高級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)技術(shù)PPT課件

1、高級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)技術(shù)高級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)技術(shù)2020年秋季年秋季Chapter MORE SQL: Assertions, Views, and Programming TechniquesChapter Outline9.1 General Constraints as Assertions9.2 Views in SQL9.3 Database Programming9.4 Embedded SQL9.5 Functions Calls, SQL/CLI9.6 Stored Procedures, SQL/PSM9.7 SummaryChapter ObjectiveslSpecification of

2、more general constraints via assertionslSQL facilities for defining views (virtual tables)lVarious techniques for accessing and manipulating a database via programs in general-purpose languages (e.g., Java)Constraints as Assertionsl General constraints: constraints that do not fit in the basic SQL c

3、ategories (presented in chapter 8)l Mechanism: CREAT ASSERTIONcomponents include: a constraint name, followed by CHECK, followed by a conditionAssertions: An Examplel“The salary of an employee must not be greater than the salary of the manager of the department that the employee works forCREAT ASSER

4、TION SALARY_CONSTRAINTCHECK (NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE E, EMPLOYEE M, DEPARTMENT D WHERE E.SALARY M.SALARY AND E.DNO=D.NUMBER AND D.MGRSSN=M.SSN)Using General AssertionslSpecify a query that violates the condition; include inside a NOT EXISTS clauselQuery result must be empty if the query r

5、esult is not empty, the assertion has been violatedSQL TriggerslObjective: to monitor a database and take action when a condition occurslTriggers are expressed in a syntax similar to assertions and include the following: event (e.g., an update operation) condition action (to be taken when the condit

6、ion is satisfied)SQL Triggers: An Examplel A trigger to compare an employees salary to his/her supervisor during insert or update operations:CREATE TRIGGER INFORM_SUPERVISORBEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OFSALARY, SUPERVISOR_SSN ON EMPLOYEEFOR EACH ROWWHEN(NEW.SALARY (SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SSN=

7、NEW.SUPERVISOR_SSN)INFORM_SUPERVISOR (NEW.SUPERVISOR_SSN,NEW.SSN;Views in SQLlA view is a “virtual” table that is derived from other tableslAllows for limited update operations (since the table may not physically be stored)lAllows full query operationslA convenience for expressing certain operations

8、Specification of Viewsl SQL command: CREATE VIEW a table (view) name a possible list of attribute names (for example, when arithmetic operations are specified or when we want the names to be different from the attributes in the base relations) a query to specify the table contentsSQL Views: An Examp

9、lelSpecify a different WORKS_ON tableCREATE TABLE WORKS_ON_NEW ASSELECT FNAME, LNAME, PNAME, HOURSFROM EMPLOYEE, PROJECT, WORKS_ON WHERE SSN=ESSN AND PNO=PNUMBERGROUP BY PNAME;Using a Virtual TablelWe can specify SQL queries on a newly create table (view):SELECT FNAME, LNAME FROM WORKS_ON_NEWWHERE P

10、NAME=Seena;lWhen no longer needed, a view can be dropped:DROP WORKS_ON_NEW;Efficient View ImplementationlQuery modification: present the view query in terms of a query on the underlying base tables disadvantage: inefficient for views defined via complex queries (especially if additional queries are

11、to be applied to the view within a short time period)Efficient View ImplementationlView materialization: involves physically creating and keeping a temporary table assumption: other queries on the view will follow concerns: maintaining correspondence between the base table and the view when the base

12、 table is updated strategy: incremental updateView UpdatelUpdate on a single view without aggregate operations: update may map to an update on the underlying base tablelViews involving joins: an update may map to an update on the underlying base relations not always possibleUn-updatable ViewslViews

13、defined using groups and aggregate functions are not updateablelViews defined on multiple tables using joins are generally not updateablel WITH CHECK OPTION: must be added to the definition of a view if the view is to be updated to allow check for updatability and to plan for an execution strategyDa

14、tabase ProgramminglObjective: to access a database from an application program (as opposed to interactive interfaces)lWhy? An interactive interface is convenient but not sufficient; a majority of database operations are made thru application programs (nowadays thru web applications)Database Programm

15、ing ApproacheslEmbedded commands: database commands are embedded in a general-purpose programming languagelLibrary of database functions: available to the host language for database calls; known as an APIlA brand new, full-fledged language (minimizes impedance mismatch)Impedance MismatchlIncompatibi

16、lities between a host programming language and the database model, e.g., type mismatch and incompatibilities; requires a new binding for each language set vs. record-at-a-time processinglneed special iterators to loop over query results and manipulate individual valuesSteps in Database Programming1.

17、 Client program opens a connection to the database server2. Client program submits queries to and/or updates the database3. When database access is no longer needed, client program terminates the connectionEmbedded SQLlMost SQL statements can be embedded in a general-purpose host programming languag

18、e such as COBOL, C, JavalAn embedded SQL statement is distinguished from the host language statements by EXEC SQL and a matching END-EXEC (or semicolon) shared variables (used in both languages) usually prefixed with a colon (:) in SQLExample: Variable Declarationin Language Cl Variables inside DECL

19、ARE are shared and can appear (while prefixed by a colon) in SQL statementsl SQLCODE is used to communicate errors/exceptions between the database and the programint loop;EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;varchar dname16, fname16, ;char ssn10, bdate11, ;int dno, dnumber, SQLCODE, ;EXEC SQL END DECLARE

20、SECTION;SQL Commands forConnecting to a DatabaselConnection (multiple connections are possible but only one is active)CONNECT TO server-name AS connection-nameAUTHORIZATION user-account-info;lChange from an active connection to another oneSET CONNECTION connection-name;lDisconnectionDISCONNECT conne

21、ction-name; Embedded SQL in CProgramming Examplesloop = 1;while (loop) prompt (“Enter SSN: “, ssn);EXEC SQLselect FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SALARYinto :fname, :lname, :address, :salaryfrom EMPLOYEE where SSN = :ssn;if (SQLCODE = 0) printf(fname, );else printf(“SSN does not exist: “, ssn);prompt(“More S

22、SN? (1=yes, 0=no): “, loop);END-EXEC Embedded SQL in CProgramming ExampleslA cursor (iterator) is needed to process multiple tupleslFETCH commands move the cursor to the next tuplelCLOSE CURSOR indicates that the processing of query results has been completedDynamic SQLl Objective: executing new (no

23、t previously compiled) SQL statements at run-time a program accepts SQL statements from the keyboard at run-time a point-and-click operation translates to certain SQL queryl Dynamic update is relatively simple; dynamic query can be complex because the type and number of retrieved attributes are unkn

24、own at compile timeDynamic SQL: An ExampleEXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;varchar sqlupdatestring256;EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;prompt (“Enter update command:“, sqlupdatestring);EXEC SQL PREPARE sqlcommand FROM :sqlupdatestring;EXEC SQL EXECUTE sqlcommand;Embedded SQL in JavalSQLJ: a standard for e

25、mbedding SQL in JavalAn SQLJ translator converts SQL statements into Java (to be executed thru the JDBC interface)lCertain classes, e.g., java.sql have to be importedJava Database ConnectivitylJDBC: SQL connection function calls for Java programminglA Java program with JDBC functions can access any

26、relational DBMS that has a JDBC driverlJDBC allows a program to connect to several databases (known as data sources)Steps in JDBC Database Access1. Import JDBC library (java.sql.*)2. Load JDBC driver: Class.forname(“oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver”)3. Define appropriate variables4. Create a connect object (via getConnection)5. Create a statement object from the Statement class:1.PreparedStatment2.CallableStatementSteps in JDBC Database Access(continued)6. Identify statement parameters (to be designated by question marks)7. Bound parameters to pr