消費者關(guān)于品牌延伸的評價外文翻譯（可編輯）

1、消費者關(guān)于品牌延伸的評價外文翻譯 外文翻譯原文consumer evaluation of brand extensionmaterial source: consumer evaluation of brand extension j.journal of marketing, 19901. author: david a. aaker & kevin lane keller two studies were conducted to obtain insights on how consumers form attitudes toward brand extensions, i.

2、e., use of an established brand name to enter a new product category. in one study, reactions to 20 brand extension concepts involving six well-known brand names were examined. attitude toward the extension was higher when 1 there was both a perception of "fit" between the two product clas

3、ses along one of three dimensions and a perception of high quality for the original brand or 2 the extension was not regarded as too easy to make. a second study examined the effectiveness of different positioning strategies for extensions. the experimental findings show that potentially negative as

4、sociations can be neutralized more effectively by elaborating on the attributes of the brand extension than by reminding consumers of the positive associations with the original brand. the financial risk of entering new markets has become formidable for many consumer product manufacturers. the cost

5、of introducing a new brand in some consumer markets has been estimated to range from $50 million to more than $100 million brown 1985, with a total cost estimated to run to $150 million tauber 1988. the price tag is much larger than in the 1970s in part because of the dramatic increase in media cost

6、s, the more extensive and aggressive use of promotions by established firms, and the cost and difficulty of obtaining distribution. as a result, firms are using established brand names to facilitate entering new markets. one such approach is line extension, whereby a current brand name is used to en

7、ter a new market segment in its product class e.g., diet coke and liquid tide. another approach is brand extension, whereby a current brand name is used to enter a completely different product class e.g., jello frozen pudding pops, clorox laundry detergent, ivory shampoo or ncr photocopiers. the str

8、ategy of introducing new products as extensions has become widespread. from 1977 to 1984, approximately 40% of the 120 to 175 new brands that were introduced into supermarkets annually were extensions nielsen 1985. in 1986, more than $15 billion in retail sales and more than 34% of apparel and acces

9、sory sales comprised products that were licenses or trademarks of brand names kesler 1987. brand extensions, the focus of our research, are attractive to firms that face the reality of high new product failure rates because they provide a way to take advantage of brand name recognition and image to

10、enter new markets. the leverage of a strong brand name can substantially reduce the risk of introducing a product in a new market by providing consumers the familiarity of and knowledge about an established brand. moreover, brand extensions can decrease the costs of gaining distribution and/or incre

11、ase the efficiency of promotional expenditures morein 1975. the brand extension decision is strategically critical to an organization. though an extension is a way to exploit perhaps the most important asset owned by a business, it also risks decreasing the value of that asset. the wrong extension c

12、ould create damaging associations that may be expensive, or even impossible, to change ries and trout 1981. further, the decision usually involves an important strategic growth thrust. if the judgment is wrong, substantial time and resources are lost and other market opportunities may be missed. the

13、 success of a brand extension often depends on certain assumptions about consumer behavior, such as 1 consumers hold positive beliefs and favorable attitudes toward the original brand in memory, 2 these positive associations facilitate the formation of positive beliefs and favorable attitudes toward

14、 the brand extension, and 3 negative associations are neither transferred to nor created by the brand extension. almost no research, however, has provided guidance about considerations affecting the likelihood that these assumptions hold. our exploratory research consisted of two studies. in study 1

15、, the extension reaction study, we obtained reactions to 20 brand extensions involving six well known brand names. respondents provided a set of open-ended associations with the brand name and each of the 20 extensions in addition to scaled measures of attitude toward the original brand and the exte

16、nsions, three measures of fit between the two product classes involved, and the perceived difficulty of making the extension. in study 2, the extension positioning study, more information was provided about the extension, such as cues to the positive attributes of the brand or elaborations designed

17、to counter possible negative perceptions of the extension, and consumer reactions again were assessed. summary of main findings our studies not only shed light on how consumers evaluate brand extensions, but also are relevant to the broader research objective of understanding how brand names and bra

18、nd associations are used by consumers in their purchase decisions. the findings are based on a limited set of brands and hence generalization beyond that set should be made with caution. further, as study 1 provides only correlational data, the strength of its implications is limited. with these qua

19、lifying statements in mind, we offer the following five observations about consumer evaluations of brand extensions based on the research findings from the two studies. 1. inferred attribute beliefs both enhanced and harmed the evaluations of a brand extension. for example, the qualitative associati

20、ons suggest that the crest taste was an asset for a mouthwash extension but a liability for a gum extension. inferred beliefs associated with unfavorably evaluated extensions often were for concrete product class attributes, such as the taste of toothpaste or beer. inferred beliefs associated with f

21、avorably evaluated extensions often were for abstract brand attributes, such as style. 2. subjects' perceptions of the quality of the original brand, quality, and the relationship or "fit" between the original and extension product classes had an interactive effect on evaluation of an

22、extension. the relationship of a positive quality image for the original brand with the evaluation of a brand extension was strong only when there was a basis of fit between the two product classes. 3. the three dimensions of fit between the original and extension product classes were the perceived

23、applicability of the skills and assets of a competent manufacturer in the original product class for making the product extension transfer, the perceived product class complement complement, and the perceived product class substitutability substitute. the complement and substitute fit measures inter

24、acted with the perceived quality of the original brand to predict brand extension evaluations, but transfer had primarily a direct impact on the evaluations. overall, transfer and complement were more important as predictors than substitute, and there was evidence of a negative interaction between t

25、hose two fit variables. thus, a fit on either transfer or complement may be adequate; a good fit on both is not necessary. 4. subjects' perceptions of the difficulty of making the extension difficult had a positive relationship with evaluations of an extension, supporting the hypothesis that an

26、extremely easy-to-make extension, on average, is less likely to be accepted. consumers may attribute the act of placing a quality brand into what is viewed as a trivially easy-to-make product class as a blatant effort to capitalize on a brand name image to command higher than justified prices or the

27、y may feel it is incongruous to introduce a quality brand name in a trivial product class. 5. in study 2, cueing subjects about positive qualities of the original brand did not affect evaluations for extensions that had low evaluations in study 1. providing a brief elaboration of an extension attrib

28、ute about which subjects may have been uncertain and which had the potential to damage the extension, however, led to more favorable extension evaluations. because generally well known and well-liked brands were used, reminders of quality evidently were unnecessary. the elaboration, by clarifying th

29、e nature of an important attribute, appeared to be effective in inhibiting the transfer of negative associations. it also appeared to reduce the salience of perceived credibility of a firm in the original product class in making the extension. implications and future research directions predicting a

30、ttribute transfer to extensions what types of brand attributes and contexts will result in the "export" of an attribute to an extension? the distinction between concrete attributes, those defined by physical, tangible product characteristics, and abstract attributes, those involving intang

31、ible product perceptions e.g., johnson and fornell 1987; myers and shocker 1981; olson and reynolds 1983; zeithaml 1988, may be helpful. one could hypothesize that an abstract attribute, such as style associated with vuamet, might be transferred to a broader set of product classes than concrete attr

32、ibutes, which usually are associated with specific product classes. the process generating the fit and attitude judgments does a perception of poor fit between two product classes contribute to the transfer of negative attributes to the extension or low extension evaluations, or does the presence of

33、 a negative evaluation or negative association inferred about the extension lead to a perception of poor fit? what is the critical problem for an extension, the perception of poor fit or the association with a negative attribute? understanding the mediating role of fit is an important research prior

34、ity. dimensions of fit the conclusions about the roles of the three fit variables should be explored with other stimuli and in other contexts. there may be conditions under which their relative roles are affected. for example, for abstract attributes, complementarily may have a more important role i

35、n fit judgments e.g., as with vuamet. for concrete attributes, however, substitutability and manufacturing credibility may be the more relevant fit measures. other fit conceptualizations also may warrant exploration, for example, shared attributes or features such as in the contrast model johnson 19

36、86; tversky 1977; tversky and gati 1982. extending a brand to a relatively trivial product class our findings suggest that consumers may not always accept the extension of a high quality brand to a product class that is by comparison trivial or very easy to make, even if fit is good. we advanced two

37、 hypotheses: 1 the extension is perceived to be priced too high and 2 the combination of a high quality brand with an easy-to-make product is considered incongruent or exploitative. future research could productively explore the conditions under which each hypothesis might hold. positioning strategi

38、es for extensions in study 2, elaborating attributes of extensions is found to be a more effective way to neutralize undesirable brand associations than using original brand quality cues. in addition to replicating and testing this finding, future research should explore other strategies. can any ot

39、her cues possibly enhance extension evaluations? for example, perhaps fit perceptions can be influenced by references to manufacturing capability or complementarily. can cases be found and studied in which such positioning strategies affected the success of the extension? prototypicality of the bran

40、d will a brand that is considered prototypical a good example of a product class be particularly difficult to extend because of its strong product class association? tauber 1981 discusses the risk of extending brand names such as kleenex, scotch tape, or band-aid that are closely associated with a p

41、roduct. however, an association between brand prototypicality and perceived quality was observed in our study and others e.g., nedungadi and hutchinson 1985; ward and loken 1988. in study 1, a measure of prototypicality how good an example of the product category is the brand, on a 7-point scale? ha

42、d a correlation of .34 with perceived quality quality. branding strategies across multiple product classes research is needed that explores more complex branding strategies. how will consumers respond to extensions of brands already associated with multiple product classes, such as heinz or general

43、electric? how do various combinations of product class associations affect brand associations? when do an umbrella brand strategy rather than distinct brand names make sense? the role of involvement in extending brands what is the effect of involvement on brand extensions? when the motivation or abi

44、lity to process in- formation is low, consumers might be expected to rely on perceived brand quality and brand familiarity as a peripheral cue in their brand evaluations baker et al. 1986; petty and cacioppo 1986. however, high involvement contexts may involve higher risk and thus consumers may need

45、 the reassurance of an established brand name. mackenzie and lutz' 1989 model of the antecedents of and relationship between attitude toward the ad aad and attitude toward the brand ab may have some theoretical relevance to understanding this issue. reciprocal impact of brand extension a critica

46、lly important strategic issue is the impact of the extension on the original brand. it can be positive. for example, promotions for sunkist extensions were thought to have enhanced both name recognition and associations with good health and vitality kesler 1987. an extension may, however, cannibaliz

47、e the sales of the original brand or damage its image by creating new associations or by confusing the current ones ries and trout 1981. for example, miller lite may have damaged miller high life because of the light beer associations tauber 1981. this reciprocal impact is especially important in ve

48、rtical extensions in which an upscale or downscale version of the brand is introduced. several questions arise. what impact will downscale extensions have on the original brand? can positive effects be stimulated or negative effects can be minimized? conversely, what impact will an upscale extension

49、 have on the original brand? how readily will consumers accept such an extension? park, jaworski, and maclnnis 1986 provide a framework for managing brand image over time that may be useful in addressing these questions.譯文資料來源: consumer evaluation of brand extension j.journal of marketing, 19901. 作者

50、:david a. aaker & kevin lane keller 本文做了兩項研究,以獲得關(guān)于消費者對品牌延伸(就是對已建立的品牌名稱使用到一個新的產(chǎn)品上)的態(tài)度。在第一項研究中,反應(yīng)20個品牌延伸的概念,涉及6個知名品牌進行了研究。當新產(chǎn)品是適合兩個階級之間的,且原有品牌是高品質(zhì)時,品牌延伸是有成功的希望的,否則,品牌延伸是不太容易做好的。第二項研究考察了不同的定位戰(zhàn)略對于品牌延伸的有效性。實驗結(jié)果顯示,潛在的負面聯(lián)系可通過詳細的品牌延伸策略來有效的抵消,比原來的提醒消費者對于原始品牌的正面聯(lián)系的方法更有效。 對于很多消費產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)商來說,進入新市場的金融風險是可怕的。引入一些消費品市場的新品牌的成本據(jù)估計范圍從5000萬美元以上1億美元(布朗,1985),總費用估計為1.5億美元(陶伯,1988)。這個價格要遠遠大于20世紀70年代,因為在媒體成本大幅增加是一部分,促銷活動更廣泛,更積極利用現(xiàn)有企業(yè),成本和獲得的分配困難。因此,企業(yè)是利用現(xiàn)有的品牌名稱,以便進入新的市場。 其中一種辦法是擴大生產(chǎn)線,即用目前的品牌名稱來進入一個跟它產(chǎn)品有關(guān)的新的細分市場(如健怡可樂和液狀汰漬)。另一種方法是品牌的延伸,即當前的品牌名稱是用來進入一個完全不同的產(chǎn)品類別(例如,冷凍的果凍布丁的持久性,clorox公司洗衣粉