說明文段落的理解

1、高三復習 Teaching Objectives 通過閱讀說明文段落， 總結并掌握說明文段落主旨的概括方 法； 理清段落信息之間的邏輯關系，畫出 段落結構圖； Hollywoods theory that machines with evil(邪惡) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving so

2、mething other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制論）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干預), we had better be quite sure that t

3、he purpose which we really desire.” Lead in 閱讀下面文段，簡單說出說明文的語篇特點。 說明文主要是對事物或事理進行客觀說明的一種文體。 說明文結構句式復雜，專業(yè)術語多，抽象度高。但同 時說明文中心鮮明突出、文章邏輯性和條理性比較強。 因此要掌握說明文的說明方法、以積極，冷靜的心態(tài) 面對。 How to get the main idea of a paragraph in expository texts? Activity 1: 閱讀閱讀下列下列3個段落個段落并并 1）找出段落的核心句；）找出段落的核心句； 2）歸納核心句可能出現的位置；）歸納核心

4、句可能出現的位置； 3）歸納核心句的語言特點）歸納核心句的語言特點。 Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth (大蠟螟) can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed

5、and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊狀物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass-apparently broken d

6、own by enzymes(酶)from the worms stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017. Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth (大蠟螟) can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. 段首 Measles(麻疹), which once killed 450 chil

7、dren each year and disabled even more, was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles case

8、s have been reported in the USA, compared with 189 for all of last year. 段中 MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly. Why would human beings waste a third of their lives sleeping when they could be d

9、oing more important things like looking after their families or working? Some scientists believe sleeping helps recharge the body, while others think it is important for strengthening newly- formed memories. Now, there is new evidence which suggests that the purpose of sleep may be to forget some of

10、 the millions of new things we learn each day. formed memories. Now, there is new evidence which suggests that the purpose of sleep may be to forget some of the millions of new things we learn each day. 段尾 The neurons (神經元神經元) in the human brain consist of fibers called dendrites (樹突樹突). These grow

11、as we learn new things and connect the brains cells to each other at the contact points called synapses (突觸突觸). The larger the dendrites become and the more cells they connect, the more information we store. What is this paragraph mainly about? A. How neurons grow B. Memory storage in neurons. C. St

12、ructures of the human brain D. How brain cells connect to each other. 在一些文段中，沒有可以概括全段意義的 主題句，必須根據文中所提供的事實細節(jié)， 進行全面分析，然后歸納成一般概念。 語篇的組織遵循特別的約定（Van Dijk, 1977）。 作為語篇的基本組織單位之一，段落組織也遵 循相應的約定，作者在組織段落時，一個段落 只表達一個觀點。為了實現這個目標，段落中 的每個句子都相互銜接并力爭服務于段落主旨 意思的表達。 How to get clear about the logical relationships（邏輯關

13、系）（邏輯關系） within a paragraph? Activity 2: 閱讀閱讀下面的段落下面的段落 1）給段落分層并歸納層意；）給段落分層并歸納層意； 2）畫出本段的結構圖；）畫出本段的結構圖； Life in the Clear Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window .Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatte

14、r (散射) light. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks. But a transparent object doesnt absorb or scatter light. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping . Animals are built of many different materials-skin, fat, and more-and light moves through each at a different speed. Eve

15、ry time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters (散 射). Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see-through. Others build a large, clear mas

16、s of non-living jelly-lie(果凍狀的)material and spread themselves over it. 射). Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering Animals built of different materials make light bend and scatter. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals.Others examples/explana

17、tion contrast Example of a structure map Finish the exercises on the handout. Be positive and active 說明文閱讀考察的是閱讀能力、邏輯思維 能力，而不是要求考生全面、系統(tǒng)、透徹 弄懂相關的知識?；诖?，我們在做說明 文試題時，保持冷靜的頭腦，積極去應對 遇到的困難。 Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably d

18、ecades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams-yet that is not possible unless machines share the same goa

19、ls of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen; on September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects

20、a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neuron- induced(中子誘 導)nuclear chain reaction. Activity 3：閱讀下面文段，預測并：閱讀下面文段，預測并 判斷文本內容是否與自己的認知沖突？判斷文本內容是否與自己的認知沖突？ As Internet users become more dependent o

21、n the Internet to store information, are people remember less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how. . According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with po

22、or memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories (交互記憶); that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesnt mean we are becoming either more or less i

23、ntelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing. For years video games have been blamed for making people more antisocial, overweight or depressed. But now researchers are finding that games can actually change us for the better and improve both our body and mind. . The effe

24、ct are not always so positive, however. Indiana University researchers carried out brain scans on young men and found evidence that violent games can adjust brain function after as little as a week of play, affecting regions in the brain associated with emotional control and causing more aggressive

25、behavior in the player. But Daphne Bavelier one of the most experienced researchers in the field, says that the violent action games that often worry parents most pay actually have the strongest beneficial effect on the brain. In the future, we may see many treatments for physical and neurological (

26、神經的) problems, which include the playing of video games. 英語課程內容是發(fā)展學生英語學科核心素養(yǎng)的基 礎，包含六個要素：主題語境、語篇類型、語言 知識、文化知識、語言技能和學習策略。其中語 言知識、語言技能學習策略等要素的培養(yǎng)都要依 托于不同類型的語篇。 語篇不僅承載語言知識和文化知識，還體現思維 方式。語篇的選擇會考慮語篇促進學生思維、體 現文化差異、形成正確價值觀等方面的積極意義。 LOREM IPSUM DOLOR 說明文的詞匯和句式的運用較別的體裁的文章難 度更大。詞匯運用靈活，同一詞的不同詞性的用 法交替出現，未列入考綱的生詞較

27、多，通常達到 了4-5%。不過考生可以通過說明文的語言特點來 幫助理解語篇，例如，同位語、下定義、解釋、 舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標點符號 （如破折號、冒號都有表示解釋和說明）等。 語篇結構知識規(guī)律表明，英文中不同的 文體都有不同的寫作方法和表達方式， 辨別體裁，往往使閱讀更帶有針對性， 明確各種體裁的不同特點，閱讀時才會 心中有數，做到各個擊破。 歷年高考的閱讀文章不外乎記敘文、 應用文、科研文章、新聞報道、議論 文和說明文幾種 議論文、說明文則用主題句導讀， 文章結構主旨了然于胸, 并且始終關 注首尾段落和每段第一句 科研文章、新聞報道則通常以首段 標其目。 英語課程內容是發(fā)展學

28、生英語學科核心素養(yǎng)的基礎， 包含六個要素：主題語境、語篇類型、語言知識、文 化知識、語言技能和學習策略。其中語言知識、語言 技能學習策略等要素的培養(yǎng)都要依托于不同類型的語 篇。 語篇不僅承載語言知識和文化知識，還體現思維方式。 語篇的選擇會考慮語篇促進學生思維、體現文化差異、 形成正確價值觀等方面的積極意義。 Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the sur

29、face of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feetas far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless theyre eating it, or

30、unless something is eating them.” Measles(麻疹), which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more, was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly. Already