselves, often do not belong to the blame on himself; Terrorist tendencies in up to 17.65% of the stude

30、nts, such as afraid of the dark, afraid of high; 12.21% of the students have a tendency to impulse, often emotions, reckless does something impulsive; 11.68% of the students in the existence of anxiety, fear of strangers, they worry about someone in secretly speak ill himself; 13.63% of the people t

31、here are physical symptoms, when anxiety strikes, sharply felt dying, difficulty breathing, heartbeat is accelerated, breath, sweating, dizziness, abnormal perception.(3) the genderCan be seen from table 3 t test, the girl in a number of factor score were higher than boys, are more likely than boys

32、to anxiety.(4) the one-child compared with not only childrenAccording to table 4 t test shows that, in addition to impulsiveness, not only children on the other 7 factors and total score is significantly higher than the one-child students.(5) of single and double close comparisonAccording to table 5

33、 t test showed that single parent families of students in the lonely tendency, physical symptom and impulse tendency on the three factors and total score is significantly higher than two-parent families.(6) regionAccording to table 6, according to the analysis of variance in different parts of the s

34、ignificant difference on students in all factors. Straight school of primary and middle school students in learning anxiety, anxiety and tended to blame and allergy to people on the four factors such as the highest score, xinhui of primary and middle school students in the total score, loneliness te

35、ndency, body symptom, horror tendency and impulsive tendency on such four factor score is higher than other areas.(7) periodAccording to analysis of variance (table 7), in addition to the lonely tendency and impulsive tendency of two factors, the total score and other six factor scores of the phenom

36、enon of rising, with period embodied in high vocational students corporation students elementary junior high school students.Third, problem analysisCan be seen from the results of the survey, jiangmen primary and middle school students psychological condition overall is good, but through comparing t

37、he different factors, it can be seen that the following questions:(a) not only children mental health and social expectationsOnly children mental health status than the one-child, has long been a society is generally believed that the point of view, and the survey to overthrow the stereotyped view t

38、hat besides impulsiveness factor, not only children in the other seven kinds of anxiety tendency were significantly higher than that of only children, showed that not only childrens mental health levels than the one-child, contrary to the general social expectations.Why the opposite facts and people

39、 expect? Through interviews, the author found that there are two reasons: one is the media has amplified the one-child certain characteristics such as no sharing, but ignored the only children strengths such as self-confidence and high comprehensive quality; Secondly, the parents of only children ho

40、w to have a stable job, such as civil servants, institution staff, rather than the parents of only children are businessmen, private owners, farmers, etc., enjoy the one-child family resources is generally superior to not only children. Cultural degree is high, most of the only-child parents know ho

41、w to meet the childs psychological needs, good at communication with the child, the way of education children more democracy; The parents of only children, by contrast, cultural level is low, not too concerned about childrens inner requirement, and children communication does not reach the designate

42、d position. In addition, the heavy family burden parents seldom listen to children talk, when children psychological problems, it is difficult to get timely solve, so the child will be more anxious, remorse, irritation. (2) of the mental health status of the seniors than junior studentBesides impuls

43、iveness, high school and corporation is the students mental health level the total score and other seven factor scores were higher than junior middle school students and primary school students. Through surveys and interviews found reason mainly has the following three aspects: first, as we age, the

44、 student is no longer a carefree child, they become more mature, to pursue what about their future career, what will be the preliminary thinking, but it is in the transition from naive to mature stage, students are not want to understand many problems, also did not form a stable outlook on life, wor

45、ld outlook, values, and the resulting problems are relatively more; Second, the degree of mental health education in each period begin, primary school classes rate is high, high school classes rate is low, high school students psychological problems not promptly channel; Third, the corporation is fa

46、cing the university entrance exam pressure students, among facing the employment pressure, this is also why they scored higher on psychological tests.(3) of high school students mental health status is not optimisticRelative to other student of segment, high school students in anxiety score, and the

47、 people tended to anxiety, loneliness, self-blame, body symptom, horror tendency and impulsive tendency factor score the highest. The author understands through interviews, there are three main reasons: first, from the perspective of the students quality of high vocational students, high school stud

48、ents with a weak foundation in a corporation is the student to study, learning is not very clear purpose, to its family expectations also is not very high; Second, high school students in a relatively special education environment, education management, teachers teaching attitude, the curriculum, le

49、arning difficulty and differ from that of ordinary primary and secondary schools, students are difficult to adapt, often feel cant accept for just the course of contact, to solve the contradiction between the specialized and intensive experience; Third, high vocational graduates employment rate and

50、employment expectation gap is big, actual students prone to low self-esteem, poor think vocational schools future and a lack of confidence in myself.(4) single-parent families students loneliness, urges students tend to be much higher than two-parent familiesIn addition to learning anxiety, single-p

51、arent families of students mental health scores and loneliness tendency, physical symptom and impulse tendency such as higher scores on three factors. The reason is that single parent families children often late for school, leave early, truancy, fight, not actively participate in learning, class in

52、attention, study result is not ideal. Absence of a father or a mothers love for a child is in puberty, easy to loneliness, and even psychological deviation. Many single parent families children often have some bad feelings, if you want to break something, wanted to run away from home, and even wante

53、d to commit suicide.(5) impulse tend to score higher in junior high school studentsWith a strong rebelling of junior middle school students. Once research has pointed out that the junior middle school stage is the most rebellious people life stage. Junior high school students good impulse, work tend

54、 to be emotional about, make a decision without the brain, always do regret things. The survey confirms the claim again.Four, countermeasures and Suggestions(a) construction of mental health education curriculum systemIn the area, for example, with reference to the education department of guangdong

55、province about primary and secondary school mental health education curriculum guide, scientific construction of the teaching content of mental health education curriculum system. Clear the mental health education curriculum teaching target, scientific, professional and effective, do experience comb

56、ined with the psychological cognition and activities. Follow the rules of students physical and mental development, according to the students section, the characteristics of different groups and different gender students build developing psychological health education content system, the education t

57、eaching content of reasonable arrangement of each grade.(2) carry out mental health educationSchools should combine the characteristics, innovation activity form, omni-directional to carry out various forms of psychological health education activities. In addition to implement mental health educatio

58、n curriculum, but also the mental health files, individual counseling, group psychological counseling in school mental health education in routine work. At the same time, according to the characteristics of the school, innovation activity form, activity organization to carry out mental health education characteristics. It is base point with between the mental health education curriculum, the psychological health education work to infiltrate in the construction of campus culture, one i