水文地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)（Basis of hydrogeology）

1、水文地質(zhì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)（Basis of hydrogeology）Replenishment: the process of obtaining water from the outside world is called replenishment. Excretion: the process of loss of water in aquifer is called excretion. Runoff: the flow of groundwater from the recharge area to the drainage area is called runoff. Runoff int

2、ensity: the flow rate per unit time through unit section.Strong radial flow: in some uneven flow fields, strong runoff segments tend to be irregular bands, which are called strong runoff or concentrated runoff. Infiltration rate: the amount of water infiltration per unit time is called infiltration

3、rate.Infiltration coefficient: the ratio of qx to annual precipitation in annual precipitation. Dynamic and equilibrium: the dynamic of groundwater refers to the quantity and quality of ground water (water level, flow rate, water temperature, water temperature, etc.) under the influence of various f

4、actors over time. The relationship between the quantity of groundwater quality and the balance of water balance in a certain period of time is called the groundwater equilibrium. Groundwater recharge sources: atmospheric precipitation, surface water, condensate, other aquifer water and artificial re

5、charge water. Voids: there are gaps in the rock (soil), which are the sites and channels for groundwater infiltration, storage, migration. Porosity: the interspace between a loose or unconsolidated rock particle and particle or particle aggregation and particle aggregation is called a pore. Fissures

6、: cracks are formed in the formation of hard rock or formed by various internal and external forces, causing the rock mass to be damaged. Dissolution: the soluble rock is formed by the dissolution of the ground water and the mechanical erosion. Porosity: the measure of porosity is called porosity. G

7、enerally, the ratio of pore volume and rock mass in rocks is expressed.Crack rate: volume of fissures (Vr) and the total volume (V) ratio of rocks including fissures. Dissolution rate: the index of the amount of rock dissolution is called the clearance rate. Water capacity: water capacity is the abi

8、lity of the rock to hold a certain amount of water. Holding water: refers to the ability of the rock to maintain a certain amount of water after the gravity release. (mainly composed of water and partially capillary water)Water quality: the water rock is free to give a certain amount of water under

9、the influence of gravity. Permeability: water permeability is the ability of the rock to be permeated by water.Permeability coefficient: the permeability coefficient is equal to the seepage velocity when the hydraulic gradient is 1. The permeability coefficient depends not only on the nature of the

10、rock, but also on the physical properties of the permeable liquid.Permeability: measure the permeability of rock permeability. It has nothing to do with the properties of the permeable liquid.Aquifer: a rock formation that provides a considerable amount of water through the water. Aquifer: a rock th

11、at cannot be supplied or can be supplied by water or through only a very small amount of water. The hydrologic property of rocks: the physical properties of the water storage and migration of the underground water after the water enters the gap of the rock. The size of void is an important factor af

12、fecting the rational quality of rock water.Total salinity: total salinity indicates the amount of salt in groundwater, which is the index of the degree of water mineralization. It refers to the total amount of ions, molecules and compounds contained in groundwater.Hardness: due to the properties of

13、Ca2 + and Mg2 + in water,Water Fe3 +, Al3 + also has hardness. Total hardness: the total amount of Ca2 + and Mg2 + in water is called total hardness.Solution: when water and rock interact, some of the material in the rock is dissolved in water. Gravity water: the rock void is full of liquid water th

14、at moves under the action of gravity and becomes gravity water. Binding water: the water that is attracted to rock particles due to electrostatic attraction. Gaseous water: that is, water vapor, which is distributed in the gap of the envelope with the air. Capillary water: water in the pores of the

15、rock due to capillary force becomes capillary water. Infiltration: the movement of groundwater in the rock gap is called osmosis.Seepage: without considering the twists and turns of the seepage path, it does not take into account the particle skeleton of the rock strata, which is called the seepage

16、flow of the water that is filled with the entire rock space and only flows in the direction of the whole flow.Seepage velocity V: the ratio of water seepage over water cross section w in the seepage field.Full water zone: below the surface of the underground water is full of water, full of water and

17、 rock void full of liquid water, both the gravity and the water. Pack air belt: located at the above water level, contact with the atmosphere directly, for rock, air and water. Laminar flow: orderly and nonconfluence of flow is called laminar flow. Turbulent flow: chaotic flow is called turbulent fl

18、ow. Steady flow: the movement of the elements of motion without change is called a steady flow.Head: the seepage field of a point 臵 to the height of the base level of Z, called a 臵 head; The column height of the pressure is called the pressure head; The sum of the two is called the pressure measurin

19、g head. Hydraulic gradient I: the ratio of hydraulic slope to water head loss along the penetration path and corresponding permeability length.Flow network: the direction of water flow in groundwater always points to the direction of change of head water head, that is, the water head and streamline

20、are perpendicular. A grid of streamlines and other water heads is called a streaming network. A line that is connected to a point of equal value in a seepage field. Trace: the trajectory of a flow point in a continuous motion at different times. Streamline: to make an ideal space geometry in the per

21、colation field. The velocity vector of each flow particle on the line is tangent to this line at a certain moment, and the line is called streamline. In the steady flow, the streamline overlaps with the trace line. Upper stagnant water: the gravity water that is buried in the upper layer of the air

22、belt.Dive: the diving is buried under the surface of the earth, the first stable above water, the gravity water with free water.Confined water: buried and filled with gravity water in the aquifer between two stable aquifers. Karst water: the groundwater that is deposited in various karst gaps is kar

23、st water.Mineral water: mineral water is a special kind of ground water. He has special chemical properties and free gases, which are characterized by high temperature in most cases. Geothermal gradient: the parameter that represents the uneven distribution of temperature within the earth. The highe

24、r the temperature, the higher the temperature value of each 100 meters vertical depth. Basic questions:1. Factors influencing runoff intensity: 1. Water permeability and hydraulic slope of aquifer. 2. The head difference and distance of the recharge area to the drainage area. 3.The erosion of ground

25、water is stronger, the development of underground karst is stronger, and the movement characteristics of karst water are: 1. Laminar flow and turbulent flow coexist. 2. The pressure flow coexists with no pressure flow. 3. Unified current and isolated water flow. The bright and the current coexist. 5

26、. Characteristics of bi-directional flow between dual media. Karst water is classified according to the buried conditions: 1. Exposed karst water: the karst formation is widely exposed to the surface. 2. Covered karst water: the karst aquifer is covered with loose layer 3. Buried karst water: the ka

27、rst aquifer is covered by consolidation strata. 10. The supply, excretion and dynamic characteristics of karst water: 1. The resupply of dissolved pore water is still based on slow infiltration, with a certain hysteresis effect. With a uniform underground water level and a relatively complete landin

28、g funnel, the distribution of the underground runoff is mainly based on the diffusion flow of isotropic subsurface runoff, and the discharge is mainly concentrated in the large spring, and the dynamic stability is relatively stable. The groundwater dynamics often have many years of periodic changes.

29、 (4) local can dissolve Kong Rong gap and small line of strong water cut period 2. The pipe flow (1) pipe flow in the funnel, shaft, sink, underground river entrance, accepts the centralized supply quickly closed depression, mainly supplied with inflows, insert type. Rapid concentration of runoff in

30、 the pipeline, underground river mouth or discharge in the form of large spring. The flow rate varies with rainfall, and its response to precipitation is completely different from that of the water of karst type. The flow instability coefficient is very large. There are different pressure gauges. Th

31、e pipe-supply of karst spring, the dynamic change of spring is obvious. 3. The dissolution of the void has local rapid resupply and the slow infiltration of most regions along the dissolution pore. The concentrated flow in the existing pipeline has the diffusion flow in the fissure of the surroundin

32、g fissures. Both the movement of the drainage area and the lateral movement of the dual medium.Characteristics of diving: 1. The area of diving is consistent with the recharge area. 2. Diving is without pressure water. 3. The dynamic changes of water volume, water level and water quality are closely

33、 related to meteorological factors. 4. Diving is always moving from high water to low water level.12. Characteristics of confined water: 1. Withstand hydrostatic pressure. 2. The supply and distribution area are inconsistent. 3. Dynamic change is not significant. 4. The pressurized water does not ha

34、ve the free water level of diving.The characteristics of fissure water: 1. The burial and distribution of bedrock fissure water have a heterogeneity and a certain directionality. 2. The formation of aquifer of bedrock fissure water is varied. 3. Obviously controlled by geological factors. 4. Hydrody

35、namic conditions are more complex. 5. The water of rock fracture is characterized by alternating current, laminar flow and turbulent flow.4. Characteristics of pore pressure water: 1. The aquifer is still water permeable and even has skylight. 2. The deeper the depth, the better the pressure. 3. The

36、 pressure head is high, not necessarily replenishing.The characteristics of karst water: 1. Uneven distribution of karst water. (refers to the anisotropy of the water and water in different segments of the karst water system) 2.The dielectric characteristics of karst aquifers. 3. The movement charac

37、teristics of karst water. 4. Recharge, excretion and dynamic characteristics of karst water. 5. Chemical characteristics of karst water. Shallow salinity is generally small, and the deeper the mineralization is. The characteristics of water chemistry are related to the alternation strength density o

38、f groundwater, the mineralization degree of the recharge area is small, the mineralization degree of deep and excretory areas increases, and the type of water quality may also change. As rainfall and flow change, the chemical composition of karst water also fluctuating regularly. The chemical proper

39、ties of karst water vary with region. Karst water is easily contaminated by the sedimentary characteristics of the shock layer: alluvial deposits are the product of river deposits, and the alluvial deposits are often rich in the sedimentation of various genetic types in the Cenozoic era. 1. The allu

40、vial layer of the upper river valley of the river: only the raised bank and river valleys that have been deposited at the river bend in the dry period, for the coarse pebbles, gravel, and coarse sand, usually without the clays of fine clay. 2. Alluvial deposits of the middle reaches of the river: th

41、e sedimentary deposits of the river and the floodplain: due to the sedimentation of the flood period and the dry period, the dualistic structure of the river is formed. Oxbow lake facies deposit: the cross-section of the river has a direct effect, and the oxbow lake deposit is formed, which also has

42、 a binary structure, but the thickness of the overlying fine granule is increased, and the lower down coarse grain size is smaller. 3. Alluvial layer of the downstream plain of the river: the sediments are mostly lenticular and banded, and the different sedimentary bodies are cross-shaped. The influ

43、ence of tectonic movement on river deposition. 17. Rich water belt of impact layer: 1. River valley rich zone in the upper reaches of the river valley: the thick and wide distribution of gravel in the valley gravel is the rich zone. 2. Water belt in the middle of the river: the lower terraces are re

44、latively low in water and water, and the lower terraces are the water belts. The confluence of the river, the turning of the river, and the widening of the valley. The distribution of the ancient riverbed and the front of the terrace. The downstream plain is a complex complex composed of various sed

45、iments. The rich water belt is mainly concentrated in the ancient riverbed and the modern riverbed gravel layer.The influence factors of fracture development: 1. Influence factors of the development of diagenetic fissures: changes of underground temperature. The change of stress within the rock. 2.

46、Influencing factors of structural fissure development: the rock nature and composition of rock formations. The strength and function of tectonic stress. The external conditions of the force of the rock mass. 3. Weathering crack: the climate: dry and cold, mainly mechanical crushing, which is conduci

47、ve to the formation of weathering fissures, and the chemical action mainly in the heat and humidity. The mineral composition, structure and structure of rocks have a great influence on the development of weathering fractures. The influence of geological structure on the development of weathering fra

48、cture is most obvious in fracture structure. 4. Stress relief fractures: the stress changes associated with crustal rocks. (1) fissure water of the rock fracture water. The influence factors of water in fissure water of volcanic rocks: 1.Regional geological structure strength 2. The rock properties

49、and the degree of the fracture and the nature of the fault zone (3) the morphology and distribution of intrusion and the surrounding rock properties of 4. The landform condition 5. 6. Climate and hydrological conditions of groundwater recharge condition 7. New tectonic activities21. The role of grou

50、ndwater composition: the effect of the solution of the dissolution of the carbonic acid2. The basic genetic types of the chemical components of the launching water: 1. Infiltration of water: also known as lysogenic water, the atmospheric precipitation, surface water or condensate seeping into the gr

51、ound form, mainly distributed in the shallow layer. 2. Sedimentary water: water called sedimentation in the formation of sedimentary rocks or into rocks. 3. Endogenetic water: many of the geological functions that occur in the deep part of the earths crust, such as volcanic eruptions, magmatism and

52、metamorphism, are produced by water, which is called endogenetic water. 23, groundwater of main chemical properties: (1) the oxidation reduction potential (2) total salinity (3) the groundwater hardness (4) groundwater erosion sex (5) rational 24, acid, alkaline rocks of groundwater water quality influence factors and the nature of the relationship between the: 1. How much capacity of water and rock voids. 2. The water hold