2022年2022年英語詞匯學(xué)教程期末總結(jié)

1、精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載1. what is lexicology.lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language. it deals not only with simple words、 but also with complex and compound words.2. morphologyis thestudy oftheforms ofwordsand theircomponents. inmorphology、 morpheme is a basic concept. mo

2、rphemes are considered as the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words. semantics is often defined as the study of meaning. semantics is usually approached from one of two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic. etymologyis the study of the whole history of words. fi

3、rstp2secondthird3. lexicography is closely related to the words in a given language. it involves thewriting and compilation of dictionaries、 especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries.4 . major features of words:1). a word is a sound or com

4、bination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal equipment.2). a word is symbolic and is used to stand for something else. 3. the word is an uninterruptible unit.4). a word has to do with its social function.5). a word may consist of one or more morphemes.6). words are part of the large c

5、ommunication system we call language. 7. a word occurs typically in the structure of phrases.5. lexical words: are nouns、 verbs、 adjectives、 and adverbs. grammatical words arewords likepronouns、 prepositions、 demonstrative、determiners、conjunctions、 auxiliary verbs、 and so on.6. the morphemesaretheul

6、timategrammaticalconstituents、thesmallest meaningful units of language.one morpheme: boy、 desire、 saytwo morphemes: boy+ish、 desire+ablethree morphemes: boy+ish+ness、 desire+able+ityfour morphemes: gentle+men+li+ness、 un+desire+able+ity7. phonemes、 which are the smallest working units of sound per s

7、e、 build up into morphemes、 a morpheme is composed of one or more phonemes.8. lexical itemas a unitoflexicalmeaning、 whichexistsregardless ofanyinflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain. lexeme is considered an abstract linguistic unit with different variants.9. types of

8、 morphemes:精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載1. bound morphemes and free morphemes 2. derivational and inflectional morphemes10.seven types of meaning:conceptual meaning、 connotative meaning、 social meaning、 affective meaning、 reflected meaning、 collocative meaning、 thematic meaning.11.conceptualmeaning、whichi

9、ssometimescalleddenotativeorcognitivemeaning、 refers to meanings as presented in a dictionary.12.connotative meaning is the communicative value of an expression by virtue of what it refers to 、 over and above its purely conceptual content. connotations vary from age or age、 from society to society、

10、and from individual to individual within the same speech community.13.roots tend to have a core meaning which is in some way modified by the affix、but determining meaning is sometimes tricky.14 . polysemy refers to the situation in which a word has twoor more different meanings.15.homonymy refers to

11、 a situation in which there are two or more words with thesame shape. 16.old english period450-1066: features: the vocabulary of old english is almost purely germanic、 a large part of this vocabulary has disappeared from the language.the middle english period 1066-1500: features: some of the changes

12、 were the results of thenormanconquest and the conditions which followedthatevent;others were a continuation of tendencies that had begun to appear in old english; in grammar, english changed from a highly inflected language to an analytical one.the english vocabulary was characterized by the loss o

13、f a large partof the old english word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from french and latin.early modern english period 1500-1800: the advent of the printing revolutionmarked its beginning. printing played a major role in fostering the norms of spelling and pronunciation.throughout the

14、modern period、 writtenenglish has been quite uniform. it is the transitional period from middle english to modern english period.the modern english period 1800-present: unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary; the assertion of american english as a dominant variety of the language; the emergen

15、ce of other varieties known as new englishes.17.major influences on english:the scandinavian influence the norman conquestthe latin influence18.borrowing is the process of imitatinga word from a foreign language and、 at least partly、 adapting it in sound or grammar to the native language. the word t

16、hus borrowed is called a loanword or borrowing.精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載19 . three ways of extending the word stock: borrowing words that already exist in otherlanguages; creating entirelynew words; formingnew wordsfromexisting resources within the word stock.20.english has some built-in processes of

17、creating words: the addition of prefixes and suffixes; blending; compounding; conversion; back formation.21.inflection refers to a general grammatical process which combines words andaffixes to produce alternative grammatical forms of words.p55 看表格的例子22.affixation is the process whereby an affix is

18、attached to a base. derivation refers to the creation of a new word by means of the addition of an affix to a stem. two principal kinds of affixation: prefixing and suffixing. prefixes like un-、 pre-、 and dis- serve to change the meaning of words、 though notusually theirpart of speech. suffixes and

19、prefixes often change the grammatical class of words.pounding refers to the method and device of language to form new wordsbycombiningorputtingtogetheroldwords.characteristics:phraseson phonological、 syntactic、 and semantic grounds.24.conversion isa process by whicha wordbelonging toonewordclass ist

20、ransferred to another word class without any change in form.p67 看noun-verb:看 p68 表格看 p74 表格25.backformationis the making of a new wordfroman olderwordwhich is mistakenly assumed to be its derivative.26.antonymy refers to the relationship of oppositeness of meaning between words.26.there are many dif

21、ferentsources of idioms: every-day life; food and cooking; agricultural life; nautical life and military life; many idioms are related to parts of the body、 animals、 and colors.28.idioms can be divided into three groups:the first group has irregular form but clear meaning.the second group has a regu

22、lar form but an unclear meaning. the third group is irregular both in form and meaning.two features of idioms: ambiguity and syntactic peculiarities29.types of dictionaries:general and specialized dictionaries monolingual and bilingual dictionaries electronic and print dictionaries30.longman diction

23、ary of contemporary englishall the definitions are writtenusing the longman defining vocabulary of just 2000 common words.the top 3000 most frequent words in spoken and written english are highlighted to show which are the most important to know.whether in print、 on dvd-rom、 online、 via a pda or mob

24、ile phone、 the user can access language support whenever and wherever he/she wants.31.a euphemism is a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoidfrightening or unpleasant subjects. 32.classification of euphemisms p1221. terms of foreign and/or technical origin e.g.copulation、 perspire精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載2.abbreviations e.g. sob forson of a bitch3.abstractions and ambiguities e.g