高中英語必修四語法(人教版

1、I主語和謂語動(dòng)詞的一致1主語要和謂語動(dòng)詞保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。如:Iamseventeen.Sheissixteen.Thereisadeskintheroom.Therearenochairsinit.Theyhavenotcomeyet.Nobodyknowswhoisgoingtowininthecompetition.WhatisthelatestnewsabouttheOlympicGames?2兩個(gè)名詞由and連接作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如:WangGangandZhangHuawerehereamomentago.MybrotherandIhavebothseenthefil

2、m.BothriceandwheataregrowninthispartofChina.說明(1)當(dāng)and不表示并列意義，連接兩個(gè)在意義上表示同一人、物或概念或由兩個(gè)部件配成的物品時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:Theprofessorandwriterisspeakingatthemeeting.那位教授作家正在會(huì)上發(fā)言。Onemoreknifeandforkisneeded.還需要一副刀叉。Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.戰(zhàn)爭與和平是歷史永恒的主題。(2)兩個(gè)并列的名詞有each,every,many a等修飾語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。如:Eachdoct

3、orand(each)nurse/Everydoctorand(every)nursewasgivenanewshirt.每個(gè)大夫和護(hù)士都發(fā)了一件新襯衫。NOsoundandnovoiceisheard.-點(diǎn)聲音都沒有。Many boyand(manya)girlhasmadethesamemistake.許多男孩女孩都犯了同樣的錯(cuò)誤。2電休名詞group,class familyarmy,enemy等作主語時(shí)，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;如強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:Myfamilyisalargeone.Thefamilyaresittingatthebreakfasttabl

4、e.(指家庭成員)Ourgrouparereadingthenewspapers.(指組內(nèi)成員)Thisgroupishavingameeting.Thearmyisgoingtoremaininthistown.4不定代詞anyone,anybody,anything,everyone,everybody,everything,someone,somebody,something,noone,nobody,nothing,each,theother等做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:Thereisnobodyinthehouse.Everythingisready.Someonewantstos

5、eeyou.5代詞none和neither有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待，有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看待，主要根據(jù)說話人的意思決定。但是代表不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，只看作單數(shù);neither作形容詞時(shí)與單數(shù)名詞連用，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:Noneofthemhas/havearrivedyet.他們中一個(gè)人都沒到呢。Neitherofthemknows/knowtheanswer.他們倆都不知道答案。Noneofthismoneyismine.這錢不是我的。Neitherstatementwastrue.兩個(gè)陳述都不真實(shí)。6當(dāng)用作主語的兩個(gè)名詞或代詞由or,either.or,neither.nor或notonly.butalso連接時(shí)

6、，謂語:動(dòng)詞通常與鄰近的名詞或代詞保持一-致。如:eitheryouorJaneistobesenttoNewZealand.要么你，要么簡將被派往新西蘭。NeitherhenorIhavefinishedtheexperiment他和我都沒有完成實(shí)驗(yàn)。7由there或here引導(dǎo)的句子，主語不止一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常與鄰近的名詞或代詞保持一致。如:Thereisalamp,twopensandsixbooksonthedesk.桌子上有一盞燈、兩支鋼筆和六本書。Herearesomeenvelopesandpaperforyou.這些是給你的信封和紙張。8當(dāng)主語后面接說明主語的修飾語，如w

7、ith,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,like,ratherthan,but,except,besides,including,inadditionto等時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞不受修飾成分的影響，仍保持同主語一致的關(guān)系。如:Theteacherwithtwostudentswasatthemeeting.那位老師和兩個(gè)學(xué)生參加了會(huì)議。Thegirlaswellastheboyshaslearnedtodriveacar.這姑娘和男孩子們一道，學(xué)會(huì)了開車。9表示時(shí)間、金錢、距離、重量等復(fù)數(shù)名詞，在表示單位數(shù)量用作主語時(shí)，通常被看作整體，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:Sixtyyea

8、rsisalongtime.60年是一段長時(shí)間。Tendollarsisenoughforhim.10美元就夠他用的了。Fiftykilogramsisnottooheavytobecarried.50公斤不至于重到扛不起來。說明:如果強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)目，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如:Onehundredcentsmakeadollar.100美分就是一美元。Morethanftyyearshavepassedsincetheygotmarried.他們夫妻已共同走過了50多年。(TheVerb-ingform)動(dòng)詞-ing形式由動(dòng)詞原形+-ing構(gòu)成。動(dòng)詞-ing形式能在句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語

9、和狀語，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語。如:Collectinginformationisveryimportanttobusinessmen.主語Learningaforeignlanguageisveryusefultome.Seeingisbelieving.Travellingabroadcanbeveryexciting.Hefinishedreadingthebookyesterday.IenjoylearningEnglish.賓語：Shesuggesteddoingitinadifferentway.表語;Themusicisexciting.Themostimportantthingisg

10、ettingthereintime.Herjobwaswashingclothes.Thereisaswimmingpoolinourschool.Chinaisadevelopingcountry.定語Thepersontranslatingthesongscanspeaksevenlanguages.Theboystandingthereisaclassmateofmine.Weheardhersinginginherroom.Youcanseethemperformingeverynightthisweekatthenewtheatre.Wewatchthechildrendivingi

11、ntothewaterfromthedivingboard.Listentothebirdssinging.狀語：Shesatatthedeskreadinganewspaper.Beingill,shewenthome.Havingfinishedtheirwork,theyhadarest.Feelingtired,shewenttobedearly.II構(gòu)詞法(Wordformation)在英語中，1合成(Compounding)的構(gòu)成方法主要有三種:合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生。由兩個(gè)或更多的由分開的兩的詞合成一個(gè)詞，有的用連詞符號(hào)“”連接，有的直接連寫在一起，還有blackboard萬個(gè)詞構(gòu)成。

12、如:nightfall fantasyland cowboy everywhere somewherehowever whatever wherever maybe newspaperplayground backbone broadcast sunburn overthrowsnowstorm anyone myself eggplant reading-roombus-driver man-made blue-eyed passer-by worn-outup-to-date icecream easy-going part-time busstoppostoffice carpark h

13、umanrights grassroots2轉(zhuǎn)化(Conversion)taste(v.)-taste(.)Ittastes good.Ithasagoodtaste.hand(.)hand(v.)Pleasehandinyourexercisebooksafterclass.clean(adj.)-clean(v.)Herroomiscleanandtidy.Shecleansherroomeveryday.shade(.)shade(v.)Sheissittingintheshadeofabigtree.Sheshadedhereyesagainstthesun.詞性轉(zhuǎn)化后，有的單詞讀音會(huì)發(fā)生變化。如:1)use/ju:s/(n.)-use/ju:z/(v.)Iheuseoftoomuchchemicalfertilizerleadstoseriousproblems.MayIuseyourpencil?2)present/preznt/(n,)present/pr'zent/(v.)She gaveaveryspecialpresentformybir