研究生學位英語寫作

1、考生應按照要求寫出一篇100120個詞的英語短文。本部分滿分為25分，考試時間為30分鐘。描寫文作文評分標準是：Part V. Writing (25%，共15分)評分標準A類2125分及以上：切題，思想表達清楚，內容豐富，語言流暢，連貫性強，條理清晰，無語法錯誤。B類16-20分：切題，思想表達清楚，內容豐富，語言較流暢，連貫性較強，條理基本清晰，基本無語法錯誤。 C類11-15分：基本切題，內容較豐富，思想表達比較清楚，語言較流暢，條理尚晰，語法錯誤較多。D類6-10分：不十分切題，思想表達不清楚，內容貧乏，語言連貫性差，條理不清晰，有嚴重的語法錯誤。 E類0-5分：條理不清，思路紊亂，語

2、言支離破碎或絕大部分句子均有錯誤，且多數(shù)為嚴重錯誤。注：（1）每3個拼寫錯誤扣1分，最多扣3分。 （2）字數(shù)不足應酌情扣分。Unit 1 描寫文(Description)寫作指導描寫文是一種用語言對客觀世界加以藝術和主觀描繪的一種文體。應該注意描寫的順序，可按照空間位置順序、時間順序，一般到特殊或特殊到一般順序，遞升到遞降或遞降到遞升順序。這里重點介紹人物描寫和地點描寫。人物描寫的功能多種多樣，可以刻畫人物性格特征，表現(xiàn)人物精神面貌，披露人物內心活動，揭示人物身份境遇，顯示人物性格變化，突出作品主題思想。為使描寫形象逼真、線條清晰、性格鮮明，考生要善于觀察，調動豐富的想象力和敏銳的判斷力，抓住

3、描寫對象的獨特之處，用生動活潑的語言再現(xiàn)人物鮮明的形象和性格。例如： 一、人物描寫文（description of a person）Directions: Now you are allowed thirty minutes to write a passage on the title My Best Friend. You should write at least 100-120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1.簡要介紹你最好的朋友。 2.你們之間的故事。 3.你對朋友的理解。范文： My Best Frien

4、dUpon the words “best friend”, a figure Jumps into my mind (jump這個詞使一個人物形象活靈活現(xiàn)地展現(xiàn)在讀者眼前) Zhang Yemy schoolmate in senior high school and also my best friend. During the three years in high school, we shared countless moments of laughter and tears, joy and sorrow. (排比句式能使表達更有力度，而且將與朋友的共同經(jīng)歷描繪得豐富多彩) She

5、 is of medium height and slim figure. Though not strong, she is really a girl with amazing stamina(毅力). Despite the similarities in our outlook on life and living, it is always she, the physically weaker one, who encouraged and urged me to finish some tasks when I attempted to give up. When we were

6、preparing for the National Entrance Exam, she cheered me up emotionally and would give me a hand whenever I was in trouble. But for everything she did for me, I couldnt have had this opportunity to give a decent job with a decent pay. After the exam, she got enrolled by Tsinghua University in Beijin

7、g while I went to a college in south China. (對3年中兩人共同勉勵、共同奮斗經(jīng)歷的敘述為讀者展示了一段難忘的人生時光，確實不愧為best friend)For the past several years, we have been in touch and share everything we are experiencing, sad or happy, dull or exciting. True friendship lasts life long. Friendship is a magic. It can melt the ice in

8、 ones heart and blow away the mist on ones mind. It can inspire others and outdo the self. (再次應用排比句式表達了對友誼真諦的理解，感人至深) I believe the friendship between Zhang Ye and me will be the life-time beacon for both of us. 評析：這是一篇典型的人物描寫文。本文的第一段總體描寫了兩個人相識相知的經(jīng)歷并用一個排比結構總括了兩人共同經(jīng)歷的苦與樂、歡笑與淚水( laughter and tears，joy

9、 and sorrow)。第二段通過對具體事例將人物的性格特點表現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致，也豐富了best friend這個稱謂的具體內涵。最后一段作者陳述了自己對友誼真諦的感悟，使文章的主題得到升華。而其中所使用的句式和詞匯(melt the ice in ones heart; blow away the mist on ones mind; inspire others and outdo the self)也展示了作者深厚的語言功底。二、地點描寫文（description of a place）地點描寫是指用生動形象的語言對地點或環(huán)境進行具體逼真的摹寫描繪，使讀者如睹其物，如臨其境。在訓練地點描寫

10、文的寫作時，最好先練習一個十分熟悉的小地點，如教室、房間、商店、公園等，然后再練習寫作一個較大的地點，如學校、街道、城市、國家等。要把地點描寫得繪聲繪色，有形有神、可感可觸，作者應盡力做到觀察入微，重點突出，描寫生動，信息量大，感染力強。這種描寫通常有兩種方法。1、整體印象細節(jié)描述（overall impression to detailed discussion）這種方法的描寫先給出地點全貌的鳥瞰，然后用細節(jié)敘述對整體印象加以描述。這種方法的特點是突出文章的主題，吸引讀者。具體的寫法是，首先選定你描寫的地點，譬如你的教室。想想這個教室給你留下什么突出的印象。并將這種印象概括為一句話，這句話便

11、是該段的主題句，如My classroom is very clean and tidy然后就描述它如何clean和tidy.2、細節(jié)描述整體印象（detailed discussion to overall impression）這種方法正好與上述方法相反，它先列出描述性細節(jié)，然后歸納出整體印象。這種方法的特點是循序漸進，從具體到一般，能啟迪讀者的思維。具體寫法是，首先對描述對象進行細心觀察，將其有意義的細節(jié)逐項列出，然后總結出整體印象，這時主題句往往放置段末。以食堂為例，可寫出下面段落。The walls of our dining room are painted a cheer col

12、ourThe ceiling is high，and so it is airy in hereThe floor is clean and tables and chairs are plentifulSince there are many windows on either side of the hall for serving food，we can quickly get our mealFood here has variety and dishes are deliciousThe music from the speaker system is beautifulNo won

13、der it is an enjoyment to have meals here從上面例子可看出，作者常常會在描述中抒發(fā)感情，寄情于物，打開心扉，表露心聲，如本段中對“優(yōu)美音樂”的描述。同時，地點描寫文，由于其本身性質所決定，往往按一定空間邏輯順序展開。Unit 2 記敘文(Narration)寫作指導一、記敘文六要素記敘文五要素分別是時間when，地點where，人物who，事情的起因what，事情的經(jīng)過how.二、寫作步驟要求考生寫一篇記敘文，描述事件發(fā)生的時間、地點、原因、經(jīng)過、人物及結果，最后對事件進行簡單分析。對這類題型，通常分為三個步驟來寫。第一段，總結描述，交代清楚事件涉及的人

14、物、時間、地點：主題句。第二段，具體描述，具體描述事件發(fā)生的原因、經(jīng)過和結果：起因經(jīng)過結果。第三段，對事件的分析：分析句1 + 分析句2 + 分析3。三、寫作模板（架構階段、填充階段）架構階段：第一段：開篇句：About _ o'clock one evening in _, _.擴展句：_. (展開描述一下事件)第二段：主題句：Without hesitation, _. It wasn't long before _.擴展句：1、One _. 2、Another _. 3、Our teacher _.第三段：結尾句：Is _? Who can tell ? But _.擴展

15、句：1、When _ , people showed _ spirit regardless of _. 2、This kind of care between persons is the very kind giving, unselfish and priceless devotion or sacrifice. 3、And it is just because of this care that we can have warm families, a happy life and a beautiful world.填充階段：第一段：開篇句：About nine o'cloc

16、k one evening in may, my roommate Li Ming was lying in bed, trembling with cold and having a cough.擴展句：His head was aching so intensely that he kept groaning. His forehead felt very hot. We took his temperature. it was 38.5.第二段：主題句：Without hesitation, i dialed "120". It wasn't long bef

17、ore an ambulance arrived.擴展句：1、One roommate brought a blanket for him. 2、Another supported him in the ambulance.3、Our teacher insisted on giving him some money.第三段：結尾句：Is he a suspedted sars patient? Who can tell ? But we did't retreat.擴展句：1、When the savage sars was spreading, people showed fear

18、less spirit regardless of dangers to their own health. 2、This kind of care between persons is the very kind giving, unselfish and priceless devotion or sacrifice. 3、And it is just because of this care that we can have warm families, a happy life and a beautiful world.四、范 文About nine o'clock one

19、evening in May, my roommate Li Ming was lying in bed, trembling with cold and having a cough. His head was aching so intensely that he kept groaning. His forehead felt very hot. We took his temperature. It was 38.5. Without hesitation, I dialed "120". It wasn't long before an mbulance

20、arrived. One roommate brought a blanket for him. Another supported him in the ambulance. Our teacher insisted on giving him some money. Is he a suspedted sars patient? Who can tell ? But we did't retreat. When the savage sars was spreading, people showed fearless spirit regardless of dangers to

21、their own health. This kind of care between persons is the very kind giving, unselfish and priceless devotion or sacrifice. And it is just because of this care that we can have warm families, a happy life and a beautiful world.實戰(zhàn)演練Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a comp

22、osition , you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic the day my classmate fell ill. (15 points,)1、簡單描述一下這位同學生病的情況；2、同學、老師和我是如何幫助他的；3、人和人之間的這種相互關愛給我的感受是.Unit 3 說明文(Exposition)寫作指導一、說明文的結構、順序 、語言1、說明文的結構有：總分式、并列式、層進式、對照式（結構包括段落）。一篇完整的說明文常常是幾種結構綜合運用的。 2、說明的順序有：空間順序、時間順序（包括發(fā)展順序）、

23、事理順序（邏輯順序）等。 3、說明文的語言：基本要求首先是其對說明事物特征、性質的作用；其次是說明的嚴密性、科學性；第三是形象性、生動性。根本要求是科學性、準確性，簡練明確；文學性說明文還要求生動性、形象性。 二、常見的說明方法：有舉事例、分類別、列數(shù)據(jù)、作比較、畫圖表、下定義、作詮釋、打比方、摹狀貌、引資料等10種。三、說明文寫法1、寫作要點在介紹一個地點時，首先要抓住該地點的特征，在第一段中進行簡要介紹：要說明的是工廠還是學校？是農村還是城市？是圖書館還是公園？它們各自有什么區(qū)別于其他地點的特征？第二段中要按照一定的順序對該地點進行具體說明。說明的順序可從外到內，從上到下，從前到后，由遠及

24、近，也可按順時針方向或逆時針方向等來介紹。這樣可以避免文章雜亂無章。通常建議考生采用以下兩種說明順序：一是選擇中心坐標進行說明：在介紹規(guī)則排列的方位或有多個建筑物時，先選定中心坐標，然后再就其前后左右的其他建筑物進行說明。這樣寫作可以突出重點，語言也會非常緊湊。二是按照參觀的順序進行說明：介紹不規(guī)則排列的方位時，可以按照參觀的順序，選擇好起點，然后逐一進行介紹。這種寫作方法條理清晰，符合人們認識事物、欣賞事物的習慣，讓人讀起來很舒服。但無論選擇以上哪種方法進行說明都要注意in front of, behind, on the left, on the right, in the east, t

25、o the west等方位詞的使用。在句型結構方面建議學生多使用倒裝句、定語從句和with短語。介紹方位的文章最容易寫得呆板單調，缺乏生氣，讓人讀起來感到乏味。所以可適當?shù)剡\用描寫，增加文章的文采，使所寫內容打動讀者，達到最佳的表達效果。例如在介紹學校時，可以這樣寫：On the west of the teaching building lies a small garden, which is very beautiful in spring with all kinds of flowers bursting into blossom.2、好詞好句推薦（1）過渡詞above, in fr

26、ont of, in the center of, on the left, across, below, in the distance, on the right, beyond, nearby, opposite to, over, further, next to, on top of, up, down, close to, beneath, under, around, near to, along.（2）常用句式1）It is located / situated in 2）It lies between and 3）In front of it is, with on its

27、left and on its right.4）Turning to the left, you will see , behind which is 5）Walking past , the building that appears in front of you is 6）Along the road are lines of trees, from which students can find shade from the hot sun.7）A walk around is a feast for the mind as well as the eye.8）Opposite to

28、the stands 9）The door on your left leads you to . 10) Next to the door against the wall there is a , in which we sit to watch TV every evening. 11) On your left lies a , with all kinds of in it.3、模擬練習1假定你是李華。應英國朋友Bob的要求，寫一封短信介紹你校圖書館的基本情況。內容須包括下面兩幅圖中的相關信息。注意：1、字數(shù)100左右。2、可以適當增減細節(jié)，以使行文連貫。3、開頭語已為你寫好。Dea

29、r Bob,Thank you for your last letter asking about our library. Best wishes Li Hua例文Dear Bob, Thank you for your last letter asking about our library. Here is some information about it. Located between the garden and the teaching building, our school library situates in the center of the school and h

30、as beautiful surroundings. It has all kinds of books, magazines and newspapers providing us with all kinds of knowledge and the latest information. According to the rules, each student can borrow no more than 5 books at a time for at most 10 days, and it is open from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m every day except

31、 weekends, which makes it convenient for us students to read in it or to borrow books from it. The school library is our favorite place after class. We enjoy reading in it. 點評：該生作文充分理解了題目要求，帶著一種自豪的語氣但又很客觀準確地介紹了學校圖書館。寫作內容覆蓋了兩幅圖中所有要點，在說明第一幅圖時采用了選擇中心坐標法，在說明第二幅圖時將圖書館規(guī)則和便于學生使用結合起來，邏輯非常清晰，全文結構緊湊。該考生對倒裝句、定

32、語從句使用熟練恰當，行文流暢。完全達到了預期的寫作目的。4、模擬練習2 假如你叫李華，你的一位外籍朋友John要來你所在的城市工作，請你幫忙租一套公寓。請你根據(jù)下面兩幅圖中所提供的信息給他發(fā)電子郵件，向他介紹公寓情況。字數(shù)：100字左右。開頭結尾已為你寫好，不計入總字數(shù)。Hi John, I have found a suitable flat for you to stay in when you are working in my city. _ _ Yours,Li Hua 參考答案Hi John, I have found a suitable flat for you to stay

33、 in when you are working in my city. It is on the third floor of a four-storeyed building in Nanhua Street. It lies to the north of a beautiful park, with a hospital, a school, a shop and a post office all within walking distance, which makes it convenient for life. Inside the flat, there is a sitti

34、ng-room on the right hand side of the door, opposite to which is a dining-room and a kitchen. Two bed-rooms lie on the east of the sitting-room and the dining-room, with a bathroom in between. Its a nice flat with all furniture and appliances. I hope youll be satisfied with it.Yours,Li Hua （二）事物類說明文

35、1、寫作要點 該類文章還可包括產品介紹、人物介紹、地點或景物介紹、圖片說明、現(xiàn)象說明等。 事物類說明文適合以定義法開頭。比如在介紹手提電腦的這種產品時，可以這樣寫：Laptop is a portable computer that can be carried easily and used conveniently whenever and wherever you are. 在說明的過程中，要借助舉例法和細節(jié)描述法使被介紹的內容清晰豐滿。在結尾段要突出題目要求，重申說明目的，使文章完整。在語言使用方面，應盡量使語言顯得客觀公正，不要使用太多夸張的修飾詞和表達個人觀點的語句，因為你是在客觀

36、說明而不是發(fā)表議論。為達到這一效果，推薦考生多用被動句，句子不要太復雜，最好長短句結合，另外還要記住盡量使用第三人稱。2、好詞好句推薦（1）過渡詞表示順序：first, second, third, in the first place, above all, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, besides, whats more, in addition, furthermore, moreover, another, also, especially, in particular 表示時間：first, then, next, afte

37、r that, next, finally now, at present, recently, after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days, form now on, from then on, at the same time, meanwhile, till, notuntil, before, after, when, while, as during, 表示解釋說明：for example, for instance, in this case, such as, take for example，in fa

38、ct, actually（2）常用句式1）is a new kind of produced by, which is 2） Made of , it is light, small, and easy to carry. 3）containing much top and new technique is famous for its excellent quality and reasonable price. 4） China is a large country with rich history and much population.5) , the capital of , li

39、es in the middle of 6) It has an area of 160,000 square kilometers with a population of over 90 million.7）It is rich in natural sources such as coal and gold and has mild weather. 8）is located at the foot of/ by the side of , to the east ofand to the north of9） is provided for the convenience of cus

40、tomers/ visitors. 10） Built in the16th century, the castle has witnessed too much coming and going in history.3、模擬練習請根據(jù)下表提供的信息寫一篇文章向外賓介紹國家體育館“鳥巢”。字數(shù)：120字左右。提示詞匯：標志性建筑 symbolism 地點北京北部建筑面積5.8萬平方米，可容納9萬多名觀眾開/竣工時間2003年12月2008年外觀猶如樹枝搭成的鳥巢用途奧運會期間可舉辦田徑、足球比賽奧運會后可用于舉辦各種大型活動專家評價奧運史上一個難以置信的標志性建筑The Birds Nest

41、, the national stadium, is located in the north of Beijing, with an area of 5.8 million square meters, holding more than 90,000 audience. Started in December, 2007 and to be completed in 2008, it will be used for track and field events and football matches during the Beijing Olympic Games, while aft

42、er that it will be used to hold all kinds of grand activities. Seen from the outside, it resembles a real bird nest made of branches, which explains how its name came from. It is no wonder regarded by experts as an incredible symbolism in Olympic history. （三）事理類說明文1、寫作要點說明如何做事情的作文屬于事理性說明文。生活中這類文章有很多

43、，也很實用，比如說明如何使用一件新產品、如何包餃子、如何學外語、如何查英語字典、如何上網(wǎng)查資料、如何保持身體健康、如何辦理出國簽證等。要寫好事理類說明文，首先，要限制說明的事物和范圍，根據(jù)題目要求抓住一點去寫，其次，一定要注意在說明時條理清晰。寫這類說明文通常按照邏輯順序或時間順序。先做什么，后做什么，為什么要這樣做。為達到這一目的，就要借助過渡詞的使用，例如：first, then, next, finally, in the first place, above all, besides, in addition, furthermore, moreover, on top of that

44、, apart from that, last but not least等。在布局結構方面，第一段首先要表明說明的對象及目的，如果給出的是圖表或圖畫應首先說明圖表或圖畫內容，但文字不要過多，因為說明的重點應放在方法說明上。第二段應集中在方法說明。要注意在說明時有足夠多的、確切的例子闡述例證。選例時不宜太多，否則會給人以堆砌例證、羅列現(xiàn)象的感覺，但也不要只選一例，因為即使事例較典型，如果只選一例其說服力也不夠有力。比如在寫如何保持身體健康時，可以這樣寫：One important factor to keep fit is to take regular exercise such as ru

45、nning, swimming, playing basketball, or doing yoga. 最后一段進行歸納總結。在語言使用方面，首先，要注意過渡詞的使用；其次，句型應采用祈使句。另外，還可以多使用介詞短語、插入語、定語從句，使行文跌蕩起伏，錯落有致。這類說明文有一些常用句型和表達法，考生可借鑒使用。2、好詞好句推薦（1）過渡詞：表示順序：first, then, next, finally, in the first place, last but not least, above all, first and foremost, 表示遞進：in addition，besides

46、，fruthermore，whats more，on the other hand，meanwhile，for one thingfor another, on top of that, apart from that,表示舉例：for example，for instance，such as，a typical（striking）example is that，a case in point.表示目的: for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to,表示總結：in a word, in short, in

47、brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, as far as I know, as we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, finally, at last, in summary, in conclusion,（2）常用句型1） Nowadays it is common to use, but not knowing how to usekeeps many people away from enjoying the wonderful service that

48、 has brought us. 2）As is known to all, it is important to . Therefore, an increasing number of people are showing more interest in how to 3）With the development of , there is an increasing need for people to know how to 4）There are several steps to follow./ Here are some tips. 5）The first thing to d

49、o is to 6) Although is important, but without , all the efforts you have made will be in vain. 7) To ensure success, there is one more thing that you must bear in mind, that is8) If you can do what has been mentioned above, you can guarantee success. 9) With the help of the above methods, you will a

50、chieve you goal soon. 3、實戰(zhàn)演練Direction: This part is to test your ability to do practical writing. You are required to write a composition according to the following information given in Chinese below. You should write more than 100 words .Fire Prevention on Campus.1、前段時間校園火災頻發(fā)，造成生命和財產損失；2、火災發(fā)生的原因；3、

51、作為學生，如何預防校園火災發(fā)生。參考答案Fire Prevention on CampusPeople are alarmed by the succession of campus fires in recent years. In each of these accidents, heavy casualties were reportedhouses were burned down, students lost their lives, and properties were damaged. Faced with such a chilling fact, people keep a

52、sking, “What on earth results in these repeated tragedies?”A brief survey of them reveals that human factors still prove to be the leading causes. For example, three of these fires were caused by the students use of electric water-heaters. As tudents often leave the heaters unattended, the risks are

53、 rather high. In other cases, fires were also caused by stoves, candles, cigarette butts, etc.Since most of these disasters could have been prevented if proper precautions had been taken, students should be better educated on the importance and measures of fire control. The following three reminders

54、 are of particular importance for us students: First, learn how to use a fire extinguisher. Second, double-check candles, heaters, stoves and other electric appliances, and make sure there are no open flames before leaving rooms. Lastly, do not smoke in the dorm. 實戰(zhàn)演練Direction failureand Success1失敗是

55、常事。2失敗和成功的關系。3結論。     Failure is a common thing in one's life. Almost everyone experiences failure in his life. When one fails in his attempt in doing something, he often feels upset. Some people may yield to failure and flinch from it. But others will stick to and achieve th

56、e final success.     Success is what everyone expects. It may lead to fame and glory. When one succeeds in doing something, he gets so excited that he often neglects all the unsuccessful at tempts he has done.     As the old saying goes, "Failure teaches success." It is true that failure is an important factor toward success. The way to success is full of various difficulties and obstacles. Many important inventions or discoveries were achieved after hundreds of failure. And only