《跨文化交際》

1、v1.0可編輯可修改名詞解釋1.Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhosecultureperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunication event.跨文化交際 : 指擁有不同文化認知和符號體系的人文之間進行的交際。2.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the b

2、ehavior of a relatively large group of people.文化 是習(xí)得的一套關(guān)于信仰，價值觀，規(guī)范的公認的解釋，這些信仰，價值觀，規(guī)范對相當(dāng)大人類群體的行為產(chǎn)生影響。3.Culture identityrefers to one s sense of belonging to a particular cultureor ethnic group.文化身份 ：指有意識地把自己歸為某一特定文化或種族群體。4.Subcultureare formed by groups of people possessingcharacteristictraitsthatset

3、apartand distinguishthem from otherswithina largersocietyor dominantculture.亞文化 : 具有能在更大的一個社會范圍內(nèi)或主流文化中使自己有別于他人的特點的人類群體所形成的文化。5. Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviorswhich, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.規(guī)范指的是正確和不正確行為根深蒂固的文化原則，這種不正確的行為一旦發(fā)生，就意味

4、著一種顯性或隱性的處罰。6.文化震蕩 Culture shockrefers to the traumatic experience that an individualmay encounter when entering a different culture.人們在進入一種新文化環(huán)境時，遭遇的痛苦和難忘的經(jīng)歷。7.人際交際 interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who areinteractingexclusivelywithone another and who therefore have the abi

5、litytoadapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediateinterpretations from them.指少數(shù)人之間的交往他們既能根據(jù)對方調(diào)整自己的信息，又能立即從對方那里獲得解釋。8.世界觀 worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God, thenature of humanity and nature.指我們持有的對宇宙，神，人本質(zhì)及自然的最根本的看法。9.Context : it s the info

6、rmationthatsurroundsan event ,it is in extricablyboundup with the meaning of the event .11v1.0可編輯可修改10.高語境文化 High-context culture:itsa kindofcultureinwhichpeople are veryhomogeneous with regard to experiences ,information networks ,and the like ,.Chinese ,Japanese11.低語境文化 Low-contextculture:itsa kin

7、dofcultureinwhichthe populationisless homogeneousandthereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts ,. American ,German12.個人主義 Individualism: broadlyspeaking,individualismreferstothe doctrinetheater theinterests of the individual are ofought tobe paramount ,and thatallvalues,rightsanddutiesori

8、ginateinindividuals,itemphasizesindividualinitiative,independence,individualexpression,andeven privacy .個人利益勝于集體利益13.集體主義 Collectivism: it is characterized by a rigid social framework thatdistinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group tolook after them ,and in exchange fo

9、r that they fell they owe absolute loyaltyto the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,andgoals of the in-groups rather than oneself ; (2)social norms and duty definedby the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ; (3)beliefs shared withthe in-group; rather than b

10、eliefs that distinguish self from in group ; and(4)great readiness to cooperate with in group membership .個人融入集體。14.對 不 確 定 因 素 的 回 避 態(tài) 度 ： uncertaintyavoidance dealswitha society stolerancefor uncertaintyand ambiguity;itultimatelyreferstoman s searchfor truth.是關(guān)于一個社會對不確定性和模棱兩可的容忍程度。15. 權(quán)利距離 power d

11、istance ：組織或機構(gòu)里邊，沒有權(quán)力的成員對于權(quán)力不均等分配接受和期望的程度。16.焦慮 Anxietyoccurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, andfocusing onthat feeling and not betotallypresentinthecommunicationtransaction.在新環(huán)境下人們不知如何應(yīng)對，過多關(guān)注自己的情緒，不能全身心投入到交際中。17.假定一致性 ： (1) To assume people know how someone elseis thinkingbased

12、on howthey see things is called projected cognitive similarity.從自己看待事物的角度來判斷別人的想法。(2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption thatpeople are more similar to you than they actually are or that another persons situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is.

13、22v1.0可編輯可修改18.定勢 stereotypes ：refers to negative or positivejudgment made aboutindividualsbased on any observable or believed group membership.針對目標群體成員所特有的正面或方面的判斷。19.偏見 Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of aparticulargroup, race, religion, or sexual orientation.偏見 是指

14、對于某一特定群體，種類，宗教或性取向的無端的憎惡和懷疑。20.言語交際 Verbal interculturalcommunications happens when people from differentcultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.當(dāng)來自不同文化背景的人們用語言進行交流時言語交際 就發(fā)生了。21.禁忌語 ：Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoidedbya particulargroup of people ，or in

15、 certain for religious or social reasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社會原因被一特定群體所避免使用的一些詞語或行為。22.委婉語 ：Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague termfor one considered harsh,blunt,oroffensive.指用溫和的，間接的方式來代替嚴厲的，生硬的或冒犯的言語。23.非言語信號 ：（狹義） noverbal communicate refersto intertionaluse of nonspokensymb

16、ol to communicate a specific message .運用非言語符號傳達特定信息的交際行為。（廣義） refers to elementsof the environmentthat communicateby virtue ofpeople s use of them. 人們交際時運用的環(huán)境因素。24.副語言： Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of thevoice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and

17、 affect themeaning of a message是與口語交際有關(guān)，指說的速度，音高，和質(zhì)量，這些要素會打斷或臨時取代語言并影響信息的語意表達.25.時間行為：Chronemicsis the study of how people perceive and use time.是指研究人們?nèi)绾慰创褪褂脮r間。26.時 空 行 為 ： proxemicsreferstotheperceptionanduse ofspaceincludingterritorialityand personalspace. 指對空間的認知和使用時空進行溝通，包括地盤性和個人空間。27.目光語： The

18、study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics.研究目光傳遞的交流信息。33v1.0可編輯可修改28.氣味行為 Olfactics： The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics對通過味道進行交流的研究。29. 觸覺行為 Haptics :refers to communicating through the use of bodily context .通過身體接觸來進行交流。30.身勢語行為Kinesics：is the term used for

19、communicating through various typesof body movements including facialexpressions,gestures,postureand stance,andother mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.指交際時所使用的不同類型的動作，包括表情，手勢，姿勢， 和其他代替語言傳達信息的行為舉止。31.Sex refers to thebiologicaldifferences between males and females.32.Gender concernsthe psychological, social and culturaldifferences betweenmales and females.33.Gender identity - perception of self as a woman or man, masculine or feminine34.良 好 的 交 際 Competentcommunication ： a