GMAT OG12 閱讀原文逐題分析 共（84頁）

1、the official guide for gmat review 12th edition7.4 sample questions紅色-main idea;黃色-supporting idea;藍色inference;綠色application;灰色logical structure；粉色evaluation.tone. nd:not discussed; nm: not mentioned. xf: 相反；黑體字是閱讀和判斷選項的點，紫色字體是解釋。出現(xiàn)的行數(shù)以og中的行數(shù)為準。1lineecoefficiency (measures to minimize environmental

2、impact through the reduction or elimination of waste from production processes) has become a goal for companies worldwide, with many realizing significant(5) cost savings from such innovations.（提出舊觀點） peter senge and goran carstedt see this development as laudable but suggest that simply adopting ec

3、oefficiency innovations could actually worsen（n） environmental stresses in the future（強轉折詞but，提出新觀點）. such innovations reduce(10) production waste but（強轉折詞） do not alter the number of products manufactured nor the waste generated from their use and discard;（新觀點解釋） indeed, most companies invest in ec

4、oefficiency improvements in order to increase profits and growth. moreover,（遞進副詞，進一步解釋） there is no(15) guarantee that increased economic growth from ecoefficiency will come in similarly ecoefficient ways, since in todays global markets, greater profits may be turned into investment capital that cou

5、ld easily be reinvested in old-style eco-inefficient industries. even(20) a vastly more ecoefficient industrial system could, were it to grow much larger, generate more total waste and destroy more habitat and species than would a smaller, less ecoefficient economy. senge and carstedt argue that to

6、preserve the global(25) environment and sustain economic growth, businesses must develop a new systemic approach that reduces total material use and total accumulated waste.（新觀點解釋） focusing exclusively on ecoefficiency, which offers a compelling business case according to(30) established thinking, m

7、ay distract companies from pursuing radically different products and business models.老觀點but新觀點新觀點解釋：such/moreover/even/argue.questions 13 refer to the passage above.1.the primary purpose of the passage is to(a) explain why a particular business strategy has been less successful（nd） than was once ant

8、icipated(b) propose an alternative （nm） to a particular business strategy that has inadvertently caused ecological damage(c) present a concern about the possible consequences of pursuing a particular business strategy(d) make a case for applying a particular business strategy on a larger scale（nd） t

9、han is currently practiced(e) suggest several possible outcomes of companies failure to understand the economic impact（nd） of a particular business strategy 2. the passage mentions which of the following as a possible consequence of companies realization of greater profits through ecoefficiency?(a)

10、the companies may be able to sell a greater number of products by lowering prices(nm).(b) the companies may be better able to attract investment capital in the global market(nm).(c) the profits may be reinvested to increase economic growth through ecoefficiency nd,相反.(d) the profits may be used as i

11、nvestment capital for industries that are not ecoefficient.(e) the profits may encourage companies to make further innovations in reducing production waste.nd,xf7.4 reading comprehension sample questions33.the passage implies that which of the following is a possible consequence of a companys adopti

12、on of innovations that increase its ecoefficiency?(a) company profits resulting from such innovations may be reinvested in that company with no guarantee that the company will continue to make further improvements in ecoefficiency. p suggestes eco will increase profit, but no suggestion that these c

13、ompanies will then afandon ecoefficiency as a goal(b) company growth fostered by cost savings from such innovations may allow that company to manufacture a greater number of products that will be used and discarded, thus worsening environmental stress.(c) a company that fails to realize significant

14、cost savings from such innovations may have little incentive to continue to minimize theenvironmental impact of its production processes.nd(d) a company that comes to depend on such innovations to increase its profits and growth may be vulnerable in the global market to competition from old-style ec

15、o-inefficient industries.nd(e) a company that meets its ecoefficiency goals is unlikely to invest its increased profits in the development of new and innovative ecoefficiency measures.同athe official guide for gmat review 12th edition4linea recent study has provided clues topredator-prey dynamics in

16、the late pleistocene era. researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth(5) fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the rancho la brea tar pits in los angeles. the breakage frequencies in the extinct species we

17、re strikingly higher than those in the present-day species.(10)in considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. they rejected preservational bias because a total absence of brea

18、kage in two(15) extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. they ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from other pleistocene sites were similar to the la brea data. the explanation they consider(20) most plausible is behavioral diff

19、erences between extinct and present-day carnivoresin particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species.(25) such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was

20、low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities.questions 48 refer to the passage above.4.the primary purpose of the passage is to(a) present several explanations for a well-known fact(b) suggest al

21、ternative methods for resolving a debate(c) argue in favor of a controversial theory(d) question the methodology used in a study(e) discuss the implications of a research finding5.according to the passage, compared with pleistocene carnivores in other areas, pleistocene carnivores in the la brea are

22、a(a) included the same species, in approximately the same proportions(b) had a similar frequency of tooth fractures(c) populated the la brea area more densely(d) consumed their prey more thoroughly(e) found it harder to obtain sufficient prey6.according to the passage, the researchers believe that t

23、he high frequency of tooth breakage in carnivores found at la brea was caused primarily by(a) the aging process in individual carnivores(b) contact between the fossils in the pits(c) poor preservation of the fossils after they were removed from the pits(d) the impact of carnivores teeth against the

24、bones of their prey(e) the impact of carnivores teeth against the bones of other carnivores during fights over kills7.4 reading comprehension sample questions57.the researchers conclusion concerning the absence of demographic bias would be most seriously undermined if it were found that(a) the older

25、 an individual carnivore is, the more likely it is to have a large number of tooth fractures(b) the average age at death of a present-day carnivore is greater than was the average age at death of a pleistocene carnivore(c) in pleistocene carnivore species, older individuals consumed carcasses as tho

26、roughly as did younger individuals(d) the methods used to determine animals ages in fossil samples tend to misidentify many older individuals as younger individuals(e) data concerning the ages of fossil samples cannot provide reliable information about behavioral differences between extinct carnivor

27、es and present-day carnivores8. according to the passage, if the researchers had not found that two extinct carnivore species were free of tooth breakage, the researchers would haveconcluded that(a) the difference in breakage frequencies could have been the result of damage to the fossil remains in

28、the la brea pits(b) the fossils in other pleistocene sites could have higher breakage frequencies than do the fossils in the la brea pits(c) pleistocene carnivore species probably behaved very similarly to one another with respect to consumption of carcasses(d) all pleistocene carnivore species diff

29、ered behaviorally from present-day carnivore species(e) predator densities during the pleistocene era were extremely highthe official guide for gmat review 12th edition6linearchaeology as a profession faces two major problems. first, it is the poorest of the poor. only paltry sums are available for

30、excavating and even less is available for publishing the results(5) and preserving the sites once excavated. yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.(10)i would l

31、ike to make an outrageoussuggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. i would propose that scientific archaeological expeditions and governmental(15) authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. such sales would provide subst

32、antial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. at the same time, they would break the illegal(20) excavators grip on the market, thereby decreasingthe inducement to engage in illegal activities.you might object that professionals excavate to

33、acquire knowledge, not money. moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage,(25) which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. i agree. sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. but, you might reply, everything that com

34、es out of the ground has scientific value. here we part company.(30) theoretically, you may be correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scientific value. practically, you are wrong.i refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of(35) one a

35、nother. in one small excavation in cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard. even precious royal seal impressions known as lmelekh handles have been found in abundance(40) more than 4,000 examples so far.the basements of museums are

36、 simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. there is not enough money even to catalog the finds; as a result, they(45) cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. indeed, with the help of a computer, sold

37、artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. prior to sale, each could be(50) photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. a purchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for

38、scientific purposes.it would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal(55) digging would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market. but the demand for the clandestine product would be substantially reduced. who would want an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known, and t

39、hat was dated(60) stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist who excavated it?7.4 reading comprehension sample questions7questions 911 refer to the passage above.9.the primary purpose of the passage is to propose(a) an alternative to museum display of artifacts(b) a way to curb illegal digg

40、ing while benefiting the archaeological profession(c) a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value from those that have no such value(d) the governmental regulation of archaeological sites(e) a new system for cataloging duplicate artifacts10. the author implies that all of the following stat

41、ements about duplicate artifacts are true except(a) a market for such artifacts already exists(b) such artifacts seldom have scientific value(c) there is likely to be a continuing supply of such artifacts(d) museums are well supplied with examples of such artifacts(e) such artifacts frequently excee

42、d in quality those already cataloged in museum collections11. which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements?(a) museum officials rarely allow scholars access to such artifacts.(b) space that could be better used for display is taken up

43、for storage.(c) artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.(d) such artifacts are often damaged by variations in temperature and humidity.(e) such artifacts often remain uncataloged and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.the official guide for gmat

44、 review 12th edition8linetraditionally, the first firm to commercialize a new technology has benefited from the unique opportunity to shape product definitions, forcing followers to adapt to a standard or invest in(5) an unproven alternative. today, however, the largest payoffs may go to companies t

45、hat lead in developing integrated approaches for successful mass production and distribution.producers of the beta format for videocassette(10) recorders (vcrs), for example, were first to develop the vcr commercially in 1975, but producers of the rival vhs (video home system) format proved to be mo

46、re successful at forming strategic alliances with other producers and distributors to manufacture(15) and market their vcr format. seeking to maintain exclusive control over vcr distribution, beta producers were reluctant to form such alliances and eventually lost ground to vhs in the competition fo

47、r the global vcr market.(20)despite betas substantial technological head start and the fact that vhs was neither technically better nor cheaper than beta, developers of vhs quickly turned a slight early lead in sales into a dominant position. strategic alignments with(25) producers of prerecorded ta

48、pes reinforced the vhs advantage. the perception among consumers that prerecorded tapes were more available in vhs format further expanded vhss share of the market. by the end of the 1980s, beta was no longer in(30) production.questions 1217 refer to the passage above.12. the passage is primarily co

49、ncerned with which of the following?(a) evaluating two competing technologies(b) tracing the impact of a new technology by narrating a sequence of events(c) reinterpreting an event from contemporary business history(d) illustrating a business strategy by means of a case history(e) proposing an innov

50、ative approach to business planning13. according to the passage, todays successful firms, unlike successful firms in the past, may earn the greatest profits by(a) investing in research to produce cheaper versions of existing technology(b) being the first to market a competing technology(c) adapting

51、rapidly to a technological standard previously set by a competing firm(d) establishing technological leadership in order to shape product definitions in advance of competing firms(e) emphasizing the development of methods for the mass production and distribution of a new technology14. according to t

52、he passage, consumers began to develop a preference for vcrs in the vhs format because they believed which of the following?(a) vcrs in the vhs format were technically better than competing format vcrs.(b) vcrs in the vhs format were less expensive than competing format vcrs.(c) vhs was the first st

53、andard format for vcrs.(d) vhs prerecorded videotapes were more available than those in beta format.(e) vcrs in the beta format would soon cease to be produced.7.4 reading comprehension sample questions915. the author implies that one way that vhs producers won control over the vcr market was by(a)

54、carefully restricting access to vcr technology(b) giving up a slight early lead in vcr sales in order to improve long-term prospects(c) retaining a strict monopoly on the production of prerecorded videotapes(d) sharing control of the marketing of vhs format vcrs(e) sacrificing technological superior

55、ity over beta format vcrs in order to remain competitive in price16. the alignment of producers of vhs format vcrs with producers of prerecorded videotapes is most similar to which of the following?(a) the alignment of an automobile manufacturer with another automobile manufacturer to adopt a standa

56、rd design for automobile engines(b) the alignment of an automobile manufacturer with an automotive glass company whereby the manufacturer agrees to purchase automobile windshields only from that one glass company(c) the alignment of an automobile manufacturer with a petroleum company to ensure the w

57、idespread availability of the fuel required by a new type of engine developed by the manufacturer(d) the alignment of an automobile manufacturer with its dealers to adopt a plan to improve automobile design(e) the alignment of an automobile dealer with an automobile rental chain to adopt a strategy

58、for an advertising campaign to promote a new type of automobile17. which of the following best describes the relation ofthe first paragraph to the passage as a whole?(a) it makes a general observation to be exemplified.(b) it outlines a process to be analyzed.(c) it poses a question to be answered.(d) it advances an argument to be disputed.(e) it introduces conflicting arguments to be reconciled.the official guide for gmat review 12th edition10linein terrestrial environments, gravity places special