英語寫作 lecture 2. diction - EST English

1、Lecture 2Linguistic feature diction(1)Goals: to get to know the types of EST/technical wordsto be clear about the formation of EST wordsto better comprehend the features of EST wordsEST clearness, conciseness, exactness 1. Types of EST words Functional words (功能詞) Semi-technical words (次技術(shù)詞) Technic

2、al words (技術(shù)詞匯) I. Functional words They do not have notions of their own empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prep., conj., auxiliaries and articles belong to this cate

3、gory. In general/literary English and technical English, they are same in their meanings. Eg: Without air a living thing will die. We must test the device under operation condition. When do you come home? (we , must , the , under , without , will)II. Semi-technical words They are also the most commo

4、nly used words in Plain English and English for Special Purpose. Most of them are originated from Latin and Greek. Eg: mechanical (機械的) ,zenith (天頂) ,science (科學(xué)) ,technology (技術(shù)) ,project(工程). But some others are borrowed from common English, and have different meanings from those in LE. Eg: Die 死

5、模具 Trip 旅行 母線 Monitor 班長 監(jiān)視器 Power 力量 功率 Support 支持 支架 Post 郵遞 支柱 Revolution革命 轉(zhuǎn) Union 聯(lián)合 活結(jié)頭 Flash 閃耀, Macromedia 公司開發(fā)的動畫編輯工具 However, some technology vocabulary is gradually evolved from an ordinary English vocabulary. Such technology is part of English vocabulary and often maintains close relatio

6、ns with the ordinary English vocabulary. Such a close relation is manifested mainly in three aspects: being similar to the external shape of objects, similar to functions, and similar to the relationship between objects and objects. 1. Similarity to the external shape of objects (物體外部形狀相似) Eg: Wing

7、翅膀翅膀 機翼機翼 Leg 腿腿 支架支架 Eye 眼睛眼睛 孔，孔環(huán)，小眼孔，孔環(huán)，小眼 Horn 角，犄角角，犄角 操作桿操作桿 Tooth 牙，牙齒牙，牙齒 齒輪，鋸齒齒輪，鋸齒 Pin 大頭針大頭針 接線柱接線柱 Knee 膝蓋膝蓋 彎管彎管 Elbow 肘肘 彎頭彎頭 Crane 鶴鶴 起重機起重機 Snow 雪雪 雪花效應(yīng)雪花效應(yīng) 2. Similarity to functions (物體功能相似) Eg: 單詞 普通詞義 科技詞義 Monkey (一蹦一跳的一蹦一跳的)猴猴 打樁錘打樁錘 Pecker 啄木鳥啄木鳥 穿孔器穿孔器 Library 圖書館圖書館 程序庫程序庫 An

8、swer 響應(yīng)，回答響應(yīng)，回答 回答訊號回答訊號3. Similarity to the relationship between objects (物體之間的關(guān)系相似). Eg: Baby: “嬰兒” (LE), “微小的物體” (TE). Eg: baby car (微型汽車), baby carrier (輕型航空母艦), baby tower(小型蒸餾塔). Mother “母親”(LE), “母體,主”(TE). Eg:mother machine (工作母機) ,mother rod (主(母) 連) ,motherboard(母板) . Daughter “女兒” (LE), “

9、子體” (TE). Eg: daughter board (子插件) , daughter neutron (派生中子) , daughter nucleus(子核) More differences in the use of vowels: Eg: sleep (睡覺) -asleep (睡著的), fire (點燃) - afire (燃燒著) More eg: awake, away, alive, aside. (here, in these common words, “a” says the former state ) However, in technical English

10、, the letter “a” plus a word means opposite to the original meaning. Eg:dynamic(動態(tài)的)-adynamic (非動態(tài)的), static (靜止的) -astatic (非靜止的), asymmetric (不對稱的), amorphous（無定形的）, asynchronous（非同時的）. . Technical words In literary English, polysemy and synonym are quite common. For example, the words like “do, g

11、et, have, take” consist of several meaning in different context, and they also have a lot of synonyms. But in technical English, a word usually has a single meaning or a single interpretation. For example: phenanchrahydroquinone ( 菲爾粉) , diisocyanate (二異氰酸鹽) , nitroglycerin (硝酸甘油) (But the specific

12、meaning of technical terms can be used to express the exact meaning.) 2. Formation of EST words compounding、轉(zhuǎn)化法 conversion、派生法 derivation、縮寫法 Abridged: blending (brunch, medicare) clipping (phone, dorm, flu, pop popular music) acronymy (VOA, TV) backformation (editor, edit, ) Derivation The process

13、by which words are formed from existing words or bases by adding affixes, as “singer” from “sing” or “undo” from “do”, by changing the shape of the word or base, as “song” from “sing”, or by adding an affix and changing the pronunciation of the word or base, as “electricity” from “electric”. Numeral

14、s in ordinary English can constitute compound words. Eg: One-track (單軌的), Three-year (三年的). But in the scientific writing, the compound words synthesized by the numerals are mainly expressed through Greek and Latin number prefixes. Eg: semi (半): semi-metal (半金屬); mono (單一) mono-pulse (單脈沖); di (二,雙)

15、 diode (二極管); tri (三) triode (三極管); tetra (四) tetraatomic(四原子的); meth (甲基) methane (甲烷); ethyl (乙基) ethane (乙烷) Affixation: is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Eg: de (脫,除) : degreaser (除油器) , defroster (除冰劑) ;anti (防,抗) : anti-acid

16、(抗酸的) , antiage (防老化的) ;poly ( 多, 聚): polycore ( 多芯的) , polythene (聚乙烯) ;super (超,過) : superconductor (超導(dǎo)體)，superfraction (過精餾) ;micro (微) : microbeam (微光束) , microeffect (微效) ;mal (誤,不良) : maloperation(誤操作) , maladjustment (失調(diào)) ;meter ( 計, 儀): megameter(搖表) , spectrometer (分光計) ;scope ( 儀器): spectr

17、oscope(分光儀) , oscilloscope (示波器) ;graph (表示記錄工具): chromatograph (色譜儀)，spectrograph (攝譜儀)Abridged 縮略法-blending Blending: is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Eg: connecting rod conrod (連桿) variable resistor varistor (可變電阻) reduction oxid

18、ation redox (氧化還原作用) telegraph exchange telex (電傳) rectifier transformer rectiformer ( 整流變壓器)Abridged 縮略法-acronyms Acronyms: are words formed from initial letters by pronounced as normal word. Eg: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation laser (激光) sound navigation ranging sonar(聲納) r

19、adio detecting and ranging radar (雷達) laser leiz radar reida : sonarAbridged 縮略法Initialisms Initialisms: are words pronounced letter by letter. CPU central processing unit(中央處理單元) GC gas chromatograph (氣相色譜儀) ESP electrostatic precipitator(靜電收塵器) PPM part s per million (百萬分率) GMT Greenwich Mean Time

20、(格林威治平均時間) TDI toluene diisocyanate ( 甲苯二異氰酸脂) TDA toluene diamine (甲苯二胺)3. Features of EST Words Common words (native ): productivity, polysemy, ollocability. Technical words: foreign or borrowed, learned and big words. Eg: send-transmit, enough sufficient, better superior, at once-immediately, to

21、push down to depress, to take off/away to remove. More examples: EST GE LE (colloquial) Television TV Telly 電視 Satisfactory OK Up to the mark 令人滿意的 Transparent Clear Lucid 透明 Inexperienced operator Fresh hand Green hand 新手3. Features of EST Words There are some features in the origin and structure of EST( English for Science and Technology) words as follows : specialized common words, words originated from other subject, compound words, abridged words words borrowed from foreign languages.Specialized common wor