20世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái)印度茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展外文翻譯

1、20世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái)印度茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展外文翻譯 外文翻譯原文Indian Tea Industry Since 1990sMaterial Source: Social Science Research NetworkAuthor: Subhajit Subhajit SrINTRODUCTION Tea is made from the young leaves and leaf buds of the tea bush Camelli 1.BASIC ISSUES IN TEA PRODUCTION 1) PRODUCTION Now when we say tea production w

2、e must be careful about manufactured tea and unmanufactured tea. Now when we speak of unmanufactured tea we are basically speaking about the tea that we get after fermentation of the tea leafs. In fact this tea is auctioned of and then it is blended so as to get the name manufactured tea. Now this m

3、anufactures tea is both packeted and sold as poly packs or other forms tea bags, cartons, instant tea etc.But unfortunately if we compare the quantity of unmanufactured tea to that of manufactured we will see that the former is much larger compared to that of the later. In fact tea manufacturing sec

4、tor contributes very less to the Indian manufacturing sector. Therefore, in this analysis data for manufactured tea was unavailable so what has been reported is production of unmanufactured i.e. black tea. We can use it as a rough estimate of how the tea industry has done actually, as supply of manu

5、factured tea in someway depends upon the output of black tea. The average growth rate of production of unmanufactured tea since 1992 has been around 1.7% annually The trend in its growth in production can be understood from the following diagram The major observations are: Tea production increased 3

6、.9% during CY2005, as compared with a growth of 1.7% during CY2004 The higher increase in tea production during CY2005 was mainly because of significant increase in Assams production, which offset production declines in TN. During 2004, while tea production had declined in Assam because of floods, t

7、ea production in TN was affected by drought conditions. We must also make mention about the fact in terms of tea production North India is a leader. This is primarily due to the huge contribution made by Assam in terms of tea production. Assam contributes about 53% of total tea produced in the count

8、ry. Classification of tea production in terms of regions has been represented in the following graph2) EXPORT Indias international competitiveness in tea exports has been on a decline. From being a pre-eminent supplier of the worlds tea, India has lost ground in virtually every export market. In the

9、 early 1980s, Indian tea exports accounted for around 40% of the domestic production. By the end of 1980s, the share of the tea exports fell to 30%. The decline continued until 1994 when exports accounted for only 20% of the domestic production of tea. Thereafter, the proportion of exports improved

10、to around 24% of the domestic production during 2003. Now one thing we will notice is that export has gone up till 1998 and but then subsequently has declined till 2003.Now there have been major setbacks in the tea industry during this time span. In fact when we study the market structure later we w

11、ill see that the major market players have also not done too well during this time zone. Now there are major reasons why the tea sector did not did well during this time span. We can categorize them as follows Stiff competition from other producing and exporting countries like Sri Lanka, China, Indo

12、nesia, Vietnam and Kenya. Very recently, Sri Lanka due to its cheap high quality tea has caused decline in the India share of tea export to the world Anti export tariff and non-tariff measures imposed by some tea importing countries Lower off take by Russia one of the major tea importer due to chang

13、e in consumer preferences, lower production of orthodox teas which have a larger demand worldwide Quality problems and the higher cost of production and prices of Indian tea-this is primarily because most of the tea gardens in North Eastern India are closing down due to major labor problems leading

14、to supply of inferior quality of tea. This has led to dent in the goodwill that India has in case of tea exportDue to frictions between Iran and Iraq, there were major structural changes in Iraq who was one of the prime importers of Indian tea. As a result Iraq started to bid very low for Indian tea

15、 in international auction. This caused the India tea market to loose Iraq as a prospective customer. But as a counter reformation of this crisis period one of the major players in India tea market namely Tata Tea promoted the concept of polypacks which actually started doing very well in satisfying

16、the domestic demand from 1998 onwards. In fact the export crisis in the late 1990s actually allowed the polypacks to take over the domestic market. Now if we try to study the export pattern based on the category of tea then we see that although more amount of packet tea has been exported but if we c

17、ompare the average annual growth rate of the three categories we will see that the packet tea category is the laggard category. Until 1998, export of packet tea grew at an average annual rate of 13% while compared to this tea bag and instant tea grew by 31.8% and 18.5% respectively. This shows that

18、with time peoples belief in manufactured tea has increased. This is primarily due to the successful branding of tea that was done by the major market players. However,since 1998 export of all categories have gone down due to reasons, which we have already discussedAs of now Egypt is likely to become

19、 a major destination for Indian tea exports. The Egypt government is reported to have directed one of the state-owned agencies, El Nasr, to import 24 million kg of Indian tea in the year of 2007. At present, Egypt, being a member of COMESAcommon markets for eastern and southern Africa imports tea fr

20、om two other COMESA members ? Uganda and Kenya. Till 1998, India used to export nearly 15 million kg of tea to Egypt. But in 1999, when Egypt became a member of COMESA, it imposed a 30% import duty on Indian tea. Subsequently, Indian exports went down drastically. Egypt has now slashed duty on India

21、n tea to 2% and Indian tea producers resumed exporting to the country in a small way. The ITA Indian Tea Association has already identified a prime space in Cairo to set up the tea center. Tea Board as well as Consultative Committee on Planters Association CCPA will provide the necessary finance to

22、set up the center. 譯文20世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái)印度茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展資料來(lái)源: Social Science Research Network作者:Subhajit Subhajit Sr 簡(jiǎn)介 茶是由茶樹(shù)的嫩葉和葉芽制成。古代中國(guó)和日本所說(shuō)的茶是指一種由干茶葉泡出的液體飲品。1833年,東印度公司在其失去了中國(guó)和英國(guó)茶葉貿(mào)易的壟斷地位以后,開(kāi)始尋找其他供應(yīng)來(lái)源。因此,茶葉在1834年開(kāi)始在印度種植,在1823年野生茶葉被發(fā)現(xiàn)在阿薩姆種植。 茶葉在印度經(jīng)濟(jì)中有著重要和特殊的地位。茶是這個(gè)國(guó)家最主要的飲料,國(guó)內(nèi)有將近85%的家庭消費(fèi)茶。印度作為世界上最大的茶葉生產(chǎn)國(guó)和消費(fèi)國(guó),生產(chǎn)了全世

23、界27%的茶葉。印度的農(nóng)村地區(qū)在飲料和加工食品上的開(kāi)支占食品支出的8%,而城鎮(zhèn)地區(qū)達(dá)到了15%。印度也是一個(gè)重要的茶葉出口國(guó)。約占世界茶葉出口量的12%-13%。此外,一些品種的茶葉(例如大吉嶺)的種植僅在印度而且世界各地的需求量很大。大吉嶺茶所具有的風(fēng)味和色澤使它與其他品種茶葉區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。2006財(cái)政年度,印度茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的出口額估計(jì)在173.1億盧比,占印度總出口額的0.4%。以貨值計(jì)算,2004年的出口額為410萬(wàn)美元。在就業(yè)方面,茶行業(yè)在茶園直接雇傭了127萬(wàn)勞動(dòng)力和間接雇傭了200萬(wàn)勞動(dòng)力,這其中50%是婦女。最重要的是茶葉茶葉在很大程度上促使了茶園集中地方經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,例如阿薩姆。2005年

24、,印度在茶、咖啡、可可等基礎(chǔ)飲料的個(gè)人最終消費(fèi)支出(PFCE)達(dá)到1349.6億盧比,占了食品PFEC的2%,占了印度PFCE的0.7%。最新數(shù)據(jù)顯示,印度茶葉消費(fèi)占興奮類飲料(茶、咖啡、可可豆)的90.6%,其次是咖啡(7.7%),可可豆(1.7%)。 在印度茶葉種植園主要分布在東北部和南部各州的農(nóng)村山區(qū)和落后地區(qū)。茶葉的主要生長(zhǎng)區(qū)也主要集中在阿薩姆邦,西孟加拉邦,泰米爾納德邦和喀拉拉邦等地區(qū)。其他小范圍內(nèi)種植茶葉的地區(qū)有卡納塔克邦,特里普拉邦 喜馬偕爾邦,北安查爾邦,阿魯納恰爾邦,曼尼普爾邦,錫金,那加蘭邦,梅加拉亞邦,米佐拉姆,比哈爾邦和奧里薩邦。 現(xiàn)在,如果我們討論印度茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的制造業(yè)方

25、面會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它其實(shí)是相當(dāng)小的一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)。事實(shí)上,茶葉作為農(nóng)業(yè)出口比其作為制造業(yè)出口所掙的外匯更多。但是這并不意味著茶葉制造產(chǎn)業(yè)在印度是一個(gè)新興概念。有目共睹世界上第一家發(fā)展品牌茶葉以專業(yè)包裝等形式的是塔塔茶葉。但是事實(shí)上其他大多數(shù)的生產(chǎn)作坊并沒(méi)有將自己發(fā)展成為大的茶葉生產(chǎn)商以提升產(chǎn)業(yè)地位。在這片文章中將對(duì)一些本質(zhì)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行探討。茶葉生產(chǎn)的基本問(wèn)題生產(chǎn) 當(dāng)我們討論茶葉生產(chǎn)問(wèn)題的時(shí)候必須注意制成茶和未加工茶的區(qū)別。當(dāng)我們說(shuō)未經(jīng)加工茶的時(shí)候是指經(jīng)過(guò)發(fā)酵后的茶葉。事實(shí)上這種茶葉經(jīng)過(guò)競(jìng)拍之后就吧被成為制成茶?，F(xiàn)今的制成茶都以聚合包裝或者其他形式的的包裝(袋裝,盒裝,速溶茶包裝等)出售。但是不幸的是通過(guò)比較我

26、們發(fā)現(xiàn)未包裝過(guò)的茶比制成茶的量大的多。事實(shí)上,茶葉生產(chǎn)部門(mén)對(duì)印度制造部門(mén)的貢獻(xiàn)率很低。因此,僅對(duì)制成茶的分析數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)不適用的,而應(yīng)對(duì)未制成茶進(jìn)行研究,例如紅茶。我們可以用它來(lái)初步估計(jì)茶葉產(chǎn)業(yè)如何運(yùn)作,因?yàn)樵谀撤N程度上制成茶的供應(yīng)取決于紅產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量。子1992年以來(lái),未經(jīng)加工茶的年均增長(zhǎng)速度保持在1.7%左右,可以根據(jù)以下圖表來(lái)理解其生產(chǎn)的增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)。與2004年度1.7%的增長(zhǎng)率相比,2005年度的茶葉生產(chǎn)增長(zhǎng)了3.9%。2005年度茶葉的高增長(zhǎng)率主要是因?yàn)樵诎⑺_姆的生產(chǎn)顯著增加,而抵消了在TN的下降量。在2004年,在阿薩姆茶葉產(chǎn)量因?yàn)楹樗疄?zāi)害而有所下降,而在TN的茶葉生產(chǎn)因干旱而受影響。 我們還

27、必須提及關(guān)于北印度在茶葉生產(chǎn)方面的領(lǐng)先地位。這主要是由于阿薩姆在茶葉生產(chǎn)所做的貢獻(xiàn),僅阿薩姆一個(gè)地方就生產(chǎn)了全國(guó)53%的茶葉。下圖表列出了以地區(qū)劃分的茶葉生產(chǎn)狀況。2)出口 印度茶葉出口的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)下降。印度作為一個(gè)世界范圍內(nèi)卓越的茶葉供應(yīng)商,正在漸漸失去其出口市場(chǎng),在20世紀(jì)80年代初,印度茶葉出口占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的40%左右。到80年代末,茶葉出口份額下降到30%。這種下降趨勢(shì)一致持續(xù)到1994年,而茶葉出口份額只維持在國(guó)內(nèi)茶葉生產(chǎn)的20%。此后,在2003年,這個(gè)比例逐漸提高到24%。 值得我們注意的是,出口在1998年之前一直有所增長(zhǎng),但隨后又一直下降,直到2003年這種下降趨勢(shì)才有所緩解。在這段期間在茶葉行業(yè)遇到一些大的阻礙。事實(shí)上從我們之后的研究可以知道一些該產(chǎn)業(yè)的主導(dǎo)者在這段時(shí)期的表象也差強(qiáng)人意。我們?cè)谝韵聢D表總結(jié)了導(dǎo)致這段時(shí)間茶葉茶葉低迷的主要原因。來(lái)自斯里蘭卡、中國(guó)、印度尼西亞、越南和肯尼亞等茶