土地信息管理及其(D)數(shù)據(jù)庫基礎(chǔ)概要

1、Land Information Management and its (3D) Database Foundation Han WAMMES, the Netherlands Key words: Oracle Database, Oracle Spatial, 3D data-types, Oracle Land Information Management Proposition, SOA, Cloud Computing, Interoperability, Security, Information Management, Process Management, e-Governme

2、nt, INSPIRE, LADM/STDM SUMMARY From the inception of the Oracle Spatial Engine over ten years ago, Oracle has been striving to make spatial information an integral part of its information management architecture. The Oracle information management architecture includes such areas as GIS, Document Man

3、agement and Archiving and Business Intelligence. Built initially as disparate solutions on top of the Oracle object-relational / native XML database. It became soon quit clear that taking a more holistic and standardized approach to information management, would create much more value to our custome

4、rs. By managing spatial databases, document stores and datawarehouses in one database environment taking an unified approach based on open standards, would relief the integration, management and security burden of dealing with such a diversity of structured and unstructured data tremendously. Today

5、these capabilities are an integral part of Oracles vision on enterprise information management. They also fit naturally in current strategies on SOA, Engineered Systems, Cloud Computing and Big Data, which require not only a unified approach to information management, but also require an unified, on

6、 open standards based, approach to process management. The current trends in the GIS domain boil down to exactly these strategies. Especially in the Land Information Management domain, many organizations are re-considering their current systems or implementing new systems if they didnt exist before,

7、 like in developing countries, to accommodate new requirements such as open standards based, an integrated approach to managing information, interoperability between systems and support for 3D data-types in the GIS domain. e-Government initiatives and initiatives like e.g. INSPIRE require this open

8、approach towards Land Information Management as land is probably the most important asset, humanity has, to manage our future. In this paper it will be shown how Oracle has been adopting modern technologies as part of its strategy, especially in the 3D area. It will also be shown how e.g. the LADM/S

9、TDM application scheme helps in defining Oracles strategy towards Land Information Management to create a more agile solution based on IT strategies in dealing with current and future requirements. Land Information Management and its (3D) Database Foundation Han WAMMES, the Netherlands 1. INTRODUCTI

10、ON Ever since Land Information Management systems came into existence, attempts have been made to incorporate GIS capabilities into Land Information Management systems. To be able to manage the geometrical representation of land, together with the descriptive information, many sometimes very artific

11、ial solutions were built in linking files containing geometries to relational databases containing the descriptive information. Although many organizations tried to take a more integrated approach, only with the introduction of spatial databases, it became possible to take a truly integrated approac

12、h. Oracle was one of first to implement such capabilities in an open way, thanks to the standardization effort of the Open Geospatial Consortium in developing the Simple Feature Specification in which Oracle took a major part. Many of the GIS vendors got rid of their linked file approach, adopted th

13、is integrated approach and became a natural technology partner of Oracle. Since then many developments in both the GIS and the IT industry and the standardization effort of OGC has helped supporting the requirements of Land Information Management systems at least on a technological level. But strang

14、ely enough this domain is still characterized as not integrated; deeds are still kept separate from the descriptive and geometrical representation of land and systems are still custom-built. Off course this is a very generalized statement and really dependent on the legal situation, the technical an

15、d financial capabilities of the implementing organization and the value it has for society, but in essence though, while the technological capabilities changed drastically, especially in this era of Service Oriented Architecture, Cloud Computing, Sensor Technology (the internet of things), Big Data,

16、 Openness (Open Standards and (Linked) Open Data), organizations dealing with Land Information Management are still very traditional in their approach. In this paper the following subjects will be covered: - In chapter 2 the context in which land information is used will be described; managing land

17、information is not self-contained, land information has many stakeholders. Ultimately it is about the value land information can create for society in a sustainable way. - In chapter 3 the technological developments facilitating Land Information Management systems will be covered; what technologies

18、and what standards are prerequisite to support the context described in chapter 2. - In chapter 4 it will be shown how we can bridge the gap between technology and value creation; agreeing and standardizing on the semantics of information and processes, like what is being proposed with the LADM/STDM

19、 ISO submission, could help minimizing this gap. - In chapter 5 the Oracle Land Information Management proposition on a conceptual level will be presented. - In chapter 6 we will cover the current Oracle Spatial 3D capabilities. - In chapter 7 we will draw a conclusion and resume shortly on the capa

20、bilities of the proposed multi-purpose Land Information Management system supporting the required multiple goals. 2. THE CONTEXT OF A LAND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Egypt was one of the first countries, which over 2000 years ago already implemented a Land Information Management system. The syste

21、m was used to register, who was growing what crop and where. As such this system could be called the first Land Information Management system if we define a Land Information Management system as a system, which manages information about land and information related to that land. Land shouldnt be res

22、tricted to land alone but should include water and infrastructure including buildings as well. There is always a reason why you want to manage information about land, so there should be someone or some organization having an interest in land. This relation could be anything from is owner of through

23、grows crop on to preserves. In general we could say a has a relation to an , which we call land. In our earlier example, we know that the pharaohs used this information to collect tax to pay for their expansion strategies. Some people argue this information was actually needed to re-establish land b

24、oundaries after the rainy season. People could then reclaim their rights on land when the river Nile washed away the boundaries of the land, but fortunately left a very fertile soil to grow new crop. In any case a Land Information Management system nowadays should serve many purposes, most of them a

25、re focused on value creation: - A land parcel is the basic unit for access and control of land and to make land use decisions - Currently, reliable land information is necessary for many public programs such as land planning and infrastructure development and maintenance - Land is a basis for land m

26、arkets, development, and other economic activity like tax collection But may be even more challenging though is dealing with the negative consequences of the over utilization of our resources and how to manage this. Sustainable land management has become the central challenge in the sustainable mana

27、gement of earth systems and resources. On the one hand, land management must ensure a growing supply of food and other resources to human populations, which are expected to grow for decades to come. On the other hand, management of land to procure these resources is linked with potentially negative

28、consequences in the form of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution. Moreover, local alteration of land use and land cover can have global consequences, requiring local and regional solutions to global problems and the cooperation of the worlds policymakers, land managers, and other stakehol

29、ders in land management at local, regional and global scales. Though humans have been modifying land to obtain food and other essentials for thousands of years, current rates, extents and intensities of land change are far greater than ever in history, driving unprecedented changes in ecosystems and

30、 environmental processes at local, regional and global scales. These changes encompass the greatest environmental concerns of human populations today, including climate change, biodiversity loss and the pollution of water, soils and air. Monitoring and mediating the negative consequences of land cha

31、nge while sustaining the production of essential resources has therefore become a major priority of researchers and policymakers around the world (Article on Land-use and land-cover change, published on the Encyclopedia of Earth by Erle Ellis on April 18, 2010, 3:06 pm and last edited on May 11, 201

32、1, 1:40 pm). 3. THE TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS FACILITATING LAND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS From the inception of the Oracle Spatial Engine over ten years ago, Oracle has been striving to make spatial information an integral part of its information management architecture. Built on top of its ob

33、ject-relational / native XML database, Oracle has natively integrated spatial capabilities. This approach resulted in a wide adoption with customers and partners of the Oracle Spatial Engine and its different data models such as the object-relational model for representing (2D) geometries and the na

34、tive GML implementation, but also the topology model, the network data model, the geo-raster data model and linear referencing. On top of that, with the adoption of service-oriented architectures, (2D) web-services like WFS (-T), were introduced, web-services which can participate in a process flow

35、(BPEL/SOAP), thus providing a standard process management architecture (SOA/BPM), including geoprocessing. On top of that viewing capabilities were added (Oracle MapViewer) supporting WMS and also catalog services as CSW and OpenLS services were added. Together, this Open Standards based geo-archite

36、cture provides unique basic capabilities to deal with the issues a Land Information Management system encounters in terms of storage, management, security, processing, governance and dissemination. Because the architecture is based on Open Standards it is easily expandable with other 3rd party Open

37、Standards based technologies, like many of the Open Source and vendor supplied GIS tools, thus completing the solution. Currently Land Information Management systems are changing quit rapidly due to the changing data management requirements because of the acquisition of larger amounts of (3D) sensor

38、 data, but also because the land information, which needs to be managed has become much more complex due to the complexity of the environment, especially in urban areas. By extending the capabilities of the Oracle Spatial Engine in Oracle 11g, new georeferenced data types have been introduced to sto

39、re and manage point clouds, TINs and 3D vector geometries. Together with web-services for dissemination of 3D data, the initial 2D geo-architecture has been enhanced to a 3D geo-architecture, thus not only fitting the needs of a modern Land Information Management system, but also fitting (future) SD

40、I requirements (Inspire) and e-Government requirements. Additionally this architecture naturally fits in Oracles Cloud strategy, which includes Oracles Engineered Systems, the Oracle Database Machine (Oracle Exadata) and Oracle Middleware Infrastructure combined with hardware (Oracle Exalogic Elasti

41、c Cloud) and Oracles vision on Complex Event Processing and Big Data. Figure 1 shows the Oracle Spatial components and where they fit into this architecture. Figure 1. Oracle Spatial components 4. HOW TO BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT As always with technology, in

42、itself it has no value, but it is required to be able to provide the required information, to help to reach the goals of a sustainable land management solution. To support such a holistic approach, we need to create insight in how to find a balance with nature again, but also between the financial,

43、social and cultural differences. As Egyptian history has shown over and over again, these have been the continuous reason for conflicts. The conflicts we are dealing with today go completely beyond what happened in Egypt. Some people claim we are already beyond the point of no return, others claim w

44、e are close to the point of no return. The only certainty we have is that doing nothing is no option, but doing the right thing is a challenge. Sustainable land management could well be the first step in this challenge and we definitely need systems to support this. As said the technology is there a

45、nd the goals are set. Implementing Land Information Management systems has been done before, but not with this holistic, agile approach in mind. Service Oriented Architectures, GIS architectures, Cloud Computing and the wide adoption of open standards provide the proper conditions to make this happe

46、n, but also imply a risk if not well architected and governed. It is probably worthwhile to read (Ross, Weill and Robertson, 2006) why this is important. For the sake of this paper, it is important to realize that strangely enough agility is not about complete flexibility, but understanding what the

47、 goals are you want to realize with your system and decide on what to standardize and consolidate and fixate specific core functionality which doesnt change. Ross, Weill and Robertson (2006), call this a foundation for execution. Figure 2. How traditional systems have been built Figure 3. How future

48、 systems can be built If we would be able to integrate all these technologies and would able to define a common technical foundation and implement common information and process models like the LADM/STDM ISO submission proposes for the logical foundation, we would be close to the multi-purpose Land

49、Information Management solution, which could serve the different goals we have with this solution and is based on well recognized paradigms as SOA and Cloud Computing and could also be based on new paradigms as Big Data or Engineered Systems. 5. THE ORACLE LAND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT PROPOSITION Cur

50、rently Oracle is analyzing whether Oracle should come up with a proposition, which would serve the different configurations needed to support the different requirements for acquiring, managing, analyzing and distributing land information. Recognizing that, although Oracle has a very complete portfol

51、io supporting the foundation for execution strategy discussed in chapter 4, we lack specific components in the Land Information Management domain. Specifically the GIS editing part for manipulating the parcel fabric and the specific applications required for managing the land information are missing

52、. The latter is in many cases still custom built or at least propriety. This is also the part the LADM/STDM domain models comes in, as they define a basis for both a common information model and a process model. This is similar to what Oracle has defined in its AIA (Application Integration Architect

53、ure)/MDM (Master Data Management) framework for its suit off applications for people, products and sites (Citizen/Customer hub, Product hub and Site hub), previously known as TCA (Trading Community Architecture) containing both an information model and a process model for trading parties. Combined w

54、ith Oracles unique capabilities of storing and managing both structured and unstructured data (multimedia, text documents, spatial data, semantic data, analytic data) in one and the same database and leveraging Oracles so called Engineered Systems for Database and SOA Middleware (J2EE) would drastic

55、ally relief the management burden, reduce the exploitation cost, increase performance, optimize the utilization of both system memory and storage and would provide the necessary end to end security based on a know your data strategy (open versus privacy versus security). These 3 aspects would prepar

56、e for Cloud Computing (IAAS and PAAS) and provides the stable platform needed for the foundation for execution for supporting a sustainable Land Information Management system. Figures 4a. Basic Infrastructure, 4b. Optimized Infrastructure and 4c. Land Information Management Architecture The three st

57、ep approach to a Land Information Management architecture: - Provide all the components to be able to act as an INSPIRE node, a (N)GII node or an e-Government hub. Include all Information Models (including LADM/STDM and CityGML) necessary to serve both the data and the semantics to support viewing,

58、distribution of data and participation in e-Government processes (base registrations in the Netherlands). Also include (Spatial) ETL tooling and (Geo) Web Services to ingest (spatial) information from external systems. Optionally include Oracle BI for metadata management, viewing, distribution and analytics (Figure 4a.). - Same as the 1st, but based on engineered systems (Figure 4b.). - Full Land Information Management system. Includes the 1st or the 2nd and includes 3rd party GIS editing tools and specific Land Management applications (either 3rd party, custom-built if supporti