被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法沐風(fēng)書苑

1、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式a 把主動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)態(tài)，是把助動(dòng)詞be變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞原來的時(shí)態(tài)，再加上主要?jiǎng)釉~的過去分詞。主動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主語這時(shí)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的施動(dòng)者。這個(gè)施動(dòng)者常常不被提到。若要提到，可置于by之后或放在從句的后面：this tree was planted by my grandfatherb 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的現(xiàn)在、過去及完成時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)/動(dòng)詞形式主動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)keepsis kept現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)is keepingis being kept一般過去時(shí)keptwas kept過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was keeping was being kept現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)has kepthas been kept過去完

2、成時(shí)had kepthad been kept一般將來時(shí)will keepwill be kept條件語氣would keepwould be kept條件語氣完成時(shí)would have keptwould have been kept不定式to keepto be kept不定式完成式to have keptto have been kept現(xiàn)在分詞/動(dòng)名詞keepingbeing kept分詞完成式having keptto have been keptwe keep the butter herethe butter is kept herec 各個(gè)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)態(tài)要求用be的進(jìn)行式加上

3、主要?jiǎng)釉~的過去分詞，be的這種進(jìn)行時(shí)形式在其他方面很少使用：they are repairing the bridgethe bridge is being repaired在被動(dòng)句中，除現(xiàn)在及過去進(jìn)行時(shí)外，其他進(jìn)行進(jìn)態(tài)用得非常少。因此像下列這類句子通常不能用被動(dòng)態(tài)：they have/had been repairing the roadthey will/would be repairing the roadd 助動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形結(jié)構(gòu)可借助于被動(dòng)式來構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)：you must/should shut these doorsthese doors must/should be shute

4、其他不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示喜歡、熱愛、希望、想要及與其相似意義的動(dòng)詞+賓語+ 不定式，由不定式的被動(dòng)式構(gòu)成其被動(dòng)語態(tài)：he wants someone to take photographshe wants photographs to be taken表示命令/請(qǐng)求/勸告/邀請(qǐng)的動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+不定式，可用主動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式來構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)：he invited me to goi was invited to go但是，如是advise/beg/order/recommend/urge+間接賓語+不定式+賓語的結(jié)構(gòu)，則可構(gòu)成兩種被動(dòng)語態(tài)：或如上所述將主要?jiǎng)釉~變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)，或用advise等+that s

5、hould+被動(dòng)式：he urged the council to reduce the ratesthe council was/were urged to reduce the rateshe urged that the rates should be reduced至于 agree/be anxious/arrange/be determined/determine/decide/demand+不定式+賓語，則通常用that should結(jié)構(gòu)來表示被動(dòng)語態(tài)，與上面所述的第二種方式相同：he decided to sell the househe decided that the hou

6、se should be soldf 動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)如是 advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest+動(dòng)名詞+賓語結(jié)構(gòu)，通常由thatshould結(jié)構(gòu)來表示被動(dòng)語態(tài)，與上面所述相同：he recommended using bullet-proof glass he recommended that bullet-proof glass should be usedg動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)如是it/they+need+動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，也可用it/they+need+被動(dòng)式結(jié)構(gòu)來表示，兩種結(jié)構(gòu)在意思上都是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。其他動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)態(tài)由動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式來表示：i rem

7、ember them taking me to the zooi remember being taken to the zoo被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法1 當(dāng)不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)printing was introduced into europe from china. look! theres nothing here. everything has been taken away. 2 當(dāng)不必提出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)i was born in 1960. such things are not done twice. 3 當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)或側(cè)重動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)she is liked by everybody. a

8、 good time was had by all. 4 當(dāng)我們出于禮貌避免說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)where can you be reached?youll be contacted. 5 當(dāng)出于行文的需要時(shí)jack fought michael in the mens singles and was beaten. he visited chinas northeastern provinces in 1935. those provinces were being overrun by the japanese invaders. 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)與被動(dòng)意義的問題英漢被動(dòng)意義表示法比較1 英漢被動(dòng)句

9、型類似的說法，“據(jù)說，據(jù)估計(jì)、報(bào)道，眾所周知，必須指出”等據(jù)說工人們對(duì)他都很同情。it is said that the workers all regarded him with sympathy. 潘先生據(jù)說是個(gè)走私者。mr. pan is said to be a smuggler. 2 漢語有一種不出現(xiàn)主語的句子，英語通常用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)a spy was caught yesterday. 昨天抓到了一個(gè)特務(wù)。3 漢語和英語都有以主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)意義的情況這種料子容易銷售。this kind of material sells well. 4 有時(shí)漢語能用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)意義，英語卻只

10、能用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)your letter ahs been received. 你的來信已經(jīng)收到。 主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)意義的問題有些動(dòng)詞既是急務(wù)動(dòng)詞，也是不及物動(dòng)詞，當(dāng)它們做不及物動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候，往往含有被動(dòng)意義。通常有兩種情況。一， 這類動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行體（主要是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體）表示被動(dòng)意義，這種句子的主語通常都是指物的，而且可以轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。the house is building =the house is being built.the cakes are baking.=the cakes are being baked.二， 這類動(dòng)詞（最常用是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）表示被動(dòng)意義，這類動(dòng)詞的主語（也是指物

11、的居多）通常具有某些內(nèi)在的特征，能促使動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作得以實(shí)現(xiàn)或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)。1 某些系動(dòng)詞，smell, taste, sound, prove, feelthe flowers smell sweet.the food tastes nice. that sounds nice. the story proved quite false. 2 某些與cant, wont等連用的不及物動(dòng)詞，如move, lock, shut,openit cant move. the door wont shut. 3 某些可和well, easily等副詞連用的不及物動(dòng)詞，如read, write, wash

12、, clean, draw, burn, cook, photographthe cloth washes well. the poem reads smoothly. the box doesnt clean easily. this kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. 4 某些可用于“主+謂+補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中的不及物動(dòng)詞，如wear, blow 等this material has worn thin. the door blew open. corn is selling briskly. 比較 the door opened. the door has opened. 被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupi