(完整版)2TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary

1、chapter 2the development of the english the development of the english vocabularyvocabulary英語(yǔ)詞匯的發(fā)展英語(yǔ)詞匯的發(fā)展 objectives: introduce the history and the general characteristics of english;let students know the growth of contemporary english vocabulary and the modes of vocabulary development teaching focu

2、s:the indo-european language familythree phases of the historical developmentgeneral characteristics of englishthree sources of contemporary english vocabularymodes of vocabulary development introduction it appears that the use of language came about independently in a number of places. all language

3、s change with time. a comparison of chaucers english, shakespeares english and modern english shows how a language can change over several hundred years. modern english spoken in britain, north america and australia uses different words and grammar. if two groups of people speaking the same language

4、 are separated, in time their languages will change along different paths. first they develop different accents; next some of the vocabulary will change (either due to influences of other languages or by natural processes). when this happens a different dialect is created; the two groups can still u

5、nderstand each other. if the dialects continue to diverge there will come a time when they are mutually unintelligible. at this stage the people are speaking different languages.ten language families the indo-european family印歐語(yǔ)系印歐語(yǔ)系46% the most widely studied family of languages and the family with

6、the largest number of speakers (about 150 languages and about three billion speakers ). languages include english, spanish, portuguese, french, italian, russian, greek, hindi, bengali; and the classical languages of latin, sanskrit, and persian. the uralic family烏拉爾語(yǔ)系 a family found in europe (hunga

7、rian, finnish) and siberia (mordvin) with complex noun structures. the altaic family阿爾泰語(yǔ)系 a family spread from europe (turkish) through centra asia (uzbek), mongolia (mongolian), to the far east (korean, japanese). these languages have the interesting property of vowel harmony. the sino-tibetan fami

8、ly漢藏語(yǔ)系漢藏語(yǔ)系21% an important asian family of languages (250 languages )that includes the worlds most spoken language, mandarin. these languages are monosyllabic and tonal. the malayo-polynesian family馬來(lái)玻里尼西亞語(yǔ)系 a family consisting of over 1000 languages spread throughout the indian and pacific oceans a

9、s well south east asia. languages include malay, indonesian, maori and hawaiian. the afro-asiatic family亞非語(yǔ)系亞非語(yǔ)系 this family contains languages of northern africa and the middle east. the dominant languages are arabic and hebrew. the caucasian family高加索語(yǔ)系 a family based around the caucasus mountains

10、 between the black sea and the caspian sea. georgian and chechen are the main languages. they are known for their large number of consonants. the dravidian family德拉維達(dá)語(yǔ)系德拉維達(dá)語(yǔ)系 又稱達(dá)羅毗荼語(yǔ)系又稱達(dá)羅毗荼語(yǔ)系 the languages of southern india (in contrast to the indo-european languages of northern india). tamil is the

11、 best known of these languages. austro-asiatic family南亞語(yǔ)系 this family are a scattered group of languages in asia. they are found from eastern india to vietnam. languages include vietnamese and khmer. niger-congo family尼日爾尼日爾剛果語(yǔ)系剛果語(yǔ)系 this family features the many languages of africa south of the saha

12、ra. the large number of languages include swahili, shona紹納語(yǔ), xhosa科科薩語(yǔ)薩語(yǔ) and zulu. for more information,please refer to http:/ the indo-european language familythe indo-european language family is made up of most languages of europe, the near east, and india.the classification of indo-european langu

13、age family :according to various degrees of similarity and their geographical distribution, the surviving languages of indo-european language family fall into 10 principal groups, which can be grouped into an eastern set and western set.the eastern set: balto-slavic波羅的斯拉夫波羅的斯拉夫語(yǔ)族語(yǔ)族(the biggest one)

14、prussian普魯士語(yǔ) lithuanian立陶宛語(yǔ) polish波蘭語(yǔ) czech捷克語(yǔ) bulgarian保加利亞語(yǔ) slovenian斯洛文尼亞語(yǔ) russian俄羅斯語(yǔ) indo-iranian印伊語(yǔ)族印伊語(yǔ)族 persian波斯語(yǔ) bengali 孟加拉語(yǔ) hindi 北印度語(yǔ) romany羅曼尼語(yǔ)/吉普賽語(yǔ)q sanskrit梵文;梵語(yǔ) armenian亞美尼亞語(yǔ)族亞美尼亞語(yǔ)族 armenian albanian阿爾巴尼語(yǔ)族阿爾巴尼語(yǔ)族 albanian the western sethellenic希臘語(yǔ)族希臘語(yǔ)族greekceltic凱爾特語(yǔ)族凱爾特語(yǔ)族scotish蘇格蘭語(yǔ)

15、irish愛(ài)爾蘭語(yǔ)welsh威爾士breton布列塔尼語(yǔ)pictish皮克特語(yǔ)hittite希泰語(yǔ)族希泰語(yǔ)族tocharian吐火羅語(yǔ)族吐火羅語(yǔ)族 italic意大利語(yǔ)族意大利語(yǔ)族（5 romance languages） portuguese葡萄牙語(yǔ) spanish西班牙語(yǔ) french法語(yǔ) latin italian意大利語(yǔ) rumanian羅馬尼亞語(yǔ) germanic日耳曼族日耳曼族 english英語(yǔ) german德語(yǔ) dutch荷蘭語(yǔ) flemish弗來(lái)芒語(yǔ) scandinavian languagesnorwegian挪威語(yǔ)icelandic冰島語(yǔ)danish丹麥語(yǔ)swedish瑞

16、典語(yǔ) the prehistoric indo-european parent language is thought to be a highly inflected language. it was a language in which the various forms of a given word showed its relationship to other words in a sentence. when groups of this language moved away from the original homeland, believed to be somewhe

17、re in the easternmost part of europe, the language of each group grew and developed along different lines in much the same way that american and australian english now show differences from the language of england. over very long period of complete isolation from each other, these dialects of a sing

18、le language changed so much that they become separate languages. speakers of one were not understood by speakers of another. where did the english language come from how english became a modern language2.2 three phases of the historical development for each phase of the development, the following po

19、ints must be made clear: time range features of english social and historical events that influenced english greatlythree periods of developmentold english/anglo-saxon english (449-1100 ad) middle english (1100-1500ad)modern english (1500-present)time historical eventsinfluences celts (the earliest

20、inhabitants)the celts450the conquest and settlement of the angles, saxons, and the jutesanglo-saxon790the scandinavian or the danish conquestsold norse borrowed1066the norman conquestfrench borrowedtimehistorical eventsinfluence 16th-18th century the renaissance(14th century) 1. latin borrowed2. oth

21、er european languages borrowedat the turn of the 19th and 20th centuriescolonization 1.non-european 2. languages borrowed3. english worldwideafter wwiiadvance in science and technologymany new words createdthe old english (449-1100)the history of the english language begins with the conquest and set

22、tlement of what is now england by the angles, saxons, and the jutes from about 450 ad. the language they spoke was anglo-saxon, which replaced the celtic spoken by the former inhabitants celtsold english (450-1150)three questions for discussion:who were the earliest inhabitants on the british isles?

23、what are included in germanic tribes?what does england mean and why was the country called england and the language english?1.what is the feature of old english?the first peoples known to inhabit the land were celts.the germanic tribes include angles, saxons, and jutes. they were first allies of cel

24、ts to fight against picts皮克特人 and scots, but then they became new conquerors.angles, saxons and jutes all have their dialects. the saxons were numerically superior to the angles, while the latter were influential enough to impose their name on the whole.old english are almost monogeneous單能的and entir

25、ely germanic with only a few borrowings from latin and scandinavian. it was a highly inflected language, of which nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs had complex systems of endings or vowel changes or both.the old english (449-1100) the vocabulary of old english was chiefly anglo-saxon w

26、ith a small mixture of old norse words as a result of the scandinavian or the danish conquests of england in the ninth century, such as, cake, call, egg, knife, take, give, etc. the english continued to adopt words from latin during the old english period due to the angles and saxons various contact

27、s with the romans, such as, candle, kettle, mountain, school, cup, etc. old english has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. it was a highly inflected language just like modern german. therefore, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs had complex endings or vowel changes, or both,

28、which differ greatly from the language that we use today.the middle english (1100-1500)middle english is characterized by the strong influence of french following the norman conquest in 1066. since the french-speaking normans were the ruling class, french was used for all state affairs and for most

29、social and cultural matters; but the masses continued to speak english. the language that emerged at that time showed vast and significant changes in the english vocabulary-the loss of a large part of the old english word stock and the adoption of thousands of french words. the middle english (1100-

30、1500)the norman conquest: william, the conqueror, the duke of normandy, invaded and conquered england and the anglo-saxons in 1066 ad.middle english (1150-1500) the norman conquest and its influence on england a new and larger continental culture was brought to england. it forced on england “the nat

31、ional idea”. the situation of the simultaneous existence of three languages:english -french -latin -a despised language used by boors and serfsthose in power, including those who held political or social power and those in powerful church positions.those who want to make a living as a scribe and tho

32、se in churchesthe middle english (1100-1500) the french loan words were found in every section of the vocabulary: law and governmental administration (judge, jury, justice, country, government, parliament, state), military affairs (conquer, sergeant, victory), religion (baptism, confess, divine, ser

33、mon), food (beef, pork, dinner, mutton), art (beauty, image, design), literature (chapter, poet, prose, rime), and so on.the middle english (1100-1500)the middle english literary culture was mostly an oral one, and literacy levels were still low at this time. middle english poetry is a particularly

34、oral genre, and is often structured so as to make it easy to remember, either through rhyme or through alliteration.geoffrey chaucer (1343-1400), father of english literature the canterbury talesgeoffrey chaucer features: a period of great changes, changes more extensive and fundamental than those t

35、hat had taken place at any time before and since. steady erosion of the old english inflectional systems: endings of nouns and adjectives marking distinction of number and case and often of gender lost their distinctive forms. middle english retained much fewer inflections. endings of nouns and adje

36、ctives marking distinction （區(qū)分）of number, case , and often of gender lost their distinctive forms（區(qū)分性的拼寫(xiě)形式）. the same is true of the verb. if we say that old english was a language of full endings（詞尾曲折變化非常繁多）, middle english was one of leveled endings(基本沒(méi)有詞尾曲折變化). modern english(1500 up to the prese

37、nt)modern englishearly modern(1500-1700)late modern(1700 up to the present)bourgeois and industrial revolutionrenaissancethe modern english (1500-present) in the early stages of this period, the renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. in this period, the study of classics was stressed a

38、nd the result was the wholesale borrowing from latin.from the sixteenth century onward, english borrowed words from an increasing number of languages, the major ones being the three romance languages, french, spanish, and italy. english also adopted words from other european languages.at the turn of

39、 the 19th and 20th centuries, as a result of exploration, colonization and trade, many words came in from non-european languages.the modern english (1500-present) since the beginning of this century, particularly after world war ii, the world has seen breathtaking advances in science and technology.

40、 as a result, thousands and thousands of new words have been created to express new ideas, inventions, and scientific achievements. although borrowing remained an important channel of vocabulary expansion, yet more words are created by means of word-formation. in modern english, words endings were m

41、ostly lost with just a few exceptions. it can be concluded that english has evolved from a synthetic(綜合的)language (old english ) to the present analytic(分析的)language. compare the following examples: old middle modern leorn-ian lern-en learn mon-a mone-e moon stan-as ston-es stones sun-ne sun-ne sunc

42、omment on the historical development in fact english has adopted words from almost every known language in the course of its historical development. this has made the english vocabulary extremely rich and heterogeneous多種多樣的；混雜的 . english is supposed to have the most copious豐富的 vocabulary of all the

43、languages, estimated at more than a million words. it is also noted for its wealth of synonyms and idioms, a fact no doubt due to its sharing so many common words with other languages.a comparison of three phasesold english a period of full endingsmiddle englisha period of leveled endingsmodern engl

44、isha period of lost endings2.3 general characteristicsreceptivity, adaptability適應(yīng)性and heterogeneityvariety, heterogeneousness with foreign elementssimplicity of inflection:old english is a synthetic languagemodern english is a analytic languagerelatively fixed word-order2.4 foreign elements in the e

45、nglish vocabulary the major contributors to english are latin, greek, french and scandinavian.2.5 growth of contemporary english vocabulary three main sources of new words: rapid development of modern science and languages social, economic and political changes the influence of other cultures and la

46、nguages2.6 modes of vocabulary developmentcreationthe formation of new words by using the existing materialssemantic changean old form takes on a new meaningborrowing:borrowed words constitute six to seven percent of all new words.conclusion a word may be defined as one of the fundamental units of s

47、peech and as having a minimum free form. it is a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactical function. all the words in a language together constitute what is known as its vocabulary. the historical development of the english language shows that english is a heavy borrower. latin ,french, and greek are three main sources. after world war two, the english vocabulary expanded at a rate much faster than ever before. the ba