基于單片機(jī)的智能手機(jī)充電器的設(shè)計(jì)(英文版)

1、n更多企業(yè)學(xué)院： 中小企業(yè)管理全能版183套講座+89700份資料總經(jīng)理、高層管理49套講座+16388份資料中層管理學(xué)院46套講座+6020份資料 國學(xué)智慧、易經(jīng)46套講座人力資源學(xué)院56套講座+27123份資料各階段員工培訓(xùn)學(xué)院77套講座+ 324份資料員工管理企業(yè)學(xué)院67套講座+ 8720份資料工廠生產(chǎn)管理學(xué)院52套講座+ 13920份資料財(cái)務(wù)管理學(xué)院53套講座+ 17945份資料 銷售經(jīng)理學(xué)院56套講座+ 14350份資料銷售人員培訓(xùn)學(xué)院72套講座+ 4879份資料n更多企業(yè)學(xué)院： 中小企業(yè)管理全能版183套講座+89700份資料總經(jīng)理、高層管理49套講座+1638

2、8份資料中層管理學(xué)院46套講座+6020份資料 國學(xué)智慧、易經(jīng)46套講座人力資源學(xué)院56套講座+27123份資料各階段員工培訓(xùn)學(xué)院77套講座+ 324份資料員工管理企業(yè)學(xué)院67套講座+ 8720份資料工廠生產(chǎn)管理學(xué)院52套講座+ 13920份資料財(cái)務(wù)管理學(xué)院53套講座+ 17945份資料 銷售經(jīng)理學(xué)院56套講座+ 14350份資料銷售人員培訓(xùn)學(xué)院72套講座+ 4879份資料Improvements in Battery Charger ICs Keep Pace with Rapid Increases in Mobile Handset CapabilitiesIn th

3、e era of global wireless connectivity, almost nothing is more important than keeping a smart phone or mobile Internet device charged. Expanding features on the constantly improving portable and handheld device create a major challenge for designers of battery charger ICs. High resolution screens and

4、 larger memories combine with new capabilities to tax the battery, requiring battery charger technology that is not only more efficient but also capable of managing power distribution. Optimizing power consumption to prolong battery life has always been a driving force in handheld power management.

5、However what is changing are the efficiency expectations for charging handheld devices when they are plugged into the wall. The latest generations of device designs are using high-efficiency switching chargers in place of traditional linear chargers. Customers today continue to demand shorter charge

6、 cycles when charging their battery. Beside higher efficiency with respect to the conventional linear chargers, one of the great advantages of using switching chargers solution is the capability to boost the charge current from what supplied by the source. This is especially important when powering

7、off of a USB port where the current available might be limited to less than 500mA. Higher charge currents equate to shorter charge cycles thus satisfying customer expectations.There are two kinds of battery chargers used in most handhelds now linear chargers and switching devices. Linear chargers ha

8、ve a longer history. They have typically provided a relatively efficient, simple way to charge portable devices, creating minimal noise without many external components. But as portable devices become more complex and add layers of new features, they need higher battery capacity. Linear chargers pre

9、sent liabilities due to power dissipation, which become clear if a user wants to charge a device while using at the same time. The heat generated while simultaneously using and charging can damage the system or battery. Not a good outcome. The alternative is a switching device, or switch mode batter

10、y charger IC, that can deliver higher current levels to a battery while requiring as little power as possible. Historically, there have been some noise issues with these kinds of ICs. In addition, some early generations of switch mode devices have required several external components. However, the b

11、enefits of the switched mode battery topology are clear. They include higher efficiency and lower power dissipation, along with fast charging cycles. These devices also are capable of charging from higher input voltages, which allows the use of lower cost unregulated adapters. They can increase the

12、charging current from current restricted sources. The noise from switching chargers usually comes during light load operation, particularly during preconditioning. As it decreases, many switching chargers move into an operation known as pulse skipping. In pulse skipping, the PWM frequency changes as

13、ynchronously. There have been battery charger ICs developed that supply high charge current with minimal thermal impact to the system using a switching charger, then switch into a linear charger during low current charging modes to minimize noise. This type of PWM switch mode charger with a linear m

14、ode has been a good development, providing high efficiency at the full constant current (fast charge) rate. The switching charger controls large constant current charge (up to 2A) with a PWM switching regulator. It automatically moves to linear mode while the battery is preconditioning and near the

15、end of constant voltage taper charge mode, which lowers the noise while the switch mode speeds up charging. Once the charge current level dips below 300 mA, the linear mode kicks in completely and noise generated by the switching converter is eliminated. But now there are further advances. For examp

16、le, an ideal solution for new handhelds is a complete charger for single cell Li+/ Polymer batteries with up to 1A charge current and advanced indication capabilities for full charge system monitoring. USB Compliant 100mA/500mA charge current settings are beneficial as are programmable pre-charge an

17、d fast charge. Many products also include battery temperature monitoring, which ensures safe charging. Companies such as Intersil are leading the development effort for new generations of charger ICs. These fully integrated solutions serve compact applications and provide charge controllers for high

18、er power applications. Charge voltage accuracy is now at 0.5 percent, an improvement over just a few years ago, when an accuracy rating of 1 percent was considered good. Switching frequencies are up to 3 MHz and new switching chargers now provide up to 2A charge current, with one recent example bein

19、g the ISL9220, which is suitable for both 1 and 2 cells Li Ion applications. In addition, new designs restrict leakage - there is no less than 0.5uA typical leakage current off the battery when no input power is attached. These improvements also have become available in smaller and smaller packages,

20、 such as 4 x 4mm QFNs or 2 x 2mm CSPs, which save real estate in space-constrained handheld equipment. The latest battery charger ICs also are able to monitor the input voltage, the battery voltage, and the charge current. When any of the three parameters exceeds specific limits, the IC turns off an

21、 internal N-channel MOSFET to remove the power from the charging system to the battery. This kind of flexible efficiency is another of the improvements now available in these important devices, which are vital to the continuing growth and feature set expansion of mobile, handheld products.【作 者】Marin

22、o, Giampaolo; Schmitz, Tamara【刊 名】Electronic Component News【出版日期】2010【卷 號】Vol.54【期 號】No.1【頁 碼】16DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MICROCOMPUTER 8051 SYSTEM POWERED BY DUAL BATTERIES CHARGED BY SOLAR CELLSAbstractSingle-chip microcomputer systems are becoming increasingly popular in current control and

23、information applications. However, due to their battery energy limitations, these systems have a very restricted operation time or recharge cycle if a single rechargeable battery supplies their power. We propose a design and implementation for the software and hardware of a microcomputer 8051 system

24、 powered by a dual rechargeable battery that is charged by solar cells. From a feasibility analysis of the queueing model for the stochastic charging and discharging process of the dual battery system, due to the random characteristics of weather conditions and users' operational behavior, we co

25、nfirm that the average operation time for this model can be much longer than that of a single rechargeable battery power supply. The experimental results of our design also show approximately the same results as our model. With a two-thirds utilization ratio, we can obtain an average operation time

26、four times as long in theoretical results, and three and half times as long in experimental results than with a single rechargeable battery power supply. In addition, the technology trend shows that the power consumption rate for a typical microcomputer system is decreasing and the power generation

27、efficiency for typical solar cells is increasing. Hence, solar cells as the power charging sources for a microcomputer 8051 system supplied by a dual rechargeable battery can be feasible in the near future.Over the past few years, microcomputer system design researchers have been working with differ

28、ent levels of low-power technology. In terms of system, circuits, and device power saving, the results show that every year from 1992 to 1997 the average power consumption of a microcomputer computer decreased more than 20%,and from 1998 to 2001 it decreased by 10%.Reducing power consumption is impo

29、rtant because of its potential to extend the recharge period of portable information applications. The longer the battery operation time before a recharge is needed, the more convenient it is for mobile users to operate a portable microcomputer system.Eventually, the power consumption of a single-ch

30、ip microcomputer system will be small enough to be supplied or recharged by other power sources. One of the proposed power sources is mechanical vibration. Among others, we previously proposed solar cells that can be used as power supply sources. Although current mc-Si solar cell power generation ef

31、ficiency is not high enough, their efficiency increased from 14.2% to 16.8%from 1990 to 1997.This improvement can reduce the gap between the charging and discharging rate of the power supply of a microcomputer system, so the probability of power exhaustion within a certain operational time is reduce

32、d each year.To prolong the battery operation time before recharging, in this article we present the software and hardware module for a single-chip microcomputer 8051 system with a dual battery charged by solar cells. Based on its design and implementation, this work also presents the estimation for

33、power exhaustion probability and the experimental measurement for operation time that depends on the power generation efficiency of solar cells and the power consumption rate of a microcomputer. In addition, due to the overlapping of the charging and the discharging period, if the ratio between the

34、charging and discharging rate is two thirds, then the operation time can potentially be prolonged four times in comparison with a single rechargeable battery.The rest of this is organized as follows. In Section 2, the technology trends with respect to the power consumption of a microcomputer and the

35、 power generation efficiency of solar cells are discussed. In Section 3, the queueing model for the stochastic charging and discharging behavior for the dual rechargeable battery in a single-chip microcomputer system is presented. In addition, the feasibility estimation for the dual rechargeable bat

36、tery in a single chip microcomputer system is given. In Sections 4 and 5, the design and implementation of the software and hardware modules for this system are provided. In Section 6, the experimental results of this system are given. The last section presents conclusions.7. ConclusionsWe have pres

37、ented the design and implementation of a microcomputer 8051 system powered by dual batteries charged by solar cells. The hardware components used are very common and are of low cost. The control program designed uses a common variety of assembly language. The experimental system has shown a very sta

38、ble operation. From our observation of the theoretical and experimental results, we conclude that this dual-battery design has the potential to extend the average operation time of such a microcomputer by 200%. For a two-thirds utilization ratio in our design, we can gain four times the average oper

39、ation time of a single-battery design from the theoretical results, and three and a half times the average operation time from experimental results. The difference between the theoretical results and the experimental results is a result of error in the battery-charging process. In addition, when our

40、 system operates in strong sunshine, it can work continually without battery exhaustion because the energy generation by the solar cells is greater than the energy consumption of 8051 system.【作 者】Y.-W. Bai; C.-L. Chang【刊 名】International Journal of Power & Energy Systems【出版日期】2002【卷 號】Vol.22【期 號】

41、NO.3【頁 碼】125-135譯文電池充電器集成電路的改進(jìn)跟上移動手機(jī)功能快速增長的速度在全球無線連接的時(shí)代，幾乎沒有什么比讓一個智能手機(jī)或移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)設(shè)備保持帶電更重要了。便攜式和手持設(shè)備功能的擴(kuò)展性不斷提高成為電池充電器集成電路設(shè)計(jì)者的一個重大挑戰(zhàn)。高分辨率的屏幕和更大的儲存能力并加上新的功能賦予電池，這就需要對電池充電器的技術(shù)要求，不僅要更有效率，同時(shí)要具有配電管理的能力。通過優(yōu)化電源消耗來延長電池的壽命是掌上型電源管理的驅(qū)動力。但是當(dāng)把手持的設(shè)備插入墻上，期望對他們進(jìn)行充電時(shí)有有效地變化。最新一代采用高效率開關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)的充電器會代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的線性充電器。今天的客戶仍舊需求更短的充電周期對其電池

42、充電。相比傳統(tǒng)的線性充電器，采用開關(guān)充電器的好處，除了效率高之外，還有一個很大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是通過電源提供能夠促進(jìn)充電電流。特別重要的是，當(dāng)供電結(jié)束時(shí)USB接口處的電流可以實(shí)現(xiàn)被限制在小于500mA。更高的充電電流等于充電周期更短，這就滿足了客戶的期望。當(dāng)今有兩種被大多數(shù)手持設(shè)備使用的電池充電器-線性充電器和開關(guān)充電器。線性充電器有一段較長的歷史。他們通常提供了相對高效，簡單的方式對便攜設(shè)備充電，同時(shí)產(chǎn)生噪音極小且不需要很多的外部元器件。但是，隨著便攜式設(shè)備變得更加復(fù)雜和添加新的功能層，他們就需要更大的電池容量。由于功能損耗，線性充電器呈現(xiàn)出不足，這很容易知道，假如用戶想要對設(shè)備充電，且在同一時(shí)間又使

43、用。同時(shí)使用設(shè)備和對其進(jìn)行充電產(chǎn)生的熱量會損壞系統(tǒng)或電池。這將會導(dǎo)致不好的結(jié)果。另一種選擇是開關(guān)充電器，或者是開關(guān)模式電池充電器集成電路，它可以提供更高的電流水平，但卻需要盡可能少的功率。歷史上，這些類型的集成電路經(jīng)常存在一些噪音的問題。此外，一些早期的幾代開關(guān)模式的設(shè)備需要一些外部元件。朗讀然而，開關(guān)模式的電池拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)的好處是顯而易見的。它們包括提高效率和降低功耗，以及快速的充電周期。這些器件也都能夠由高的輸入電壓進(jìn)行充電，這就可以允許使用較低成本無管制的適配器。他們可以從電流限制的能源中增加充電電流。來自開關(guān)充電器的噪音通常是在輕負(fù)荷運(yùn)行時(shí)產(chǎn)生的，特別是在預(yù)處理時(shí)。隨著噪聲的減少，很多開關(guān)

44、充電器進(jìn)入了著名的脈沖跳躍操作。在脈沖跳躍時(shí)，脈寬調(diào)制的頻率的變化是異步的。目前已開發(fā)出發(fā)達(dá)的電池充電器的集成電路使用一個開關(guān)式的充電器供應(yīng)高的充電電流以最小的熱量影響到系統(tǒng)使，然后在低電流充電模式下轉(zhuǎn)換成為線性充電器，以減少噪音。這種脈寬調(diào)制開關(guān)模式充電器帶有線性模式類型是一個很好的發(fā)展，提供了高效率的恒流（快速充電）的速度。開關(guān)式充電器通過脈寬調(diào)制開關(guān)調(diào)節(jié)器來控制很大的恒定的穩(wěn)壓電流充電（高達(dá)2A）。在電池預(yù)處理和錐形恒壓充電模式將要結(jié)束時(shí)，它會自動轉(zhuǎn)換到線性模式，從而降低了噪音，同時(shí)開關(guān)模式加速充電。一旦充電的電流水平低于300mA，則會完全的變成線性模式，由開關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)換器產(chǎn)生的噪聲就被消除

45、。 但現(xiàn)在有進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展。例如，一個新的手持設(shè)備的理想解決方案是單節(jié)鋰/聚合物電池，它能提供高達(dá)1A的充電電流和先進(jìn)的充電系統(tǒng)監(jiān)控顯示功能 USB兼100mA/500mA充電電流設(shè)置有利的是可編程的預(yù)充電和快速充電。許多產(chǎn)品還包括電池溫度監(jiān)測，以確保安全充電。如Intersil的公司是新一代充電器芯片開發(fā)的領(lǐng)頭羊。這些所有的集成解決方案能夠滿足緊湊型應(yīng)用，提供更高功率應(yīng)用的充電控制器?，F(xiàn)在的充電電壓精度達(dá)到0.5個百分點(diǎn)，比起僅僅在幾年之前，那時(shí)準(zhǔn)確率為1個百分點(diǎn)就被認(rèn)為是很好的的時(shí)候，這已經(jīng)說明是有了進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展。開關(guān)頻率高達(dá)3 MHz，現(xiàn)在新的交換充電器提供高達(dá)2A的充電電流，如 ISL9220，這是1和2細(xì)胞的鋰離子電池應(yīng)用的理想選擇。此外，新設(shè)計(jì)限制泄漏- 當(dāng)沒有附加輸入功率時(shí)，現(xiàn)在典型的泄漏電流小于0.5 uA。在更小和更小的封裝上這些改進(jìn)也已成為可，如4 ×4毫米QFNs或2 x2毫米的CSPS，這在空間受限制的手機(jī)設(shè)備上節(jié)省了資源。 最新的電池充電器芯片還能夠監(jiān)視輸入電壓，電池電壓，充電電流。當(dāng)這三個參數(shù)中的任何一個超出特定的限制，該集成電路將關(guān)閉一個內(nèi)置的N溝道MOSFET，以至于從充電系統(tǒng)移除電量給電池。這種靈活的效率的改進(jìn)，就是現(xiàn)在這些重要的設(shè)備，這對持續(xù)增長和移動特征設(shè)置擴(kuò)展，