專業(yè)英語教材礦山通風(fēng)、安全和健康方向

1、專 業(yè) 英 語安全工程專業(yè)（礦山通風(fēng)、安全和健康方向）ContentsPart Mine Ventilation Lesson 1 Introduction to Mine Ventilation- 1 -Lesson 2 Energy Changes in Fluid Flow- 4 -Lesson 3 Face Ventilation- 6 -Lesson 4 Mechanical Ventilation- 10 -Lesson 5 Mine Ventilation Systems- 14 -Lesson 6 Fundamentals of Ventilation Network Anal

2、ysis- 18 -Part Mine SafetyLesson 7 Mine Gases- 23 -Lesson 8 Coal seam methane- 27 -Lesson 9 Open Fires- 31 -Lesson 10 Spontaneous Combustion- 34 -Lesson 11 Methods of Dust Control- 1 -Lesson 12 Mine Drainage- 4 -Lesson 13 Mine Rescue Operations- 8 -Lesson 14 Survival Program- 11 -Part Mine HealthLes

3、son 15 Hearing Loss among Miners and Measures to Protect Hearing- 14 -Lesson 16 Heat Illness- 18 -Lesson 17 Cold Environments- 22 -Part New Techniques and ProgressLesson 18 Interactive Ventilation Hazard Assessment and Training Using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Virtual Reality- 1 -Lesson 19 Dus

4、t Monitoring and Control- 6 -Lesson 20 Apparatus for Measuring the Gas Content of Coal or Rock Core Samples - 8 -Lesson 21 New approval process for subsidence- 40 -Lesson 22 Safety Management Plan workshops for small mines - 42 -Part Other TopicsLesson 23 ORIGIN OF COAL- 40 -Lesson 24 HISTORY OF COA

5、L MINING - 42 -Lesson 25 ACCIDENT PREVENTION PRINCIPLES- 40 -附錄 科技翻譯例句-44-Part Mine VentilationLESSON 1Introduction to Mine VentilationIntroductionMine ventilation involves the control of the atmospheric environment. This requires control of the air quality and air movement to satisfy the requiremen

6、ts for the health, safety and comfort of mine workers. Minimum standards are set out in the various states mines regulation. Some are descriptive, specifying the standards required (eg. Victoria), and some are prescriptive, detailing exactly how the standards are to be achieved.Purposes of Mine Vent

7、ilationProperly engineered control of the mine atmosphere is required to:provide fresh air (oxygen) for men to breatheprovide a source of oxygen for internal combustion engines in machinerydilute atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levelsmaintain temperature and humidity within acceptable limitsr

8、emove atmospheric contaminants from the mine.Historical Development Mine ventilation is twofold in purpose: first, it maintains life, and secondly it carries off dangerous gases. The historic role of ventilation was to provide a flow of fresh air sufficient to replace the oxygen consumed by the mine

9、rs working underground. In the past, mining occurred nearthe surface where natural light and ventilationwas available. Fires were used to draw fresh air into the mine and exhaust shafts vented the hot smoke out of the mine. Long before coal was mined in North America, collieries in Europe were sunk

10、with dual entrances; one through which air flowed into the mine and another through which air flowed out. Initially, mine ventilation was assisted by underground furnaces, which used the practical principle that the updraft of a fire caused a suction which drew air out of the mine and this air was r

11、eplaced by air which was pulled in to fill the opening. Canaries are said to have been used to detect gas in coal mines in the early stages of coal mining. This sensitive bird would be taken into the workings and, if it perished, the colliers would immediately leave the mine. However, before the 187

12、0s, managers and qualified persons were using safety lamps to detect gas. These safety lamps soon replaced oil lamps and open flared candles as a source of working light. Soon, small hand-turned fans were used to blow out gas from working places into main air currents. Trap doors were strategically

13、placed as part of the ventilation system to guide the flow of air to or from selected areas. Trapper boys were posted at the busier doors to open them for the passage of coal, materials and men. Air courses were frequently cut through coal and rock. In the 1920s the hand-turned fans were replaced wi

14、th air-powered small turbine fans. Large fans of the suction type were placed on the surface and gradually increased in size. Air from surface compressors was piped into the mine to power machinery and to assist in ventilation. Properties of AirThe constituents of air are:ConstituentVolumeMass %Nitr

15、ogen (N2)78.0975.53Oxygen (O2)20.9523.14Carbon Dioxide (CO2)0.030.04Rare Gases (Ar, H2, He, etc.)0.931.28Atmospheric Pressure at any point is due to the weight of air above it, and varies with altitude (which determines the height of the air column), and air density (which is determined by temperatu

16、re and moisture content). Standard atmospheric pressure is taken as 760mm of Hg, (101.3kPa) at mean sea level, and it varies by about lkPa for every 90 m increase or decrease in altitude. Atmospheric temperature is normally given according to the Celsius scale (C), but the Kelvin scale (K) may be us

17、ed. 0K=-273C(absolute zero)273K=0C(freezing point of water)373K=100C(boiling point of water)Air is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas mixture which supports combustion and life. In mine ventilation we are usually dealing with an air/water vapor mixture which has different thermodynamic properties

18、to dry air. The density of dry air is 1.21 kg/m at standard atmospheric pressure (101.3kPa) and temperature (15C). New Words and ExpressionsMine ventilation 礦山通風(fēng)internal combustion engine 內(nèi)燃機(jī)dilute沖淡, 變淡, 變?nèi)? 稀釋contaminant 污染物noxious 有害的exhaust shaft 出風(fēng)井colliery 煤礦sink 挖掘suction 吸入, 吸力, 抽氣, 抽氣機(jī), 抽水泵

19、, 吸引canary 動金絲雀, 淡黃色trap door 通風(fēng)門trapper設(shè)阱捕獸者, 礦礦井風(fēng)門開關(guān)管理moisture content 濕度thermodynamic adj.熱力學(xué)的, 使用熱動力的LESSON 2Energy Changes in Fluid Flow一、復(fù)習(xí)舊課1回憶exhaust shaft、colliery、trapper專業(yè)詞匯的中文含義2Review of the various methods of mine ventilation in history二、講授新課Mine Ventilation is normally an example of a

20、 steady flow process, that is, one in which none of the variables of flow changes with time. Transition and loss in energy are involved in such a process, and it is important to understand their nature and to be able to express them mathematically. Energy changes are basic to the calculation of the

21、mine quantity and head, one of the ultimate objectives of mine-ventilation engineering. An expression relating the energy variables may be developed as follows. The total energy at any section in a moving as fluid consists of the sum of the internal static, velocity, potential, and heat energies at

22、that section. Assume a real fluid moving in a conduit, and consider the energy changes that occur between any two sections in the system. The heat changes is generally negligible compared to the other terms, except in deep mines or ones naturally ventilated, and the addition of mechanical energy is

23、usually considered separately. Omitting these terms for now, the total energy at section 1equals the total energy at section 2, plus the flow energy losses occurring between 1 and 2, or (total energy)1 = (total energy)2 +(flow energy losses)1-2 (1)substituting expressions for the various energy term

24、s and disregarding the minor change in internal energy, the following general energy equation for fluid flow results: (2)Where: ,- static energy; ,-velocity energy; Z,Z2 -potential energy; H1-2 -flow energy loss. Equation 2 is recognized as the familiar Bernoulli equation, applicable to all fluid-fl

25、ow processes. In this form, it applied only to an incompressible fluid, which air is assumed to be in nearly all mine ventilation because of minor changes in air density. Each term in the equation is actually a specific energy, in unit of m.kg/kg, or m. Since m is a measure of fluidhead, these terms

26、 can also be referred to as pressure heads or simply heads. In dealing with air, it is customary to employ mm of water rather m of an air as the unit of head. Accepting the equivalency of specific energy and head, the general equation as written in Eq.1 can also be expressed: (3)Where: Ht total head

27、; and Eq.2 can be expressed: Hs1+Hv1+Hz1=Hs2+Hv2+Hz2+H1-2 (4)Where Hs is static head, Hv is velocity head, and Hz is elevation or potential head, all heads have the unit of mm water. These versions of the Bernoulli energy equation (Eq.2 and 4) are both basic and general and the most useful to employ

28、 in mine ventilation. In relating the static velocity, potential, and total heads plus the losses flow, the energy equation permits writing of an expression encompassing all flow variables between any two points in the ventilation system. These points may be selected at the beginning and end of the

29、system (the entrance and discharge of mine for the air circuit), enabling the calculation of the characteristics for the entire system (the mine heads). New Words and Expressionshead 液壓，氣壓：液體或氣體產(chǎn)生的壓力；壓差static energy 靜壓能velocity energy 動能potential energy 位能incompressible fluid 不可壓縮流體LESSON 3Face Vent

30、ilation 一、復(fù)習(xí)舊課1回憶head、incompressible fluid專業(yè)詞匯的中文含義；靜壓、位壓的英文表述；2Please describe the Bernoulli equation in English.二、講授新課Unless the air is properly distributed to the face, the mine ventilation system is not performing its primary function 1. While it has always been recognized that this last part of

31、 ventilation is the most import, it is also the most difficult to achieve. There are basically two methods of ventilating the blind entries ahead of the last open crosscut: the use of line brattices or the installation of auxiliary fans. Each technique has its defenders as well as its outspoken crit

32、ics2. Line BratticesThe line brattice is essentially a space divider or temporary partition made of an impervious material that is installed and maintained very carefully and kept as close to the face as possible3. Its purpose is to guide the airflow through the face area and last open crosscut and

33、into the return. Brattices were formerly (and to some extent still are) made of untreated jute, but nylon reinforced plastics and similar materials are more commonly used in them today. While the more effective material is invariably higher in initial cost, it results in lower overall expense in tha

34、t it allows for greater reuse and less air leakage. The line brattice is installed so as to split the heading longitudinally and thus provides an inlet as well as a return from the face to the last open crosscut. Since the mining machine must have room to maneuver on one side of the brattice, it is

35、not practical to split the entry evenly, so a wide side is provided for the machine. The air may be brought up the narrow side and, after it sweeps by the face , returned on the wide side, as in the blowing system or it may be forced in the reverse direction as shown in the exhaust system4. Since th

36、e blowing system produces a high velocity of air at the face, it achieves superior gas dilution, but the air, now contaminated with gas and dust, returns over the machine and its operator. As a result, this system is rarely used today. The more commonly employed exhaust system, with intake air comin

37、g in on the wide side of the brattice and returning on the narrow side, eliminates this problem because the fresh air passes over the machine operator before it reached the face. However, since the air velocity provided at the face by the exhausted system is low, it does a less effective job of dilu

38、ting the gas there. In fact, the corner of the face opposite the end of the brattice can easily gas up, so it is imperative that the end of the brattice be maintained no farther than 3 m from the face.5 Auxiliary FansWhile auxiliary fans have not achieved the popularity they deserve in coal mines, t

39、hey are not necessarily panacea for face ventilation 6. As a concept, the idea of hanging tubing out of the way while providing an adequate flow of air to the face appears very attractive 7. However, when one begins to calculate the pressure and horsepower required by an auxiliary fan, one soon real

40、izes that the tubing needs to be much larger than originally visualize. Also, it must be very carefully installed and maintained to minimize leakage and kept close to the face. However, it may be easier to keep the tubing closer to the face than it is with a line brattice. A blower system can be ins

41、talled as shown in Fig. 1 (A) 8. There is no problem in delivering more than 1 416 L/s of air through 30 m of 45 cm-diam tubing with reasonable pressure and horsepower. Even with the end of the tubing as far as 10.6 m from the face, adequate dilution can be achieved with methane liberations of as mu

42、ch as 9.4 L/s. The disadvantage of such a blower system is that dust-and gas-laden air passes over the machine operator, and a methane buildup can occur out by the machine. Because of the difficulty of controlling dust, this technique is seldom used today. The exhaust system shown in Fig. 1(B) elimi

43、nates the passage of contaminated air over the machine operator, and effectively removes the dust from the working environment. However, even when an airflow of 2630 L/s is maintained through an 45cm tubing 30 m long and ending within 2.1 m of the face, it is not uncommon to have the far corner gas

44、up. When the tubing is allowed to lag back from the face 4.5 to 6 m, it is not uncommon for the entire face to gas up. By this time, the operator is between the end of the tubing and the face and is exposed to contaminated air, so this is a situation that must not be allowed to occur. Fig. 1 Face ve

45、ntilation with auxiliary blower (A) and exhaust fans (B)Fig. 2 Combination auxiliary fansThe combination of a diffuser fan mounted on the mining machine and an exhaust fan as sown in Fig. 2 achieves optimal results without the inconvenience installing and maintaining two lines of vent tubing. A smal

46、l, hydraulically driven, centrifugal fan powered by the miners hydraulic system is mounted directly on the machine. With as little as 306.8 L/s of air from 15 cm-diam tubing directed toward the face, it is possible to provide an air flow of 1005 m/min in the far corner of the face and effectively fo

47、rce contaminated air into the larger air volume circulated by the exhausted fan. By circulating 1888 L/s through a 30 m length of 90 cm tubing, methane liberation of up to 18.9 L/s have been safely handled. With this system, recirculation can occur during normal operation if the exhaust tubing is al

48、lowed to lag behind, and thus the end of the tubing should always be kept well ahead of the inlet to the diffuser fan. Also, if the exhaust fan stops for any reason, and the machine continues to operate, recirculation will occur around the diffuser fan with possibly a dangerous accumulation of gas.

49、New Word and ExpressionsFace 工作面blind 不通的（巷道）entry 水平巷道，主平巷（美國煙煤地區(qū)名稱）；通向地面的通風(fēng)巷道（煤） active entry 生產(chǎn)煤巷 adit entry 平硐 air entry 風(fēng)巷crosscut 石門；短聯(lián)絡(luò)橫巷brattice 風(fēng)障auxiliary fan 局部通風(fēng)機(jī)open 連通的air leakage 漏風(fēng)heading 平巷blowing (or blower） system 壓入式系統(tǒng)exhaust system 抽出式系統(tǒng)gas up 瓦斯積聚methane buildup 瓦斯積聚Questions1.

50、 When using line brattice for face ventilation, what are the advantages and disadvantages of blowing system and exhaust system? Which system is rare used toady?2. When using auxiliary fan for face ventilation, what are the advantages and disadvantages of blowing system and exhaust system? Which syst

51、em is rare used toady?AssignmentPlease translate the last paragraph of this text into Chinese.LESSON 4Mechanical Ventilation 一、復(fù)習(xí)舊課1回憶entry、crosscut、brattice專業(yè)詞匯的中文含義；漏風(fēng)、瓦斯積聚、壓入系統(tǒng)、抽出系統(tǒng)的英文表達(dá)。2When using line brattice for face ventilation, what are the advantages and disadvantages of blowing system an

52、d exhaust system? Which system is rare used toady?二、教授新課The application of fans to induce airflow is common in the mining industry. The majority of modern mine fans are the axial-flow type. However, many centrifugal fans still are in use and may be preferred for some applications. The general fan la

53、ws are the same for either axial-flow or centrifugal fans. The only differences are in the individual characteristics of power, pressure and air volumes. Fan Laws- These are as follows:風(fēng)機(jī)的規(guī)律如下：（參見通風(fēng)安全學(xué)67頁比例定律）1. Air quantity varies directly as fan speed 1. Quantity is independent of air density (twi

54、ce the volume requires twice the speed). 2. Pressures induced vary directly as fan speed squared, and directly as density (twice the volume develops four times the pressure). 3. The fan power-input varies directly as the fan speed cubed and directly as the air density (twice the volume requires eigh

55、t time the power). 4. The mechanical efficiency of the fan is independent of fan speed and air density. Selection of Fans-The performance of a fan in a ventilating system is determined by its characteristic curve and the mine resistance if acting alone on the system, and by its characteristic curve,

56、 characteristic of other pressure sources, and the resistance of individual zones of influence if acting in combination with other pressure sources. Fan characteristics are a matter of design, which is controlled by the manufacturer. The resistance of the mine is a matter of layout and maintenance of the ventilating network, and is controlled by the mine operator. The amount of airflow induce in a mine will depend on fa