大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試真題二

1、The End of the Book?A Amazon, by far the largest bookseller in the country, reported on May 19 that it is now selling more books in its electronic Kindle format than in the old paper-and-ink format. That is remarkable, considering that the Kindle has only been around for four years. E-books now acco

2、unt for 14 percent of all book sales in the country and are increasing far faster than overall book sales. E-book sales are up 146 percent over last year, while hardback sales increased 6 percent and paperbacks decreased 8 percent.B Does this spell the doom of the physical book? Certainly not immedi

3、ately, and perhaps not at all. What it does mean is that the book business will go through a transformation in the next decade or so more profound than any it has seen since Gutenberg introduced printing from moveable type in the 1450s.C Physical books will surely become much rarer in the marketplac

4、e. Mass market paperbacks, which have been declining for years anyway, will probably disappear, as will hardbacks for mysteries, thrillers, “romance fiction,” etc. Such books, which only rarely end up in permanent collections, either private or public, will probably only be available as e-books with

5、in a few years. Hardback and trade paperbacks for “serious” nonfiction and fiction will surely last longer. Perhaps it will become the mark of an author to reckon with that he or she is still published in hard copy.D As for childrens books, who knows? Childrens books are like dog food in that the pu

6、rchasers are not the consumers, so the market (and the marketing) is inherently strange.E For clues to the books future, lets look at some examples of technological change and see what happened to the old technology.F One technology replaces another only because the new technology is better, cheaper

7、, or both. The greater the difference, the sooner and more thoroughly the new technology replaces the old. Printing with moveable type on paper dramatically reduced the cost of producing a book compared with the old-fashioned ones handwritten on vellum, which comes from sheepskin. A Bibleto be sure,

8、 a long bookrequired vellum made from 300 sheepskins and countless man-hours of labor. Before printing arrived, a Bible cost more than a middle-class house. There were perhaps 50,000 books in all of Europe in 1450. By 1500 there were 10 million.G But while printing quickly caused the hand written bo

9、ok to die out, handwriting lingered on (繼續(xù)存在) well into the 16th century. Very special books are still occasionally produced on vellum, but they are one-of-a-kind show pieces.HSometimes a new technology doesnt drive the old one out, but only parts of it while forcing the rest to evolve. The movies w

10、ere widely predicted to drive live theater out of the marketplace, but they didnt, because theater turned out to have qualities movies could not reproduce. Equally, TV was supposed to replace movies but, again, did not.I Movies did, however, fatally impact some parts of live theater. And while TV di

11、dnt kill movies, it did kill second-rate pictures, shorts, and cartoons.J Nor did TV kill radio. Comedy and drama shows (“Jack Benny,” “Amos and Andy,” “The Shadow”) all migrated to television. But because you cant drive a car and watch television at the same time, rush hour became radios prime, whi

12、le music, talk, and news radio greatly enlarged their audiences. Radio is today a very different business than in the late 1940s and a much larger one.K Sometimes old technology lingers for centuries because of its symbolic power. Mounted cavalry (騎兵) replaced the chariot (二輪戰(zhàn)車) on the battlefield a

13、round 1000 BC. But chariots maintained their place in parades and triumphs right up until the end of the Roman Empire 1,500 years later. The sword hasnt had a military function for a hundred years, but is still part of an officers full-dress uniform, precisely because a sword always symbolized “an o

14、fficer and a gentleman.”L Sometimes new technology is a little cranky (不穩(wěn)定的) at first. Television repairman was a common occupation in the 1950s, for instance. And so the old technology remains as a backup. Steamships captured the North Atlantic passenger business from sail in the 1840s because of i

15、ts much greater speed. But steamships didnt lose their sails until the 1880s, because early marine engines had a nasty habit of breaking down. Until ships became large enough (and engines small enough) to mount two engines side by side, they needed to keep sails. (The high cost of steam and the less

16、er need for speed kept the majority of the worlds ocean freight moving by sail until the early years of the 20th century.)M Then there is the fireplace. Central heating was present in every upper-and middle-class home by the second half of the 19th century. But functioning fireplaces remain to this

17、day a powerful selling point in a house or apartment. I suspect the reason is a deep-rooted love of the fire. Fire was one of the earliest major technological advances for humankind, providing heat, protection, and cooked food (which is much easier to cat and digest). Human control of fire goes back

18、 far enough (over a million years) that evolution could have produced a genetic leaning towards fire as a central aspect of human life.N Booksespecially books the average person could affordhavent been around long enough to produce evolutionary change in humans. But they have a powerful hold on many

19、 people nonetheless, a hold extending far beyond their literary content. At their best, they are works of art and there is a tactile（觸覺(jué)的）pleasure in books necessarily lost in e-book versions. The ability to quickly thumb through pages is also lost. And a room with books in it induces, at least in so

20、me, a feeling not dissimilar to that of a fire in the fireplace on a cold winters night.O For these reasons I think physical books will have a longer existence as a commercial product than some currently predict. Like swords, books have symbolic power. Like fireplaces, they induce a sense of comfort

21、 and warmth. And, perhaps, similar to sails, they make a useful back-up for when the lights go out.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。46. Authors still published in printed versions will be considered important ones.47. Some people are still in favor of printed books because of the sense of touch they can provide.48

22、. The radio business has changed greatly and now attracts more listeners.49. Contrary to many peoples prediction of its death, the film industry survived.50. Remarkable changes have taken place in the book business.51. Old technology sometimes continues to exist because of its reliability.52. The in

23、crease of e-book sales will force the book business to make changes not seen for centuries.53. A new technology is unlikely to take the place of an old one without a clear advantage.54. Paperbacks of popular literature are more likely to be replaced by e-books.55. A house with a fireplace has a stro

24、nger appeal to buyers.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer She

25、et 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60are based on the following passage.The question of whether our government should promote science and technology or the liberal arts in higher education isnt an either/or proposition(命題)，although the current emphasis on preparing

26、 young Americans for STEM（science, technology, engineering, maths）-related fields can make it seem that way.The latest congressional report acknowledges the critical importance of technical training, but also asserts that the study of the humanities (人文學(xué)科)and social sciences must remain central comp

27、onents of Americas educational system at all levels. Both are critical to producing citizens who can participate effectively in our democratic society, become innovative（創(chuàng)新的)leaders, and benefit from the spiritual enrichment that the reflection on the great ideas of mankind over time provides.Parent

28、s and students who have invested heavily in higher education worry about graduates job prospects as technological advances and changes in domestic and global markets transform professions in ways that reduce wages and cut jobs. Under these circumstances, its natural to look for what may appear to be

29、 the most “practical” way out of the problem “Major in a subject designed to get you a job” seems the obvious answer to some, though this ignores the fact that many disciplines in the humanities characterized as “soft” often, in fact, lead to employment and success in the long run. Indeed, according

30、 to surveys, employers have expressed a preference for students who have received a broadly-based education that has taught them to write well, think critically, research creatively, and communicate easily.Moreover, students should be prepared not just for their first job, but for their 4th and 5th

31、jobs, as theres little reason to doubt that people entering the workforce today will be called upon to play many different roles over the course of their careers. The ones who will do the best in this new environment will be those whose educations have prepared them to be flexible. The ability to dr

32、aw upon every available tool and insightpicked up from science, arts, and technologyto solve the problems of the future, and take advantage of the opportunities that present themselves, will be helpful to them and the United States.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。56. What does the latest congressional report sugg

33、est?A) STEM-related subjects help students find jobs in the information society.B) The humanities and STEM subjects should be given equal importance.C) The liberal arts in higher education help enrich students spiritual life.D) Higher education should be adjusted to the practical needs of society.57

34、. What is the main concern of students when they choose a major?A) Their interest in relevant subjects.B) The academic value of the courses.C) The quality of education to receive.D) Their chances of getting a good job.58. What does the author say about the so called soft subjects?A) The benefit stud

35、ents in their future life.B) They broaden students range of interests.C) They improve students communication skills.D) They are essential to students healthy growth.59. What kind of job applicants do employers look for?A) Those who have a strong sense of responsibility.B) Those who are good at solvi

36、ng practical problems.C) Those who are likely to become innovative leaders.D) Those who have received a well-rounded education.60. What advice does the author give to college students?A) Seize opportunities to tap their potential.B) Try to take a variety of practical courses.C) Prepare themselves fo

37、r different job options.D) Adopt a flexible approach to solving problems.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Energy independence. It has a nice ring to it. Doesnt it? If you think so, youre not alone, because energy independence has been the dream of American president f

38、or decades, and never more so than in the past few years, when the most recent oil price shock has been partly responsible for kicking off the great recession.“Energy independence” and its rhetorical (修辭的) companion “energy security” are, however, slippery concepts that are rarely though through. Wh

39、at is it we want independence from, exactly?Most people would probably say that they want to be independent from imported oil. But there are reasons that we buy all that old from elsewhere.The first reason is that we need it to keep our economy running. Yes, there is a trickle（涓涓細(xì)流）of biofuel（生物燃料）a

40、vailable, and more may become available, but most biofuels cause economic waste and environmental destruction.Second, Americans have basically decided that they dont really want to produce all their own oil. They value the environmental quality they preserve over their oil imports from abroad. Vast

41、areas of the United States are off-limits to oil exploration and production in the name of environmental protection. To what extent are Americans really willing to endure the environmental impacts of domestic energy production in order to cut back imports?Third, there are benefits to trade. It allow

42、s for economic efficiency, and when we buy things from places that have lower production costs than we do, we benefit. And although you dont read about this much, the United States is also a large exporter of oil products, selling about 2 million barrels of petroleum products per day to about 90 countries.There is no question that the United States imports a great deal of energy and, in fact, relies on that steady flow to maintain its e