總結渦輪增壓器使用過程中的注意事項

1、總結渦輪增壓器使用過程中的注意事項總結渦輪增壓器使用過程中的注意事項渦輪增壓器是利用 發(fā)動機排氣管排出的高速氣流帶動渦輪旋轉，并通過同軸旋轉的進氣葉輪增大進氣管的空氣壓力，增加氣缸的充氣量，提高發(fā)動 機功率，并降低排放，該技術在建筑機械上應用日趨廣泛。Turbochargeristheuseofengineexhaustpipesofhighspeedairturbinerota tion,andthroughthecoaxialrotationoftheimpellerattheinletincreasedint akepipeoftheairpressure,increaseyourcyl

2、inder,increaseenginepower,a ndreduceemissions,thetechnologyisincreasinglywidelyusedinconstru ctionmachinery.由于廢氣渦輪增壓器安裝在排氣管上，工作環(huán)境 惡劣，通常處在500c高溫和每分鐘1020萬轉的高速下工作， 且與發(fā)動機共用一套潤滑系統(tǒng)，潤滑條件差，如使用維護不當， 很容易導致增壓器損壞，使發(fā)動機無法正常工作。我們只有了解其結構、原理，掌握正確的使用與維護方法， 才能有效提高機械的壽命，充分發(fā)揮其性能。Duetoexhaustgasturbochargersinstalledonth

3、eexhaustpipe,badworken vironment,usuallyat500Chightemperatureandunde門0200000RPMhighspeedwork,anduseaset oflubricationsystemandengine,poorlubricationcondition,suchastheus eofimpropermaintenance,veryeasytocausetheturbochargerisdamaged,theenginecantworknormally.Weonlyknowitsstructure,principle,tomas te

4、rthecorrectuseandmaintenance,caneffectivelyimprovethemechanica llife,givefullplaytoitsperance. 一、廢氣渦輪增壓器的工作原理 A,theworkingprincipleofexhaustgasturbocharger 渦輪增壓器主要由 渦輪機、中間體和壓氣機三大部分組成（如圖所示）。渦輪機的主要作用是利用發(fā)動機排出的廢氣沖擊渦輪作功， 以驅動壓氣機葉輪高速旋轉。壓氣機的作用是將渦輪旋轉的動能轉變?yōu)榭諝獾膲毫δ埽?進入發(fā)動機的空氣壓力有效提高，增大空氣進入量。中間體既是增壓器的支承機構，又是增壓器的潤

5、滑冷卻裝置。工作時，增壓器轉子軸一端的渦輪葉輪在氣缸排出的廢氣驅動下，帶動另一端的壓氣機葉輪高速旋轉（30000160000轉/分鐘），同時，渦輪帶動離心式壓氣機提高進氣壓力，并通過中冷 器冷卻，增大空氣的密度后進入氣缸，使每個工作循環(huán)進入氣缸 的新鮮空氣量增加，從而噴入更多的燃油。高壓空氣流經進氣管進入氣缸與噴入氣缸的更多柴油混合燃 燒，顯著改善了發(fā)動機的燃燒過程，可提高發(fā)動機功率30%50%,降低油耗8%左右。Turbochargerismainlycomposedofturbines,intermediatesandcompres sorthreeparts(asshown).Turbi

6、neisthemainpurposeofusingengineexha ustfromimpactturbinework,todrivethecompressorimpellerrotatingata highspeed.Istheroleofcompressorturbinerotationalkineticenergyistran sedintotheairpressurecan,ismakingtheairpressureintotheengineeffecti vely,increasetheamountofairintothe.Intermediatesisasupercharger

7、bea ringstructure,andthesuperchargerlubricationcoolingdevice.Work,supe rchargerrotorshaftsideoftheturbineimpellerdriveninwastegasinthecyli nder,drivenattheotherendofthehigh-speedrotatingcompressorimpeller (30000160000RPM),atthesametime,thegasturbinedrivingcentrifuga lcompressorandairpressure,andthro

8、ughthecoldcool,afterincreasingthe densityofairintothecylinder,makeeachworkcycleinthefreshairinthecyl indervolumeincrease,thusmorefuelinjection.Highpressureairthrought heintakepipeandinjectionintothecylindercylindermoredieselhybridco mbustion,significantlyimprovedthecombustionprocessofengineanden gin

9、epowercanbeimproved30%50%,reducefuelconsumptionbyaroun d8%.二、廢氣渦輪增壓器的使用注意事項 2,theuseoftheexhaustturbinesuperchargermattersneedingattention 期 刊文章分類查詢，盡在期刊圖書館 Journalarticlesclassifiedquery,injournalsinthelibrary1、選用潤滑油 要確保質量 1,theselectionoflubricatingoiltoensurequality 渦輪增壓 器普遍采用全浮式軸承，對機油的要求很高，應按規(guī)定加

10、注，并 定期清洗機油濾清器，保持機油清潔，嚴防泥砂和雜質摻入，如 有臟物摻入潤滑油將加速軸承磨損。當軸承過度磨損時，葉片甚至會與殼體發(fā)生摩擦使轉子轉速下降，增壓器及柴油發(fā)動機的性能將迅速惡化，出現(xiàn)功率下降、 黑煙過多、噪聲增大以及轉子軸兩端漏油等現(xiàn)象。Turbochargercommonlyemployedfullfloatingbearing,hasahighrequir ementontheengineoil,shouldbeinaccordancewiththeprovisions,filling, andregularcleaningofoilfilter,keeptheoilclea

11、n,bewareofmud,sandandi mpuritiesadded,ifthereisdirtmixedwithoilwillacceleratethebearingwe ar.Whenbearingexcessivewear,bladesandevenwiththefrictionoftherot orspeedwillbereduced,thesuperchargerandthedieselengineperancewil ldeterioraterapidly,apowerdrop,increasetoomuchsmoke,noiseandthep henomenonsuchas

12、oilleakageonbothendsoftherotorshaft.2 起動后要 充分潤滑 2,afterstartingtosufficientlubrication 發(fā)動機起動后，機油 到達渦輪軸承需要一定的時間，這時軸承的潤滑條件差，所以， 起動后發(fā)動機應怠速運轉5分鐘左右，使?jié)櫥瓦_到一定的溫度和壓力，以避免突加負荷時軸承潤滑不良而加速磨損，甚至出現(xiàn)卡死現(xiàn)象。凡是更換機油、醬油清洗機油濾清器或車輛停放一周以上后，起動前必須從進油口加入少量干凈機油，并轉動轉子，使增壓器得到充分的潤滑，或在起動前轉動曲軸幾次，預潤滑增壓器。Afterstartingengine,oilittakest

13、imetoreachtheturbinebearing,thebearin gslubricationconditionispoor,so,afterstartingtheengineidlespeedshoul dberunforabout5minutes,thelubricatingoilreachesacertaintemperature andpressure,inordertoavoidsuddenload-uppoorlubricationbearingand acceleratewear,appearevenstuckphenomenon.Everyoilchange,clean

14、th eoilfilterorvehicleparkingformorethanaweeklater,beforestartingmustf rominlettojoinasmallamountofcleanengineoil,andturntherotor,thesup erchargergetsufficientlubrication,orrotatethecrankshaftseveraltimes,b eforestartingprelubricatedsupercharger.3. 熄火 前要怠 速降溫 3.Toidletocoolbeforeshutdown發(fā)動機在高速滿負荷運轉，

15、或持續(xù) 大負荷運轉中不可立即停車。如突然停車，增壓器轉子因慣性還會繼續(xù)高速旋轉，而柴油 發(fā)動機停車后潤滑系停止工作，增壓器軸承部位熱量無法通過潤 滑油帶走，乳化液泵站且得不到充分潤滑，很容易使軸承、轉子 組件因缺油或過熱而損壞。正常使用時應慢慢降低轉速和負荷，停車前應怠速運轉35分鐘。Enginerunningatfullcapacityathighspeed,orcontinuetoimmediatelysto pbigloadoperation.Suchassuddenstop,thesuperchargerrotorduetothehi ghspeedrotationinertiawil

16、lcontinue,anddieselenginelubricationsyste mtostopworkingwhenparking,superchargerbearingpartsbyoilawayhea t,andinadequatelubrication,itiseasytomakebearing,forlackofoilorover heatinganddamageofrotorcomponents.Duringnormaluseshallbeslowl yreducetheenginespeedandload,parkingshouldbeidlerunbefore35mi nut

17、es4 使用中要定期保養(yǎng) 4,theuseofmaintenanceonaregularbasis 定期清潔空氣濾清器并檢查進氣系統(tǒng)是否漏氣。若濾清器堵塞，會使進氣阻力增大，使壓氣機入口的空氣壓 力和流量減少，造成增壓器工作效率降低。若進氣系統(tǒng)漏氣，灰塵將被吸入壓氣機殼內并進入氣缸，造 成葉片和柴油發(fā)動機零件早期磨損，致使增壓機和柴油發(fā)動機性 能變壞。Cleanairfilterregularlyandcheckwhethertheairintakesystemleak.Ifthef ilterblocked,canmaketheairintakeresistanceincrease,redu

18、cethecompre ssorinletairpressureandflowrate,whichreducestheturbochargerefficien cy.Iftheairintakesystemleak,dustwillbesuckedintoinsidethecompresso rcasingandintothecylinder,causingleavesearlywearanddieselenginepa rts,thesuperchargerandthedieselengineperancedeteriorat淀 期檢查 增壓器轉子的軸向移動量和清除進油口的積碳。每工作200

19、02500小時，應檢查轉子軸的靈活性，測量轉子的軸向移動量。測量時先拆下進、排氣管，用千分表觸頭頂在轉子軸上，然 后軸向推動葉輪進行測量，若移動量超過規(guī)定值，應拆下檢修。清除中間殼上進油口的積碳，以確保機油順暢進入增壓器。Regularlycheckthesuperchargerrotoraxialtravelmotionofcarbondepos itionandremovalofoilinlet.Everyworkof20002500hours,shouldchec ktheflexibilityoftherotorshaft,rotoraxialtravelmotionofmeasure

20、ment. Whenmeasuringthefirstremovetheinletandexhaustpipe,touchthehead withadialindicatorontherotorshaft,theaxialmovestheimpellerwasmeas ured,ifthemobilemorethanspecifiedvalue,shouldremovetheaccess.Cle arancebetweenshellinletonthecarbondeposition,toensurethattheoilflo wintothesupercharger.三、廢氣渦輪增壓器的常見

21、故障排除 Third,commontroubleshootingoftheexhaustturbinesupercharger1> 渦 輪轉速下 降或發(fā) 動機 冒黑 煙 1,theturbinespeeddownortheengineemitblacksmoke 主要原因： 空氣 濾清器堵塞；壓氣機吸氣通道和內腔因油垢過多而阻塞；氣缸內積碳與廢氣中的煙塵積聚在渦輪軸套內，使轉子軸阻力增大；排氣管阻塞或變形，導致排氣不暢；渦輪密封環(huán)磨損失效，引起廢 氣泄漏，對渦輪葉輪的驅動力減小；進氣管或接頭卡箍未擰緊造成進氣泄漏；渦輪葉輪經廢氣長期沖刷而變形。Mainreason:airfilterpl

22、ugging;Compressorsuctionpassageandlumenob structionduetogreasetoomuch;Carbonintheaircylinderandtheexhausts ootaccumulationwithintheturbineshaftsleeve,makerotorshaftresistanc eincreases;Exhaustpipeblockingordeation,causingtheexhaustpoorly;T urbinesealingringwearfailure,causegasleakage,thedrivingforce

23、ofthetu rbineimpellerdecrease;Inletpipeclampnottightenorjointcauseintakelea k;Bytheexhaustgasturbineimpellererosionanddeationforalongtime.排 除方法：清除空氣通道內阻塞物，消除進、排氣管的泄漏。Elimination:removeobstructionintheairchannel,eliminatetheleakageo 萬nletandexhaustpipe.2、 壓力機端或渦輪端漏油 2,presstheendortheturbineendleakag

24、駐要原因：是壓氣機端油封 磨損失效。當增壓器潤滑系統(tǒng)內的機油竄入壓氣機室，被吸入氣缸內燃 燒，會造成機油過度消耗和氣缸內積碳。二是渦輪端密封環(huán)損壞。當柴油機高速運轉時，廢氣會竄入增壓器的潤滑系統(tǒng)，污染 機油；且當柴油機低速運轉時，增壓器內的機油則漏過密封環(huán)從排氣管排出，造成機油的過度消耗。Mainreasons:oneisthecompressoroilsealwearfailure.Whentheoilinsid etheturbochargerlubricationsystemintothecompressorroom,drawninto thecombustionincylinder,o

25、ilwillcauseexcessiveconsumptionandcarbo ndepositioninthecylinder.Thesecondistheturbineendsealingringdama ge.Whenhighspeeddieselengines,gaswillintotheturbochargerlubricati onsystem,oilpollution;Insideandwhenlowspeeddieselengine,turbocha rgeroilleakageissealingringfromtheexhaustpipes,causedbyexcessive

26、c onsumptionofengineoil.排除方法：檢查回油管、柴油機通風管和各連接管路的密封，需要時更換密封圈。Elimination:checkbacktotheoilpipe,ventilationpipeandthedieselengin econnectingpipesealing,whenneedtoreplacethesealingring.3 增壓器 溫度過高 3,thesuperchargertemperaturetoohigh主要原因：由于增 壓器和發(fā)動機共用潤滑系，若柴油機自身溫度過高，增壓器溫度也隨之上升；渦輪端油封磨損失效，機油竄入渦輪室內燃燒，渦 輪一端的溫度將大幅度升高。渦輪端溫度應在500 c左右，壓氣機端溫度不應燙手，若超出該溫度范圍則易燒壞增壓器。Sharedmainre