牛津高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)模塊3 4

1、實用文案 文案大全 牛津高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)（模塊3-4） 名詞性從句 名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞，可分別作主句的主語、表語、賓語和同位語。因此，名詞性從句廳分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位從句。 （一）引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞 1、連接代詞：who, whose, whom, what, which。有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，如主語、表語、賓語、或定語等。 2、連接副詞：when, where, why, how。有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，作狀語。 3、連接詞：that, whether, if, as if。that 無詞義，在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，有時可省略；if (whether), as if

2、雖有詞義，但在從句中不擔(dān)任成分。 注意：連接代詞與連接副詞在句中不再是疑問句，因而從句中謂語不用疑問式。連接代詞與連接副詞在從句充當(dāng)句子成分，連接詞whether 和if（是否），as if（好象）在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起連接作用。根據(jù)句義，如果連接代詞與連接副詞，whether、if 和as if都用不上時，才用that作連接詞（that本身無任何含義）。 （二）主語從句 1、主語從句在復(fù)合句作主語。 e.g. Who will go is not important. 2、用it作形式主語，主語從句放在句末。 e.g. It doesn't matter so much whe

3、ther you will come or not. 3、that引導(dǎo)主語從句時，不能省略。 e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised. （三）表語從句 1、表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語，位于系動詞之后。 e.g. The question was who could go there. 2、引導(dǎo)表語從句的連接詞that有時可省去。 e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work. （四）賓語從句 1、賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語。引導(dǎo)賓語

4、從句的連詞that一般可省略。 e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right. 2、介詞之后的賓語從句，不可用which或if連接，要分別用what或 whether。 e.g. I'm interested in whether you've finished the work. I'm interested in what you've said. 3、whether與if都可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句，?？苫Q。但下面情況不能互換。 賓語從句是否定句時，只用if，不用whether。 e.g. I wonder if it do

5、esn't rain. 用if 會引起誤解，就要用whether。 e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易當(dāng)成條件句理解） 賓語從句中的whether 與or not直接連用，就不能換成if；不直接連用，可換。 e.g. I don't know whether or not the report is true. I don't know whether/ if the report is true or not. 介詞后的賓語從句要用whether引導(dǎo)。whether 可

6、與不定式連用。whether也可引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句，還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，以上均不能換成if。但引導(dǎo)條件從句時，只能用if，而不能用whether。 e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time. They don't know whether to go there. Please come to see me if you have time. 實用文案 文案大全 （五）同位語從句 同位語從句在句中作某一名詞的同位語，一般位于該名詞（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后

7、，說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。 e.g. I have no idea when he will be back. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. 練習(xí)： 1.The fact _ she works hard is well known to us all. A. that B. what C. why D. which 2.The fact _ he was successful proves his ability. A. that B. what C. which D. why 3.The news _

8、he was kidnapped surprised us greatly. A. what B. that C. why D. when 4.His suggestion _ the meeting be delayed was turned down. A. which B. that C./ D. it 5.I have no idea _ he will start. A. when B. that C. what D./ 6.I've come from the government with a message _ the meeting won't be held

9、 tomorrow. A. if B. that C. whether D. which 7.The thought _ he might fail in the exam worried him. A. when B. which C. what D. that 8.The order _ the prisoner be set free arrived too late. A. which B. whether C. that D. what 9.The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient's fear _ he w

10、ould die of the disease. A. that B. as C. of which D. which 10.He often asked me the question _ the work was worth doing. A. whether B. where C. that D. when 11. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether 12. The other day, my

11、 brother drove his car down the street at _ I thought was a dangerous speed. A. as B. which C. what D. that 13. Luckily, we'd brought a road map without _ we would have lost our way. A. it B. that C. this D. which 14.There are signs _ restaurants are becoming more popular with families. A. that

12、B. which C. in which D. whose 15. We can see the same signs _ stand out throughout the city. A. that B. which C. in which D. whose Keys: 1-5 AABBA 6-10 BDCAA 11-15 BBDAA 主謂一致 在英語句子里，謂語受主語支配，其動詞必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。尋其規(guī)律，大致可歸納為三個原則，即語法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。 （一）語法一致原則：語法上一致就是謂語動詞和主語在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。 1、以單數(shù)名詞或

13、代詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式；實用文案 文案大全 主語為復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意：由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，后面的謂語動詞

14、多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時，主句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you. 2、由連接詞and或both and連接起來的合成主語后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語動詞。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news.

15、 / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意： 若and所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物時，它后面的謂語動詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / 由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it. 3、主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有w

16、ith, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 4、ei

17、ther, neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. 注意： 在口語中當(dāng)either或neither后跟有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞（或代詞）”作主語時，其謂語動詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. 若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數(shù)；若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如：

18、None of us has (have) been to America. 5、在定語從句時，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. 6、如果集體名詞指的是整個集體，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語動詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audien

19、ce等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意：people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：The police are looking for the lost child. 7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如：There are

20、a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls. 注意： a number of“許多”，作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；the number of“的數(shù)量”，主語是number，謂語用單數(shù)。 8、在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such

21、are the facts. （二）邏輯意義一致原則：邏輯意義一致就是謂語動詞的數(shù)必須和主語的意義一致（因有時主語形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)；有時形式為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義為單數(shù)）。 1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來決定。如：Which is 實用文案 文案大全 your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing. 2、表示“時間、重量、長度、價值”等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式， 這是由于作主語的名詞

22、在概念上是一個整體，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3、若英語是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報名、國名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book. 4、表數(shù)量的短語“one and a half”后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞可用單數(shù)形式（也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table. 5、算式中表示數(shù)目（字）的主語通常作單數(shù)看待，其謂語動詞采用單數(shù)形式。如：Twelve plus

23、 eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 6、一些學(xué)科名詞是以 ics 結(jié)尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn't easy to study. 7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等詞作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些

24、名詞前有a (the) pair of等量詞修飾時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 8、“定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人時，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 （三）就近一致原則：在英語句子中，有時謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語保持一致。 1、當(dāng)兩個主語由either or, neither nor, whether or , not only but also連接時，謂語動詞和鄰近的主語一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our

25、friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right? 2、there be句型be動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and連接的兩個主語，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個主語保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room. 注意：Here引導(dǎo)的句子用法同上。 練習(xí)： 1.I, who_ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English. A.am B.is C.a

26、re D.be 2. The rich _ not always happy. A.are B.is C.has D.have 3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I _ his students. A.are B.am C.is D.was 4. Mary as well as her sisters _ Chinese in China. A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study 5. Neither my father nor I _ at home. A.am B.is C.are D.be 6. Not

27、 only my brother but also I _ good at painting. Both of us _ good painters., A.are;are B.am;am C.ani;are D.is;is 7. Every' boy and every girl _ to attend the evening party. A.wish B.wishes C.is like D.like 8. Over 80 percent of the population of China _ peasants. A.was B.is C. would be D.are 實用文

28、案 文案大全 9. The population of China _ larger than that of .any other country in the world. A.is B.are C.has D.have 10. Every means _ tried but without any result. A. have been B.is to be C.are to be D. has been 11. Alice, together with two boys,_ for having broken the rule. A. was punished B. punished

29、 C. were punished D. being punished 12. The League secretary and the monitor_ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon. A.is B.was C.are D.is being 13. The great writer and professor_. A. is an old man B. are both old men C. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese 14. There _ a pen, two

30、 pencils and three books on the desk. A.are B.is C.has D.have 15. A large number of students in our class_ girls. A. are B. was C. is D. be 16. The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses _ much if people leave things as they are. A. doesn' t change B.don't change C.change D.changed 17

31、. The Arabian Nights _ well known to the English. A. is B. are C. was D. were 18. Chairman Mao' s works _ published. A. has been B.have been C.was D.is 19. A chemical works_ built there. A. is to being B.have been C. were to D.has been 20. The Olympic Games _ held every _ years. A.is;four B.are;

32、four C.is;five D.are;five 21 .The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world. A.is B.are C.was D.were 22.He is the only one of die students who _ elected. A. are B.have C.has D.is 23.Theis is one of the most interesting questions that _ asked. A.have B.has C. have been

33、 D.has been 24.Many a man _ come to help us. A.have B.has C.is D.are 25.All_ present and all_ going on well, our monitor said. A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are 26. The police _ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre. A. is searching for B. were searching for C. are searchi

34、ng for D. were searching 27.Your trousers_ dirty.You must have_ washed. 實用文案 文案大全 A.is;il B.are;it C.are;them D.is;them 28.This pair of trouseis _ too long for him. A.is B.be C.are D.were 29. One and a half bananas _ left on the table. A.is B.are C.has D.have 30. Eight times eight _ sixty - four. A.

35、is B.are C.get D.equal Keys: 15 AAACA 610 CBDAD 1115 ACABA 1620 AABDB 2125 ADCBC 2630 BCAAA 3135 ACAAB 3640 CABBA 4145 BCCCA 4650 ADBBC 情態(tài)動詞 1 情態(tài)動詞的語法特征 1） 情態(tài)動詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情，只表示期待或估計某事的發(fā)生。 2） 情態(tài)動詞 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。 3） 情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱，數(shù)的變化，即情態(tài)動詞第三人稱單數(shù)不加-s。 4） 情態(tài)動詞沒有非謂語形式，即沒有不定式，分詞，等形式。 2 比較c

36、an 和be able to 1）can could 表示能力；可能 (過去時用could), 只用于現(xiàn)在式和過去式(could)。be able to可以用于各種時態(tài)。 They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告訴你消息了。 2）只用be able to a. 位于助動詞后。 b. 情態(tài)動詞后。 c. 表示過去某時刻動作時。 d. 用于句首表示條件。 e. 表示成功地做了某事時，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。 He was able to flee Europe before the war broke

37、 out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out. 注意：could不表示時態(tài) 1）提出委婉的請求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。 - Could I have the television on? - Yes, you can. / No, you can't. 2）在否定，疑問句中表示推測或懷疑。 He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是壞人。 3 比較may和might 1） 表示允許或請求；表示沒有把握的推測；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。 May God bless you!

38、 He might be at home. 注意： might 表示推測時，不表示時態(tài)。只是可能性比may 小。 實用文案 文案大全 2） 成語： may/might as well，后面接不帶to 的不定式，意為不妨。 If that is the case, we may as well try. 典型例題 Peter _come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet. A. must B. may C. can D. will 答案B. 表可能性只能用may. 此句意可從后半句推出。 4 比較have to和must 1) 兩詞都

39、是'必須'的意思，have to 表示客觀的需要， must 表示說話人主觀上的看法，既主觀上的必要。 My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厲害，我只得半夜里把醫(yī)生請來。(客觀上需要做這件事) He said that they must work hard. 他說他們必須努力工作。（主觀上要做這件事） 2) have to有人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)的變化，而must只有一種形式。但must 可用于間接引語中表示過去的必要或義務(wù)。 He had to

40、look after his sister yesterday. 3） 在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中： don't have to 表示不必 mustn't 表示禁止， You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告訴他。 You mustn't tell him about it. 你一定不要把這件事告訴他。 5 must表示推測 1) must用在肯定句中表示較有把握的推測，意為一定。 2) must表對現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)在正發(fā)生的事情的推測時， must 后面通常接系動詞be 的原形或行為動詞的進(jìn)行式。 You have work

41、ed hard all day.You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（對現(xiàn)在情況的推測判斷） He must be working in his office. 他一定在辦公室工作呢。 比較： He must be staying there. 他現(xiàn)在肯定呆在那里。 He must stay there. 他必須呆在那。 3) must 表示對已發(fā)生的事情的推測時，must 要接完成式。 I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我剛才沒有聽到電話，我想必是睡著了。 4) must表示對過去某時正發(fā)生

42、的事情的推測，must 后面要接不定式的完成進(jìn)行式。 -Why didn't you answer my phone call? -Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it. 5) 否定推測用 can't。 If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果湯姆五點才離開這兒，他此時一定還未到家。 6 表示推測的用法 can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推測，其用法如

43、下： 1）情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形。 表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r的推測，此時動詞通常為系動詞。 I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan. 2）情態(tài)動詞+動詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。 表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)碚谶M(jìn)行的情況進(jìn)行推測。 At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 實用文案 文案大全 這時，我們老師想必在批改試卷。 3）情態(tài)動詞+動詞完成時。 表示對過去情況的推測。 We would have finished this work by the end of next

44、December. 明年十二月底前我們很可能已完成這項工作了。 The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是濕的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。 4）情態(tài)動詞+動詞的現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。 表示對過去正在發(fā)生事情的推測。 Your mother must have been looking for you. 你媽媽一定一直在找你。 5）推測的否定形式，疑問形式用can't, couldn't表示。 Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this mor

45、ning. 邁克一定還沒有找回他的車，因為早上他是坐公共汽車來上班的。 注意：could, might表示推測時不表示時態(tài)，其推測的程度不如 can, may。 7 情態(tài)動詞+ have +過去分詞 1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示過去，推測過去時間里可能發(fā)生的事情。 Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident. Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car

46、accident. 2) must have +done sth，對過去時間里可能發(fā)生的事情的推測，語氣較強(qiáng)，具有肯定，諒必的意思。 - Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. -She must have gone by bus. 3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth 本應(yīng)該做某事，而事實上并沒有做。否定句表示不該做某事而做了。 You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment. He o

47、ught not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事實上已扔了。） ought to 在語氣上比should 要強(qiáng)。 4) needn't have done sth 本沒必要做某事 I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot. 5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事 I would like to have read the article, but I was very bu

48、sy then. 8 should 和ought to should 和ought to 都為應(yīng)該的意思，可用于各種人稱。 -Ought he to go? -Yes. I think he ought to. 表示要求，命令時，語氣由 should（應(yīng)該）、had better最好）、must（必須）漸強(qiáng)。 9 had better表示最好 had better 相當(dāng)于一個助動詞，它只有一種形式，它后面要跟動詞原形。 had better do sth had better not do sth It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my co

49、at. She'd better not play with the dog. had better have done sth表示與事實相反的結(jié)果，意為本來最好。 You had better have come earlier. 10 would rather表示寧愿 would rather do 實用文案 文案大全 would rather not do would rather than 寧愿而不愿。 還有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示寧愿、寧可的意思。 If I have a choice, I had sooner not

50、continue my studies at this school. I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home. 典型例題 - Shall we go skating or stay at home? -Which _ do? A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather 答案B。本題考查情態(tài)動詞rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意為寧愿，本題

51、為疑問句， would 提前，所以選B。 11 will和would 注意： 1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，為固定搭配。 Would you like to go with me? 2）Will you? Would you like? 表示肯定含義的請求勸說時，疑問句中一般用some, 而不是any。 Would you like some cake? 3）否定結(jié)構(gòu)中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一種委婉語氣。 Won't you sit down? 12 情態(tài)動詞的回答方式 問句 肯定回答 否

52、定回答 Need you? Yes, I must. No,I needn't Must you? /don't have to. 典型例題 1）-Could I borrow your dictionary? -Yes, of course, you_. A. might B. will C. can D. should 答案C.could表示委婉的語氣，并不為時態(tài)。答語中of course，表示肯定的語氣，允許某人做某事時，用can和 may來表達(dá)，不能用could或might。復(fù)習(xí)： will 與you連用，用來提出要求或下命令。should與you 連用，用來提出勸告。 2）-Shall I tell John about it? -No, you _. I've told him already. A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't 答案A。needn'