陳新仁語法答案

1、-作者xxxx-日期xxxx陳新仁語法答案【精品文檔】Unit 1Check your understanding1. F 2. F 3. F 4. TIn-Class Activities1. (1) No. Since the foreign language learners dont have the same linguistic environment as the native speakers do, they cannot develop their language awareness or intuition as the latter. L2 acquisitional

2、 and pedagogical experience has proved that teaching L2 grammar can facilitate and accelerate L2 learning. Thus, it is necessary for the learners to grasp the grammar if they want to learn English well.(2) A good mastery of grammar doesnt necessarily mean that the learner is competent enough to make

3、 use of the knowledge to effectively express themselves. Also, after learning L2 grammar, L2 learners persist in making grammatical errors.(3) Sheer grammatical knowledge without practicing is not sufficient. L1 grammar affects the use of L2 grammar.(4) Open. 2. (1) Partly true. The different gramma

4、tical rules between Chinese and English make it difficult for learners because the interference of the first language may cause troubles for L2 learners. (2) Yes. For example, usually, both English and Chinese sentences are generally composed of a subject, a predicate and an object. The attribute mo

5、difies nouns, and the adverbial modifier modifies verbs or adverbs.(3) There seems to be too many exceptions to the grammatical rules in English. Open to other factors(4) Open.3. (1) I.(2) For instance: Jack is taller than me. Who will you meet this Friday?4. (1) “please” should be followed by an im

6、perative sentence. “Invest here. Because your money wants to do more than bank” should be “Invest here because your money wants to do more than the bank (does)." (2) For the former case, one can be economical of words; for the latter case, one can be emphatic by making “because ” salient.5. (1)

7、“whos”, “ams”, “ a grown-up i & you- ful”, “known who and who”, etc. are ungrammatical.(2) Many readers would like the childishness and the playful use of pronouns. Probably, the poet may express his recall of and love for the youth and childhood. 6. (1) Formal structures: The publishing of the

8、book brought him tremendous popularity Could it possible for you to hand me the pen? Standing on the top of the mountain, I could see the entire city below.Informal structures: The book was published and made him very popular. Give me a pen .I stood on the top of the mountain and could see the city

9、all over. (2) Open. Post-Class Tasks1. a. a set of rules for good use of the language (usu. taught to students); b. a set of rules as shown by native speakers in their use of the language; c. implicit knowledge that enables one to produce and understand sentences; d. theoretical construct of rules a

10、s found universal to all natural languages.2. Grammaticality is a relative or fuzzy term. Even among native speakers, there may be disagreement on the grammaticality of some sentences. Sometimes, therefore, we use “acceptability” to describe the well-formedness of a sentence. Some sentences may be m

11、ore acceptable than others; a sentence may be more acceptable to some people than to others. The following two sentences may be good examples: Usednt he to smoke? Shes gonna visit us tomorrow.3. Because appropriateness of grammar is part of what we communicate in real life. For instance, the more fo

12、rmal, the greater social distance. 4. No business too small, no problem too big. Impossible made possible. Every time a good time.Unit 2Check your understanding1. True.2. Not exactly. The subject complement may include both the predicative and the complement that is not the predicative, as in He fel

13、l down dead.3. True.4. True.5. False. For instance, the object cannot be positioned between the subject and the predicator verb in English.In-class activities:1. (1) Picture 1: By the use of the capitalized NOT, one can alert visitors to the need to buy tickets. Picture 2: By responding to the presu

14、pposition that some may belittle the card, one can be emphatic in promoting the sale of the card.Picture 3: By saying “not as usual”, one may distinguish oneself from other business magazines.(2) Ways of sentence-negation are various: the employment of “not” following auxiliary; No+verb+ing（adverbia

15、l）; the use of negative frequency adverbials (seldom, by no means, etc.); the combined use of negative adverbials with inversion, etc.(3) not at all; inversion + negation not the least / not a damn / never in my life 2. (1) The common structure is “Subject + (auxiliary+) be +V-ed (past participle).“

16、Subject + (auxiliary+) get +V-ed (past participle) (2) We prohibit interfering with security personnel or procedures in any manner. Only authorized airport personnel may operate this elevator. We appreciate your comments on this exhibition.(3) They are usually used in the following situations or for

17、 the following reasons:a. the agent of the action in question is unknown or unnecessary to tell;b. the patient or the target of the action is the focus of the topic;c. the unwillingness to define the agent out of inconvenience, politeness or courtesy, etc.d. a consideration of sentence development f

18、or coherence sake. Besides, the choices of passives should also take into consideration the stylistic differences. Passive-voice sentences are usually formal than their corresponding active-voice sentences.3. (1) Yes, “offer” and “prepare” respectively, for example.(2) We say “provide/supply sth. to

19、 sb.” or “provide/supply sb. with sth.” Chinese students make such mistakes because they assume that “supply” and “provide” behave like “give”.(3) E.g.: Fix: I fixed Bill a good breakfast. / I fixed a good breakfast for Bill. Cook: Cook a meal for me, please. Cook yourself a meal!4. (1) a and b can,

20、 while c cannot. The former has to do with some kind of existence and ownership, whereas the latter relates to the occurrence/appearance of something.(2) a. * There are many students fail in the final exam. (two main verbs in a single sentence) b. * There are the boys on the playground. (there-be of

21、ten takes indefinite NPs) Chinese students sometimes make these mistakes due to the negative transfer of their mother tongue, as shown in the first case. For the second, they misuse determiners. (3) When there is a definite reference of the pollution problem for both sides, usu. mentioned earlier, i

22、.e. the problem was mentioned earlier or when both sides know the existence of the referent even though it is not mentioned. (4) In traditional English grammar, we classify them into sentences with a formal subject, which we use to refer to or talk about time, weather, week, date, etc. There are no

23、such formal equivalents in Chinese.5. (1) Yes. Do not leave valuables unattended: a. Do not put valuables in an unattended state. b. Do not depart from valuables that are not attended.Life needs a great deal:a. One needs to do many things for a good life.b. Life requires a great transaction.(2) Not

24、completely. leave + object / leave + N + object + object complement; a great deal: many things / a great transaction. (3) The two sentences are ambiguous in terms of their deep structure rather than on surface structure. 6. (1) The 1st person subject, the simple present tense, verbs indicating perso

25、nal judgment or intention, and a matrix clause followed by a subordinate one (the infinitive clause can be expanded into a that-clause). (2) To mitigate the tone of negation, to be less subjective. (3) e & g yes; f not. Post-Class Tasks1. The attributives are not considered in the classification

26、 of the sentence patterns, because they are part of the subject, the object, or the complement. Their absence does not affect the grammaticality of the sentence.2. a. SVC b. SV c. SVOC d. SVC e. SVOiOd f. SVOC g. SVA h. SVOC3. a. plunged open b. a great story open c. should customers open d. boring

27、open4. a. Joan was kissed by Jack a second time.b. Joan was convinced by Jack to marry him. * Joan was convinced to marry him by Jack. c. An email about his trip was sent by Jack to Joan. d. Joan was expected by Jack to finish the project by the end of this month.The project was expected for Joan to

28、 finish by the end of this month by Jack.For Joan to finish the project by the end of this month was expected by Jack. More: The project was expected by Jack to be finished by the end of this month. It was expected by Jack that Joan would finish the project by the end of this month. It was expected

29、by Jack that the project would be finished by Joan by the end of this month.5. The verbs used in sentences a and b are intransitive while those in c and d are transitive. a and b describe properties or characteristics while c and d describe temporary states.6. (3) The present study is aimed to inves

30、tigate one important aspect of Chinese college EFL learners pragmatic developmentthe acquisition of politeness strategies for performing speech acts.(4) It is hoped to find out whether and to what extent Chinese college EFL learners ability to communicate with native-like politeness has been improve

31、d after several years of study.(5) In so doing, the researcher seeks to reveal the developmental problems that might be met by the learners in the course of acquisition. Chinese students may assume passive-voice sentences are formal and thus are required in academic writing.7. Warning to violators a

32、nd unauthorized vehicles. 8. a. A non-smoking section is available. No section for smoking is available. structurally ambiguous. b. Jack refused to change his own decision. Jack refused to change some other persons decision. not structurally but referentially ambiguous. c. not ambiguous. d. Are you

33、tired of cleaning your own body? Are you tired of doing cleaning by yourself? structurally ambiguous. e. Patent medicines are sold by people who are frightening. Patent medicines are sold in the way of making people scared. structurally ambiguous.Unit 3Check your understanding1. T2. F not complete;

34、they are also functionally different.3. T imperatives are also used to give invitations, for instance.4. F questions may take the form of statements plus a question mark.In-Class Activities1. (1) A1: ask about Jacks identity, profession, etc.A2: inquire B whether B knows Jack or not.A3: ask about th

35、e reason (why Jack got involved) .A4: inquire whether we can ask Jack for help with the case.A5: inquire about Jacks cooking skill.A6: Ask for advice or permission to invite Jack to prepare the dinner.(2) B 1: inform A of Jacks identity, profession, etc.2: confirm an indirect positive answer (that B

36、 knows Jack).3: give an explanation. 4: confirm an indirect positive answer (that we can ask Jack for help).5: give the reason for a negative answer (that Jack cant cook well). 6: give the reason for a refusal (to ask Jack to prepare the dinner).2. (1) simple questions (or Yes-No questions): Q2,4,6,

37、7,10,11,12,15,16,17; special questions (or Wh-questions): Q1,3,5,8,9,13,14; (2) request for information: Q3,5,8,13 invitation to action: Q1,2 seek confirmation: Q4,6,10,11,12,14,15,16,17 give criticism: Q7 ask for repetition: Q93. (1) Simple questions.(2) The use of simple questions here imposes a y

38、es or no answer on the addressee. In the context, the addressee actually has no choice between yes and no.4. (1) Simple questions with rhetorical purposes. (2) The first 2 are eye-catching, fascinating and attractive. The questions arouse the strong interests of the potential customers in the produc

39、ts advertised by appearing to be considerate and empathetic. The last one is rhetorical for being emphatic.5. (1) Invitation for action; prohibition; command for action; make a requirement.(2) Yes. The use of please in the first case is the most polite. Also compare: Please do not smoke here. Do not

40、 smoke, please. Do not smoke! No smoking!(3) No. They are not imperatives in function, though they are in form. They express feelings ore attitudes. 6. (1) Usually verbs indicating feelings and attributes (Static verbs) are not used in imperative sentences.(2) Dynamic adjectives like “quick” and “pa

41、tient” can be used in imperatives together with BE. Static adjectives like “tall” and “young” cannot.Post-Class Tasks1. a. A b. D c. C d. A (B is also acceptable) e. A f. B g. C2. The reasons may be as follows: a. Renmin Daily faces much less market competition; it publicizes major political events,

42、 the latest laws, guidelines and essential editorials of current affairs, and therefore the headlines are usually serious, informative and mainly declarative; b. Yangtse Evening, as a commercialized metropolitan tabloid which faces fierce marketing pressures, promotes its sales volume by approaching

43、 civilians and being entertaining; as a result, headlines in question form are more frequently employed.3. a. What exciting films they are!b. What nonsense you are talking!c. Why are old people more conservative than young people? d. How can we solve the problem of pollution in China? e. No one know

44、s why the child looks unhappy.f. Does John know what he should do?Chinese learners make such mistakes partly because of the influence of the negative transfer of their mother tongue, and partly because of their inadequate knowledge of the types and functions of English sentences.4. (1) B1: Jane is m

45、y friend.B2: I know Jane quite well. B3: Jane will certainly come to my birthday party.(2) B1: I did not want to see Jack.B2: I do not want Jacks help.B3: I do not like to talk to Jack, either.B4: I do not want to talk about Jack.5. a. Please make yourself at home.b. Take a seat, please.c. Call me b

46、ack, OK?d. Do it yourself, will you?e. Pass me the salt, wont you?f. Take care!6. “Lets” in Sentence (5) cannot be replaced with “Let us” in that the former includes the hearer while the latter is hearer-exclusive. In this fable, the father attempts to get on close terms with the serpent, so “Lets”

47、is more appropriate.Lets be friends again now that we are both satisfied.How right I was in trying to revenge him!Unit 4Check your understanding1. F2. F “們”3. R4. F For a subject singular in number and in the third person, the main verb in the present tense is also marked.5. F “just” as an adjective

48、, for example, takes “more” and “most”.In-Class Activities1. (1) Group f. These nouns take the same form whether they refer to single persons or a group of people.(2) Group c. (3) Groups b and f.(4) Group d, e.2. (1) Plurality marker “-s” is added to the tail of a noun.(2) Plurality marker “-es” is

49、added to the tail of the words ending in “y” (preceded by a consonant), “s, “x” and “ch” (pronounced as /tF/). “-s” is added to the tail of the words ending in “y” (preceded by a vowel) and “ch” (pronounced as /k/), with “y” changed into “i”.(3) Plurality marker “-es” is added to the tail of the wor

50、ds ending in “o”. Exceptions: photos, mottos/mottoes. “-es” is added to the tail of the words ending in “f” (preceded by a consonant), with “f” changed into “-v”. “-s” is added the tail of the words ending in “f” (preceded by a vowel or vowels).(4) tooth-teeth louse-lice(5) Letters, numbers, acronym

51、s, etc. take “s” as the plurality marker.(6) fungus-fungi medium-media bacterium-bacteria3. (1) a childrens hospital (a hospital for children), a girls college (a college to which only girls go), a cows house (a house where cows live)b. the mountains top (the top of a mountain), the woods edge ( the

52、 edge of a wood), the citys center (the center of a city), the lions heart (the heart of a lion)(2) the possessive case of the plural nouns: Women/Childrens day, three months wait4. (1) Group a are adjectives denoting totality, completeness, perfection, fullness, etc.Group b are adjectives denoting

53、dominance.Group c are adjectives denoting location or orientation.Group d are adjectives denoting extremity.Group e are adjectives denoting shape.Group f are adjectives denoting physical states.Group g are adjectives denoting substance.Group h are adjectives denoting uniqueness.(2) adjectives denoti

54、ng nationality, color, etc.5. (1) Center for visitors; feature recommended by the manager; Day or Festival; Club for Officers; Double rewards SALE for the new year; Shapiros is probably a bakery.(2) Visitors center and officers club; MANAGERS Feature and SHAPIROs MOTTO6. (1) a and b are sentences co

55、mpare two feelings that differ in degree or kind.(2) It is easier said than done. Post-class Tasks:1. a. A b. C. c. C. d. A e. C f. B g. C h. C i. D j. D2. The Bat, the Birds, and the BeastsA great conflict was about to come off between the Birds and the Beasts. When the two armies were collected to

56、gether the Bat hesitated which to join. The Birds that passed his perch said: "Come with us" but he said: "I am a Beast." Later on, some Beasts who were passing underneath him looked up and said: "Come with us" but he said: "I am a Bird." Luckily at the last m

57、oment peace was made, and no battle took place, so the Bat came to the Birds and wished to join in the rejoicings, but they all turned against him and he had to fly away. He then went to the Beasts, but soon had to beat a retreat, or else they would have torn him to pieces. "Ah," said the Bat, "I see n