Lecture 2 Phonetics and phonology

1、Speech Sounds -PhoneticsPhoneticsThe study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages is called Phonetics.The task of phonetics is to identify what are speech sounds in a language and then to study their characteristics1). Articulatory Phonetics - the production2). Acoustic Phonetics -ph

2、ysical properties3). Auditory Phonetics -perceptionBranches of PhoneticsArticulatory PhoneticsI. Speech Organs;II. Consonants;III. Vowels;IV. CoarticulationV. Phonetic transcriptionOral Cavity（口腔）Pharynx（咽）Larynx（喉）喉）Nasal Cavity（鼻腔）The Four Cavities10. Larynx（喉）喉）The Speech Organs1. Lips（唇）唇）2. Tee

3、th（齒）齒）3. Alveolar ridge（齒齦）齒齦）7. Tip of the tongue（舌尖）舌尖）4. Palate（硬腭）硬腭）8. Blade of the tongue（舌面）舌面）9. Back of the tongue（舌背）舌背）11. Pharynx（咽）咽）12. Nasal cavity （鼻腔）鼻腔）.5. Velum（軟腭）軟腭）6. Uvula（小舌）小舌）.II. Consonants2.1 Definition;2.2 Subdivisions;2.1 DefinitionA consonant is a speech sound made by

4、 a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked, or so restricted that audible friction is produced. 輔音輔音就是發(fā)音過(guò)程中聲道閉塞或變就是發(fā)音過(guò)程中聲道閉塞或變窄，氣流或被完全阻塞或受阻到產(chǎn)生窄，氣流或被完全阻塞或受阻到產(chǎn)生可聞摩擦的程度時(shí)發(fā)出的音。可聞摩擦的程度時(shí)發(fā)出的音。2.2 ClassificationBy manner of articulationBy places of articulatio

5、nBy manners of articulationStops（爆破音）: p b t d k g;Nasals(鼻音)：m n ;Fricatives（摩擦音）: f v s z h ;Affricates（破擦音）: ;Liquids（流音）: l r;Glides（滑音）: j w;.Bilabials: p b m w;Labiodentals: f v;Dentals: ;Alveolars: t d n s z l r;Palatals: j;Velars: k g ; Glottal: h.By places of articulationIII. Vowels3.1 Defi

6、nition;3.2. Description of vowels;3.2. Classification of vowels3.1 DefinitionVowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or total stopping of the air can be perceived. 發(fā)音時(shí)，聲道不受到任何壓縮或阻礙，因此不發(fā)音時(shí)，聲道不受到任何壓縮或阻礙，因此不會(huì)游氣流的紊亂或停滯，由此產(chǎn)生的音叫元音會(huì)游氣流的紊亂或停滯，由此產(chǎn)生的音叫元音 基本元音基本元音是由英國(guó)語(yǔ)音學(xué)家是由英國(guó)語(yǔ)音學(xué)家D 瓊斯瓊斯

7、（1881-1967）設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)明的。它是一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)明的。它是一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的參照點(diǎn)，為人們提供了一種精確地描寫(xiě)語(yǔ)言參照點(diǎn)，為人們提供了一種精確地描寫(xiě)語(yǔ)言里元音的方法里元音的方法。Cardinal Vowels are a set of standard reference points, devised by the British phonetician Daniel Jones (1881-1967), to provide a precise means of identifying of vowel sounds of a language.3.2 Description of Vowe

8、ls3.2 Description of vowelsThe height of the tongue:High（高）, Mid（中）, Low（低）;The position of the tongue:Front（前）, Center（央）, Back（后）;The tenseness or tenseness:Tense（緊）, Lax（松）.The shape of the lips:Rounded（圓唇）, Unrounded（非圓唇）;CV1 iCV2 eCV3 CV4 aCV5 CV6 CV7 o CV8 uFrontCenterBackHighMid-highMid-lowLo

9、wCV9 yCV10 CV11 CV12 CV13 CV14 CV15 CV16 CV18 CV17 Table of English Monophthongs HorizontalVerticalFrontCenterBackHighiui:u:Mide:Low:high front lax vowelhigh front tense vowelmid front vowel.low front vowelmid center lax vowel (schwa)mid center tense vowellow center vowelhigh back lax vowelhigh back

10、 tense vowelmid back vowellow back lax vowellow back tense vowel3.3 Classification of vowelsMonophthongs 單元音單元音Diphthongs雙元音雙元音Triphthongs三元音三元音MonophthongsDefinition:A monophthong (or pure vowel) is a vowel where there is no detectable change in quality during a syllable; 單元音單元音（或純?cè)簦┦窃谝簦ɑ蚣冊(cè)簦┦窃谝艄?jié)內(nèi)

11、音質(zhì)沒(méi)有可察覺(jué)變化的元音。節(jié)內(nèi)音質(zhì)沒(méi)有可察覺(jué)變化的元音。CV1 iCV2 eCV3 CV4 aCV5 CV6 CV7 o CV8 uFrontCenterBackHighMid-highMid-lowLowMonophthongsu: i: i e : : u : Schwa（非高非低央元音）Description of DiphthongsSubdivisions:Rising diphthongs: ei ai i u au;Centering diphthongs: i u.Definition: A diphthong refers to a vowel where there is

12、a single (perceptual) noticeable change in quality during a syllable; 雙元音雙元音是音節(jié)中音質(zhì)有一次是音節(jié)中音質(zhì)有一次明顯（可察覺(jué)的）變化的元音。明顯（可察覺(jué)的）變化的元音。Rising DiphthongsCV1 iCV2 eCV3 CV4 aCV5 CV6 CV7 o CV8 uFrontCenterBackHighMid-highMid-lowLoweiiaiiuauuCentering DiphthongsCV1 iCV2 eCV3 CV4 aCV5 CV6 CV7 o CV8 uFrontCenterBackHig

13、hMid-highMid-lowLowiuIV. CoarticulationIt refers to the process of simultaneous or overlapping articulations when sounds show the influence of their neighbors. It includes anticipatory coarticulation and preserative coarticulationIV. Phonetic TranscriptionBroad Phonetic Transcription: is that which

14、only transcribes the sounds that contrast words in meaning without providing any details, e.g. pen;Narrow Phonetic Transcription: is that which not only transcribes the sounds that contrast words in meaning but also provides the details by using diacritics, e.g. ph.寬式標(biāo)音法寬式標(biāo)音法嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音法嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音法 are the addit

15、ional markings on written symbols to specify various phonetic properties such as length, tone, stress, nasalization, etc. Examples : i:, , , and , etc.Diacritics （變音符）變音符）Speech Sounds -PhonologyPhonologyDefinition of Phonology;See p.15 & p. 24 ContentsI. Phonological TheoryII. Phonological Proc

16、essIII. Phonological RulesIV. Suprasegmental FeaturesI. Phonological Theory1.1 Minimal pairs: 1.2 Phone, phoneme and allophones1.3 Complementary distribution1.4 Free variation1.5 Phonetic contrast and distinctive features1.1 Minimal PairExamples:pit vs. bitbet vs. btmo vs. mDefinition: when two diff

17、erent words are identical in every way except for one sound segment in the same place in strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.1.2.1 PhoneExamples:p, e, n in penb, u, l, i, t in bulit;.Definition: It is a basic unit of phonetic study, and it is a minimal sound segment that human spe

18、ech organs can produce.1.1.2 PhonemeBy convention, phonemic transcriptions are placed between slant lines (/) like, /t/ or /d/ Definition: It is a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning. .1.1.3. Allophones.1.3 Complementa

19、ry DistributionDefinition: When two or more than two allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguish meaning and never occur in the same context, then the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.1.3.1 Phonetic SimilarityDefinition: It means that the allophones of a phoneme must bea

20、r some phonetic resemblance. ExamplesThe allophones are both phonetically similar and in complementary distribution.1.3.2 Free VariationsExamples:sit vs. sithai vs. i:wn vs. vnDefinition: If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other

21、does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.1.4 Phonemic ContrastIf two phonemes in a minimal pair occur in the same place and can distinguish meaning, these two phonemes are said to be in phonemic contrast.

22、Examples: /p/and /b/ in pit and bit /k/and /g/ in kill and gill1.5 Distinctive FeaturesThey are those features which are phonologically relevant properties and can distinguish meaning,Some of the major distinctions include consonantal, sonorant, nasal and voicedThese are known as binary features whi

23、ch have two values denoted by “+” and “-”IV. Phonological Process 4.1 The Indefinite Article a/an Rule 4.2 The nominal plural Rule 4.3 The Unaspiration Rule 4.4 The Past Tense Rule 4.5 The Elsewhere Condition4.1 Addition Rule Examples: 1. a hotel, a boy, 2. an apple, an hour, 4.2 Devoicing RuleExamp

24、les: seats si:ts beds bedz cases keisz4.3 The Unaspiration Rule Examples: speed, stop, skill pen, sit, kick4.4 The Past Tense RuleExamples: stopped played wanted4.5 The Elsewhere ConditionThe more specific rule applies first.V. Phonological Rules5.1 Sequential rules5.2 Assimilation rule5.3 Deletion

25、rule 5.1 Sequential RulesDefinition: The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules, e.g.: in English, “k, b, i, l” might possibly form blik, klib, bilk, kilb.If a word begins with a l or r, then the next sound must a vowel.If three consonants sh

26、ould cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules; a) the first phoneme must be /s/ b) the second phoneme must be /p/,/t/,/k/ c) the third phoneme must be /l/,/r/,/w/Sequential rules5.2.Assimilation RulesDefinition: It refers to a phonological pr

27、ocess that changes feature values of segments to make them more similar; it can be classified into regressive vs. progressive assimilation.5.3.Deletion Rule Definition: The phonological rule, which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented, is called deletion

28、 rule.Examples: sign, design, paradigmVI. Suprasegmental features6.1 Definition;6.2 Main contents:6.2.1 Syllables;6.2.2 Stress;6.2.3 Intonation and Tone.6.1 Suprasegmental FeaturesDefinition: The features that occur above the level of the segments and can distinguish meaning are called , which inclu

29、de syllable structure, stress, tone and intonation. also see p.49.6.2.1 Syllables6.2.1.1 Definition of Syllables;6.2.1.2 Composition of Syllables;6.2.1.1 Definition A syllable is a unit of pronunciation typically larger than a single sound and smaller than a word;Number:Monosyllable vs. Multisyllabl

30、e;Structure:Open syllable vs. Closed syllable;Degree of Force:Stressed syllable vs. Unstressed syllable.6.2.1.2 CompositionOnset（節(jié)首）: the opening segment;Nucleus（節(jié)核）: the central segment;Coda（節(jié)尾）: the closing segment;Examples:lip;pleis;straid;klept;siks glimpst;it;sai;ai.6.2.2 Stress6.2.2.1 Definiti

31、on of Stress;6.2.2.2 Word Stress; 6.2.2.3 Phrase Stress;6.2.2.4 Sentence Stress.6.2.2.1 Definition of Stress It refers to the degrees of force used in pronunciation.6.2.2.2 Word StressAt this level, stress only applies to those with at least two syllables, e.g. p:fikt;Sometimes the change of stresse

32、d syllables position within a word can change the part of speech of that word, e.g. p:fikt vs. pfekt;Primary stress and secondary stress will be applied in a word containing three or more syllables;The primary stress of a compound usually falls on its first element.6.2.2.3 Phrase StressUsually, a phrase receives the primary stress over its head word, esp. in a noun phrase.Examples:a blckboard a black bard;a lighthouse keper a light husekeeper;a French literature tacher a French lterature teacher.6.2.3 Intonation and Tone6.2.3.1 Intonation（語(yǔ)調(diào)）語(yǔ)調(diào)）6.2.3.2 Tone（聲調(diào)）聲調(diào)）6.2.3.1 IntonationDefinition