高中虛擬語氣講解

1、虛擬語氣語氣是表示說話者對動詞所表示的動作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度，是一種動詞形式。英語中的語氣有三種：1. 陳述語氣（the indicative mood ）用來陳述一個事實，或提出一個想法。有肯定、否定、疑問或感嘆等形式。日本東鄰中國。japan lies on the east of china.魚兒離不開水。the fish is not alive without water.2. 祈使語氣（the imperative mood）用來表示請求、邀請、命令、警告或勸告等。不要者急。 dont be worry.3. 虛語語氣 （the subjunctive mood）表示說話人的一種愿望、建

2、議、命令、要求、有時是一種真實的假設(shè)、料想、或是不可能實現(xiàn)的與事實相反的愿望。如果他在這兒，他就會同意我的意見。if he had been here ,he would have agreed with me. 我希望我能飛。i wish i could fly. 虛擬語氣的用法一虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法: 條件句有真實條件句和非真實條件句兩種。1. 在條件句中的應(yīng)用條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實條件句，一類為非真實條件句。a 真實條件句真實條件句用于陳述語氣，假設(shè)的情況可能發(fā)生。時態(tài)關(guān)系 句型：條件從句 主句 一般現(xiàn)在時 shall/will+動詞原形if he comes, he will

3、 bring his violin.典型例題the volleyball match will be put off if it_.a. will rain b. rains c. rained d. is rained答案b。真實條件句主句為將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。注意：（1） 在真實條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來，該用shall, will.(錯) if you leave now, you are never going to regret it.(對)if you leave now, you will never regret it.（2） 表示真理時，主句謂語

4、動詞不用shall(will)+動詞原形，而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時的動詞形式。b 非真實條件句 非真實條件句所表的假設(shè)則是不可能或不大可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的，句中的條件從句與結(jié)果主句皆用虛擬語氣。條件從句的謂語形式主語的謂語從句形式與現(xiàn)在事實相反if 主語+動詞過去式主語 +should/would/could/might+動詞原形與過去事實相反if 主語+had +動詞過去分詞主語+should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞與將來事實相反if 主語+動詞過去式+should+動詞原形+were to +動詞原形主語+should/would/couldmight+動詞原形1.

5、表示跟現(xiàn)在事實相反 從句的謂語用動詞的過去式（be的過去式用were），構(gòu)成if i （we, you, he, they）動詞過去式的形式；主句的謂語用would(第二、三人稱)/should（第一人稱）/might/could動詞原形。例如：要是我是你，我就會對他說實話。if i were you, i should (would, could, might)tell him the truth.如果他有時間，他就會（可能）和你去。 if he had time, he would (could, might) go with you. 要是我哥哥在這兒，一切都沒有問題了。if my br

6、other were here, everything would be all right.2. 與過去的事實相反 從句的謂語用had過去分詞，構(gòu)成if i (we, you, he, they)had過去分詞的形式；主句的謂語用should（第一人稱）/would（第二、三人稱）/could/might have 動詞過去分詞。如果你仔細一點， 這個錯誤是可以避免的. 例如：if you had been more careful, the mistake might have been avoided.有時間，我就會來看你的. if i had time last night, i sh

7、ould have come to see you.昨晚如果假如受過良好的教育，他就不會表現(xiàn)成那樣。he would never have behaved like that if he had had a good education.假如我的表不停，我就會準(zhǔn)時的。if my watch had not stopped, i should have been on time.3. 與將來事實相反 從句的謂語用if i (we, you, he, they) 動詞過去式或were to do 或should do 形式，主句謂語用should（第一人稱）/would（第二、三人稱）/could

8、/ might 動詞原形。例如：假如他來了， 我們對他說什么呢？if he were to come, what should we say to him.假如他看見我， 就會認識我。if he should see me, he would know me.假如我們爬上山頂，我們能有一個好的視野嗎？if we climbed to the top of the mountain, should we get a good view?4. if從句中若含有should, had 或者were，那么就可以把它們放在句首，與主語顛倒形成倒裝，但動詞過去式不可以與主語倒裝。例如：如果他在，他會來幫助

9、我們。were he here, he would come to help us.假如你剛才在這里，你就會遇見她。had you been here just now, you would have met her.假如我明天看見他，我就會告訴他關(guān)于這一切。should i see him tomorrow, i would tell him about it.假如你按照我說的去做，你就會成功。had you done as i told you, you would have succeeded.5. 當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時間不一致時，被稱為“錯綜時間條件句”，

10、動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間作出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。例如：如果他早點出發(fā)，他現(xiàn)在已到家了。if he had set out earlier, he would be home now.假如我不忙，我家會來了。if i were not busy, i would have come.假如你接受了我的意見，你現(xiàn)在就會好的多。you would be much better now if you had taken my advice.6. 用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。常用的介詞由with, without, but for等。例如：what would you do with a million d

11、ollars?=if you had a million dollarswe couldnt have finished the work ahead of time without your help. (if we hadnt got your help)but for rain(=if it hadnt been for the rain), we would have finished the work.7. 含蓄條件句有時為了表達的需要，在虛擬語氣中并不總是出現(xiàn)if引導(dǎo)的條件句，而通過其他手段代替條件句。例如：i was ill that day. otherwise, i woul

12、d have taken part in the sports meet.（副詞）he telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or i would have known nothing about it .（連詞）a man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days. （定語從句）everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly.（獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）二、虛擬語氣在

13、賓語從句中的用法1. 在動詞wish后的賓語從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在或過去的事實相反，或?qū)淼闹饔^愿望，從句通常省略連詞that。（1）表示對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬：從句動詞用過去式或過去進行式（be動詞一般用were）。我希望知道這個問題的答案。i wish i knew the answer to the question.但愿北京全年是秋天。i wish it were autumn in beijing all the year around.她希望仍和祖母住在一起。she wishes she were still living with her grandmother.（2）表示對過去情況的虛

14、擬：從句動詞常用“had過去分詞”。我后悔不該花那么多錢。i wish i hadnt spent so much money.他真希望沒有失去機會。he wishes he had not lost the chance.（3）表示對將來的主觀愿望：從句動詞形式為“would動詞原形”。注意：主句的主語與從句的主要不能相同，因為主句的主語所期望的從句動作能否實現(xiàn)，取決于從句主語的態(tài)度或意愿（非動物名詞除外）。但愿雨能停止。i wish it would stop raining.但愿你立刻來。i wish you would come soon.2. 在一個堅持（insist）,兩個命令（o

15、rder, command）,三個建議（ suggest, advice, propose）,四個要求（ ask,demand request, require）等動詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動詞用“(should)動詞原形”，表示建議、要求、命令等。我建議馬上動身。i suggest that we (should) set off at once.學(xué)生們堅持要多上英語課。the students insisted that they (should) have more english classes3. 在主語would (had) rather that 賓語從句中，從句謂語用過去式表示虛

16、擬形式。我倒希望他們和我一起去。i would rather they went with me.三、虛擬語氣在主語從句中的用法 主語從句是its necessary (natural, important, strange, surprising, better, a pity, no wonder) that時， 謂語的虛擬形式用 （should）原形動詞或shouldhave過去分詞來表示。高中學(xué)生掌握一門外語很有必要。it is necessary that a high school student should master a foreign language.很遺憾他居然沒有在

17、it is a pity that he should be absent today.我們說話要有禮貌，這是很重要的。it is important that we should speak politely.注意：有些過去分詞可以當(dāng)形容詞使用，在主語從句中要用虛擬語氣，常見的有：desired, demanded, requested, suggested,required等。四、虛擬語氣在表語從句和同位語從句的用法在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice等名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣。其構(gòu)成是“sho

18、uld動詞原形”。my idea is that we should think it over before accepting it.we all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to dalian for sightseeing.五、在it is (high) time (that)的句型中，定語從句的虛擬形式常用過去式或should動詞原形（should不能省略），表示“現(xiàn)在該”我們該走了。it is time we left.六、 if only表示一種假設(shè)情況，意思是“要是就好了”，相當(dāng)于主語wish。要是今天是星期天就好了。i

19、f only it were sunday today.要是他幽默點就好了。if only he had a sense of humor.七、由as if(as though) 或even though(even though) 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示比較或方式時，從句謂語形式為動詞的過去式（be用were）或“had過去分詞”。他那樣對待我，好像我式陌生人似的。he treats me as if i were a stranger.她談?wù)撃遣坑捌?，就好像她確實看過一樣。she talked about the film as if she had really seen it.注意：如果表示

20、的事情可能會發(fā)生，那么方式狀語從句中的謂語動詞可用陳述語氣。八、虛擬語氣用在含有if it were not for或if it had not been for 條件句中。if it were not for the rain, the crops would die.if it had not been for your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time.九、虛擬語氣表示委婉語氣的句型中。it would be better for you not to do that.would you be so kind as

21、 to show me the way to the railway station.十、 用于“may動詞原形”表示“祝愿”，may須置于句首。may you succeed!may you be happy!虛擬語氣訓(xùn)練 i. 從所給的選項中選出最佳答案。1 _ go down town this afternoon, please post the letter for me. which choice is wrong?a had you b were you to c if you did d should you 2 you didnt let me drive. if we _

22、in turn, you _ so tired. a drove, didnt get b drove, wouldnt get c were driving, wouldnt get d had driven, wouldnt have got3 if it _ for the snow, we _ the mountain yesterday.a were not, could have climbed b were not, could climbc hadnt been, could have climbed d hadnt been, could climb 4 the new ai

23、rport _ if they hadnt stopped working on it.a would complete b had been completed c had completed d would have been completed5 if he _ his doctors advice, he _ alive.a had taken, might still have been b had taken, might still bec might have taken, had still been c took, might still be 6 if you _ in

24、good health, i _ you on a trip yesterday.a were, would have let b had been, would have letc had been, had let d were, had let7 i lost your address, otherwise (or) i _ you long before.a had visited b have visited c would have visited d should visit 8 the guard at the gate insisted that everybody _ th

25、e rules.a obeys b obey c will obey d would obey 9 the boss insisted that john _ unfit for his work.a was b is c should be d were 10 the officer commanded(ordered)the damaged bridge _ before dawn.a must be repaired b would be repaired c be repaired d should have been repaired ii. 運用虛擬語氣，將下列句子翻譯成英語。11

26、. 要是沒有你的幫助，我就不可能完成這件事了。 _. 12. 假如天下雨，莊稼就能得救。 _. 13. 如果他有時間的話，他就會和你去。 _. 14. 我希望我知道這個問題的答案。 _. 15. 他那樣對待我，好象我是陌生人。 _. iii. 用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。16. it _ (decide) that more elective courses _ (offer) next semester. 17. he wishes he _ (pay) more attention to pronunciation then he _ (be) in the first year. 18. h

27、ow nice it _ (be) if the wind _ (not blow) so hard now. 19. during the strike the workers demanded that working hours _ (shorten) and working conditions _ (improve) 20. im afraid even if the picture _(be) shorter, it _(not fit) the frame. keys: 15 a d c d b 610 a c b a c 11. but for your help (if it

28、 hadnt been for your help) i couldnt have done it. 12. if it should rain, the crops would (could, might) be saved. 13. if he had time, he would (could, might) go with you. 14. i wish i knew the answer to the question. 15. he treats me as if i were a stranger. 16. is decided, be offered 17. had paid,

29、 was 18. would be, were not blowing 19. should be shortened, should be improved 20. were, wouldnt fit 使用虛擬語氣的主要句型謂語動詞的虛擬形式例句表現(xiàn)在的虛擬條件句從句：用動詞過去（be 多用were）1. if i were you, i should study english.2. i would certainly go if i had time.主句：would/should/could/might+動詞原形表過去的虛擬條件句從句：had + pp1. if you had tak

30、en my advice, you would not have failed in the test.2. if i had left a little earlier, i would have caught the train.主句：would/should/could/might +have + pp表將來的虛擬條件句從句：用動詞過去should +v原（were +to do）1. if it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.2. if you came tomorrow, we would have the m

31、eeting.主句：would/should/could/might +have + pp省略 if 的條件句從句：用倒裝形式，即把were,had等置于句首。(并只限were/ had)主句：根據(jù)虛擬的情況采取與從句相應(yīng)的形式。1. were i in school again(= if i were in school again, i would work harder.)2. were it not for the rain, (不能說werent it for the rain, ) i would go swimming. 錯綜時間條件句（從句與主句所表示時間不一致）根據(jù)從句與主句

32、表示的不同時進行調(diào)整。1.if you had worked hard yesterday, you would be tired now2. if we hadnt been working hard in the past few years, things woud be going so smoothly.含蓄條件句（虛擬條件暗含在短語或上下文之中，從句不表現(xiàn)出來）(常見有but for“要不是” without等)根據(jù)句子表達的實際情況選用相應(yīng)的虛擬條件句中的主句的動詞形式1.without air, there would be no living things.2.i would

33、 have given you more help, but i was busy now.名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣wish, “可惜”“就好了”，“悔不該”“但愿”wish后從句：與表各種時間的虛擬條件句中的從句動詞形式基本相同。具體：，表與現(xiàn)在不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句用“過去時，be 用were”.表與過去不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句用“had+pp 或 could/would +have +pp“. .表與將來不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句用“could/would +動詞原形”1.i wish i were a bird.2. i wish i had known the answer.would rather 后的賓語從句would rather后從句：動詞常用過去式1. i would rather they came tomorrowdemand, insist,suggest, command, order, require, request, desire等一類動詞后的賓語從句（suggest表“暗示、隱含等”insist表“強調(diào)，力言等”不用虛擬語氣。）從句謂語用“should+動詞原形”，should可省。1. i suggest you (should)go at