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1、第一編專題四語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)專題四語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)第第1講語法必備講語法必備重點(diǎn)四經(jīng)??疾榈牟⒘芯浜腿髲木渲攸c(diǎn)四經(jīng)??疾榈牟⒘芯浜腿髲木渲枷?018年高考減少了對(duì)并列連詞和從屬連詞的考查,但加大了對(duì)非限制性定語從句的考查力度,但同往年一樣,都屬于基礎(chǔ)題。高考對(duì)并列句和三大從句的考查側(cè)重在并列連詞and,but,or和so的混用,引導(dǎo)定語從句的that/which的用法,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的what的用法及其與that的區(qū)別。對(duì)狀語從句的考查頻率較低。定考點(diǎn)語法填空中如兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)簡單句之間是逗號(hào),應(yīng)填連詞。1 1真題體驗(yàn)真題體驗(yàn)2 2即時(shí)鞏固即時(shí)鞏固3 3素能強(qiáng)化素能強(qiáng)化真真 題題 體體

2、驗(yàn)驗(yàn)正面解讀增分語法填空考法1考查并列連詞關(guān)系分析法搭配和句型法1(2016全國卷)In much of Asia,especially the socalled “rice bowl” cultures of China,Japan,Korea,_Vietnam,food is usually eaten with chopsticks. 解析:句意:在亞洲大部分地區(qū),尤其在中國、日本、韓國和越南的稱為“飯碗”文化中,食物經(jīng)常是用筷子吃的。China,Japan,Korea和Vietnam之間是并列關(guān)系,故用and連接。and2(2014全國卷)But the river wasnt cha

3、nged in a few days _ even a few months. 解析:句意:但是河流不是幾天甚至幾個(gè)月就改變了的。根據(jù)but及句意判斷,此處要填一個(gè)表示遞進(jìn)含義的詞,故用or。or even“甚至”。3(2016四川卷)It was time for her to have a new baby, _it was also time for the young panda to be independent. 解析:句意:是她有一個(gè)新寶寶的時(shí)候了,也是小熊貓獨(dú)立的時(shí)候了。兩個(gè)完整的獨(dú)立的句子應(yīng)該用連詞相連。上下句之間為并列關(guān)系,故用and。并列連詞可以連接平行的詞、短語或句子。

4、4(2015廣東卷)One day,the cow was eating grass _ it began to rain heavily. 解析:句意:一天,這頭奶牛正在吃草,突然下起了大雨。be doing sth. when. 是固定結(jié)構(gòu),意為“正在做某事這時(shí)”,when是并列連詞。意為“這時(shí)”。when5(2014遼寧卷)It asks you to act like water; to be flexible as well _ strong. 解析:句意:它要求你表現(xiàn)得像水一樣;柔韌又堅(jiān)強(qiáng)。as well as“以及;和”,是固定短語。用來連接兩個(gè)并列成分,作用相當(dāng)于and。6(2

5、014廣東卷)Our rooms hadnt been reserved for that week, _for the week after. 解析:句意:我們的房間預(yù)訂的不是那一周,而是后一周。根據(jù)前面的not判斷,本空填but,not. but. “不是而是。1確定填并列連詞無提示詞,設(shè)空前后是兩個(gè)并列成分,如兩個(gè)主謂完整的句子、單詞、短語等;而且相并列的成分之間是并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、選擇或因果關(guān)系,此時(shí)需填并列連詞。名 師 點(diǎn) 津23個(gè)技巧要熟用技巧1關(guān)系分析法分析設(shè)空前后兩句話的關(guān)系,確定用哪個(gè)并列連詞。表并列或順承關(guān)系:用and表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:用but表選擇關(guān)系:用or表因果關(guān)系:用so(因此

6、),for(因?yàn)?表對(duì)比關(guān)系:用while技巧2搭配法表并列關(guān)系:as well as“也”;both. and. “二者都”;not only. but also. “不但而且”。表選擇關(guān)系:either. or. “不是就是”;neither. nor. “既不也不”;not. but. “不是而是”。技巧3句型法祈使句and/or十陳述句,如表順承用and,表轉(zhuǎn)折用or。when作并列連詞的常用句型:be about to do. when. ;be doing. when. ;be on the point of doing. when. ;had just done. when. ;

7、hardly. when. 等??挤?考查定語從句關(guān)系的用法3步法確定關(guān)系詞7(2017全國卷)But Sarah, _has taken part in shows along with top models,wants prove that she has brains as well as beauty. 解析:句意:但是和超模參加過各種走秀的薩拉想證明她智慧與美貌并存。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,本句有has taken part in和wants to prove兩個(gè)謂語部分,且中間無連詞,故推知空格處引導(dǎo)從句,結(jié)合語境可知此處應(yīng)為非限制性定語從句,修飾指人的先行詞Sarah,從句中缺少主語,

8、故用who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。一些考生受Sarah影響很容易誤填代詞she。who8(2018北京)She and her family bicycle to work, _helps them keep fit. 解析:考查非限制性定語從句。句意:她和家人騎自行車去上班,這有助于她們保持健康?!?_ helps them keep fit”是非限制性定語從句,該從句修飾整個(gè)主句,引導(dǎo)詞在從句中做主語,故該從句應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)。which9(2016全國卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show

9、 in the mid1980s, _ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 解析:句意:但是我和熊貓的關(guān)系追溯到20世紀(jì)80年代中期,我拍攝一個(gè)電視節(jié)目的時(shí)候。那時(shí)我是第一個(gè)被允許拍攝照顧從野外營救的大熊貓專輯的西方記者。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,先行詞the mid1980s為表示時(shí)間的名詞,且關(guān)系詞在從句中作時(shí)間狀語,故用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)定語從句。when10

10、(2016全國卷)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,_ lived from roughly 551 to 479BC,influenced the development of chopsticks. 解析:句意:有些人認(rèn)為中國的偉大圣賢孔子,大約生活在公元前551479年,對(duì)筷子影響很大。根據(jù)句意可知,空格后lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC,是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句,先行詞Confucius指人,故需用關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。who11(2015全國卷)Id ski

11、pped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings. 解析:句意:我沒有去附近的桂林,那是游客盡覽灰?guī)r群峰和漓江綠水的夢(mèng)幻之地,是被許多藝術(shù)家在許多國畫中描繪的地方。 先行詞為the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River,指物;關(guān)系詞在從句

12、中作主語,故填關(guān)系代詞that/which。12(2014全國卷)Maybe you have a habit _ is driving your family crazy. 解析:句意:可能你有一種讓家人發(fā)瘋的習(xí)慣。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語從句,先行詞是a habit;關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語,故用關(guān)系代詞that/which引導(dǎo)定語從句。that/which13(2017浙江卷)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probable got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spr

13、ead over the garden, _it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted(生長) through it. 解析:分析句子可知,逗號(hào)前的句子意義完整,所以空格處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句??忌苋菀资芮懊娴南刃性~garden的影響誤填which。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),which在從句中應(yīng)作主語或賓語,而此處從句缺少表語,且表示地點(diǎn),故填where。14(2017北京卷)The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations f

14、or great inventions. 解析:句意:我們?cè)谌粘I钪杏龅降男÷闊┯锌赡艹蔀閭ゴ蟀l(fā)明的靈感。題干中,The little problems是先行詞, _ we meet in our daily lives是定語從句,從句中缺少賓語,因此用that/which引導(dǎo)定語從句。 15(2017天津卷)My eldest son, _work takes him all over the world,is in New York at the moment. 解析:句意:我的大兒子現(xiàn)在在紐約,他的工作讓他走遍世界各地,設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾先行詞son,空格處在從句中作定語修飾名詞

15、work,所以要用關(guān)系代詞whose。that/whichwhose16(2016上海卷)She was taking the food to the refugee camp,in _ she distributed it to children. 解析:句意:她把食物帶到難民營。在那里她把食物分給孩子們。定語從句先行詞是the refugee camp,指物,從句中in之后缺少賓語,故用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句。17(2015廣東卷)When harvest came around,he was already selling herbs,vegetables and cotton

16、in the market _people from the towns met regularly. 解析:句意;當(dāng)收獲的季節(jié)到來,他在各鎮(zhèn)人們來往的集市上售賣草藥、蔬菜和棉花。先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞market;從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀浯,故用where引導(dǎo)定語從句。where名 師 點(diǎn) 津1確定是定語從句設(shè)空處無提示詞,而設(shè)空前的主句完整;設(shè)空后的句子不完整,且對(duì)設(shè)空前的某一名詞或代詞起限定作用,考慮填定語從句關(guān)系詞。名 師 點(diǎn) 津2掌握3步法解題技巧第1步:分清限制與非限制在先行詞的后面出現(xiàn)逗號(hào)的,是非限制性定語從句。that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句可代表主句的

17、全部或部分內(nèi)容,which意為“這一點(diǎn)”。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,可放句中或句首,意為“正如”。其后的謂語動(dòng)詞多是be seen,be known,be reported,be mentioned,be said,is often the case等。第2步:尋找先行詞,辨別人與物先行詞指人:用that/who/whom/whose;先行詞指物:用that/which/whose等。第3步:判斷所缺成分,確定關(guān)系詞缺少主語:that/which/who;缺少動(dòng)詞的賓語:that/which/who/whom;缺少介詞的賓語:whom/which;缺少定語:whose;缺少時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因狀語

18、時(shí):分別用when,where,why。3必記定語從句中的2個(gè)高頻考點(diǎn)當(dāng)先行詞為表示抽象地點(diǎn)的名詞,如point,situation,case,stage等,若在從句中作狀語,用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句;若作主語或賓語,則用關(guān)系代詞that/which。先行詞為表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因的名詞,在從句中作狀語時(shí),用when/where/why引導(dǎo)從句;在從句中作主語或賓語時(shí),用that或which引導(dǎo)從句??挤?考查名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞成分分析法句意理解法18(2018江蘇)By boat is the only way to get here,which is _ we arrived. 解析

19、:考查名詞性從句。句意:乘船是到達(dá)這里唯一的途徑,這就是我們?nèi)绾蔚竭_(dá)的。分析which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句可知,后面為表語從句,這里用連接副詞how引導(dǎo)表語從句,充當(dāng)方式狀語,表示“如何”。19(2017北京卷)Every year, _makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival. 解析:句意:每年,在風(fēng)箏節(jié)上,制作出最漂亮的風(fēng)箏的人會(huì)贏得一份獎(jiǎng)品。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)主語從句,從句中缺少主語成分,且表示“無論準(zhǔn)”,故填whoever。20(2017天津卷)She asked me _ I had return

20、ed the books to the library,and I admitted that I hadnt. 解析:句意:她問我是否已經(jīng)把書還給圖書館,我承認(rèn)我還沒有歸還。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句,根據(jù)句意可知該賓浯從句要用whether/if引導(dǎo)。whoeverwhether/if21(2017北京卷)Jane moved aimlessly down the treelined street,not knowing _ she was heading. 解析:句意:Jane在綠樹成蔭的街道上漫無目的地走著,不知道她要去哪里。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)賓語從句,從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語,故用where引導(dǎo)賓語從

21、句。22(2016上海卷)Eventually,I decided to follow her and _ happened truly amazed me. 解析:句意:最后我決定跟蹤她,然后發(fā)生的事情真的讓我感到震驚。由謂語動(dòng)詞amazed可知“ _ happened”為主語從句,從句中缺主語,且表示“的事物”,所以用what。where23(2014廣東卷)I didnt understand _this would happen and my credit card had already been charged. 解析:句意:我不明白這種事情為什么發(fā)生,我的信用卡早被扣錢了。設(shè)空后

22、的從句為賓語從句,該從句缺少原因狀語,故填why引導(dǎo)賓語從句。why1確定是名詞性從句設(shè)空處無提示詞,先確定主句主謂結(jié)構(gòu);再確定設(shè)空和設(shè)空后的內(nèi)容在主句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語或同位語。名 師 點(diǎn) 津2利用2個(gè)技巧搞定名詞性從句技巧1分析句子成分缺少主語、賓語、表語:用連接代詞what,who,whom,which,whatever,whose等。缺少狀語(結(jié)合句意判斷):用連接副詞where(表地點(diǎn)),when(表時(shí)間),how(表方式),why(表原因)等。不缺成分,句意缺少“是否”:用if/whether。不缺成分且句子意義完整:用that。技巧2句意語境巧解題有些引導(dǎo)詞在句中有很鮮明的意

23、義,如if“如果”,whoever“無論誰”,whatever“無論什么”,because“因?yàn)椤?,why“為什么”等。結(jié)合句意翻譯和語境,不難解決這類試題。3牢記what和that的區(qū)別that沒有詞義,也不作任何成分,當(dāng)從句意義完整,不缺任何成分時(shí)用that;What在從句中表示“的(東西)”(有時(shí)候可以不譯),在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語等成分??挤?考查狀語從句連接詞根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系和連詞含義解題24(2018江蘇) _ you can sleep well,you will lose the ability to focus,plan and stay motivated afte

24、r one or two nights. 解析:考查連詞。句意:除非你能睡好,否則一兩個(gè)晚上之后,你會(huì)失去專注、計(jì)劃的能力和保持積極性。Unless除非,如果不。25(2017北京卷) _birds use their feathers for flight,some of their feathers are for other purposes. 解析:句意:盡管鳥類用它們的羽毛來飛行,可是它們的羽毛中一些還有其他用處。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。UnlessAlthough/While/Though26(2017北京卷)If you dont understand something,you

25、 may research,study,and talk to other people _ you figure it out. 解析:句意:如果你不明白某件事情,你可以去調(diào)查、研究并與其他人商討,直到你弄明白為止。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,表示“直到為止”,故用until/till。27(2017江蘇卷)Located _the Belt meets the Road,Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction. 解析:句意:位于“一帶”和“一路”的交匯處,江蘇將對(duì)“一帶一路”的建設(shè)貢獻(xiàn)更多。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語

26、從句,且在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語,因此用where引導(dǎo)。until/tillwhere28(2016四川卷) _it cried,she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats. 解析:句意:當(dāng)熊貓寶寶哭的時(shí)候/如果熊貓寶寶哭. 貓媽媽會(huì)輕搖并輕拍它。根據(jù)語境可知用When/if引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,注意在句首,首字母應(yīng)該大寫。29(2016上海卷) _ she could react,I gave her a big hug and told her she didnt need to keep it a secret f

27、rom me. 解析:句意:母親還未來得及做出反應(yīng),我就給了她一個(gè)擁抱。根據(jù)句意可知該句用Before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,表“在之前”。When/IfBefore1確定是狀語從句設(shè)空前后兩個(gè)句子之間含有一定的邏輯關(guān)系時(shí),應(yīng)用狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。22個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)(1)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注幾組引導(dǎo)詞用法名 師 點(diǎn) 津原因狀語從句as,because,since,now that等地點(diǎn)狀語從句where,wherever等目的狀語從句so that,in order that,for fear that,in case等結(jié)果狀語從句so that,so. that. ,such. that. 條件狀語從句if,unle

28、ss,so/as long as,in case讓步狀語從句though/although,as,even if/though,while,however,whether. or. ,whatever,whoever,no matter how/what/which等(2)利用時(shí)間先后法巧定時(shí)間狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生:when,whenever,while,as等。動(dòng)作接連發(fā)生:as soon as,the minute,immediately,once等。先后發(fā)生:before,after等。動(dòng)作的延續(xù):since。動(dòng)作的終止或開始:till/until。反面解讀破解短文改錯(cuò)設(shè)錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1并列

29、連詞的錯(cuò)用、缺失或多余1(2017全國卷)I had grown not only physically,and also mentally in the past few years. _ 解析:此處表示過去幾年里,我不僅身體上成長了,而且思想上也成長了。not only. but also. 為固定搭配??忌煊沶either. nor. ,either. or. ,not. but. 等的基本含義。andbut2(2017全國卷)Before getting into the car,I thought I had learned the instructors orders,so o

30、nce I started the car,my mind went blank. _解析:句意:上車前我認(rèn)為自己領(lǐng)會(huì)了教練的命令,但是一旦啟動(dòng)汽車,我的大腦一片空白。根據(jù)語境可知,此處前后句存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。so是表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞,應(yīng)該改成表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞but或者yet。3(2016全國卷)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are used for cooking. _解析:本句為肯定句,fresh vegetables和high quality oil是并列關(guān)系,應(yīng)用and連接。or

31、and分析句與句之間的關(guān)系和相應(yīng)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)確定是否缺少、多余或用錯(cuò)并列連詞。表并列、選擇或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系用并列連詞and,or或but/yet。表前因后果的關(guān)系用so。表前果后因的關(guān)系用for。while表“對(duì)比”,when表“就在這時(shí)”。名 師 點(diǎn) 津設(shè)錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2定語從句關(guān)系詞的錯(cuò)用或缺失4(2017全國卷)In their spare time,they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden,that is on the rooftop of their house. _解析:分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,第二個(gè)逗號(hào)后面為一個(gè)非限制性定語從句

32、,先行詞為前面句子中的garden,定語從句中缺少主語,故用which。that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。thatwhich或刪what5(2016四川卷)The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorite. _ 解析:先行詞為the dishes,且定語從句中cooked后面缺少賓語,故用關(guān)系代詞that/which引導(dǎo)定語從句。因其在從句中作賓語,故也可省略關(guān)系代詞。whatthat/which或刪去what先行詞指人時(shí)不能用which,whom只作賓語。在介詞或逗號(hào)后不可以用that引導(dǎo)定語從句。what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。先行詞表時(shí)間或地點(diǎn),在從句中作主語或賓語時(shí),用that/which;作狀語用when,where。名 師 點(diǎn) 津設(shè)錯(cuò)點(diǎn)3名詞性從句連接詞的錯(cuò)用、缺失或多余6(2016全

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