管理學(xué)robbins11-3

1、Management 11th editionStephen P. RobbinsZhao MingxiaSchool of Economics and Management, Shanxi UniversityPart II Integrative Managerial IssuesChapter 3 Management in a Global EnvironmentChapter 4 Managing Diversity（多樣性）（多樣性）Chapter 5 Managing Social Responsibility（社會(huì)責(zé)任）（社會(huì)責(zé)任） and Ethics （道德規(guī)范）（道德規(guī)范

2、）Chapter 6 Managing Change （變革）（變革）and Innovation （創(chuàng)新）（創(chuàng)新）2021-12-222Chapter 3 Management in a Global Environment3.1 Contrast ethnocentric（民族中心論）（民族中心論）, polycentric（多國(guó)中心論）（多國(guó)中心論）, and geocentric （全球中心論）（全球中心論）attitudes toward global business （全球化經(jīng)營(yíng)）（全球化經(jīng)營(yíng)）.3.2 Discuss the importance of regional tra

3、ding alliances （區(qū)域貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟）（區(qū)域貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟）and global trade mechanisms（全球貿(mào)易機(jī)制）（全球貿(mào)易機(jī)制）3.3 Describe the structures （結(jié)構(gòu)）（結(jié)構(gòu)）and techniques （技巧）（技巧） organizations use as they go international（全球化）（全球化）3.4 Explain the relevance（相關(guān)性）（相關(guān)性） of the political/legal, economic, and cultural environments to global business

4、2021-12-223阿里巴巴的全球化阿里巴巴的全球化2021-12-224One way to see how global the marketplace has become is to consider the country of ownership origin for some familiar products.2021-12-2253.1 Whats Your Global Perspective?Who owns what?2021-12-2262021-12-2272021-12-2282021-12-2292021-12-22102021-12-2211Whats Yo

5、ur Global Perspective（全球觀）（全球觀）?Parochialism（狹隘主義）（狹隘主義）Is viewing the world solely through its own eyes and perspectives.Is not recognizing that others have different ways of living and working.Is a significant obstacle for managers working in a global business world.Is falling into the trap of ign

6、oring others values and customs and rigidly applying an attitude of “ours is better than theirs” to foreign cultures.Adopting a Global PerspectiveEthnocentric Attitude（民族中心論民族中心論）The parochialistic belief that the best work approaches and practices are those of the home country（母國(guó)）（母國(guó)）.Polycentric A

7、ttitude（多國(guó)中心論）（多國(guó)中心論）The view that the managers in the host country （東道國(guó)）（東道國(guó)）know the best work approaches and practices for running their business.Geocentric Attitude（全球中心論）（全球中心論）A world-oriented view that focuses on using the best approaches and people from around the globe. 2007 Prentice Hall,

8、Inc. All rights reserved. Exhibit 41 Key Information About Three Global AttitudesCarlos Ghosn, CEO of Nissan Renault（雷諾（雷諾日產(chǎn)）日產(chǎn)）, was born in Brazil（巴西）（巴西） to Lebanese（黎巴嫩）（黎巴嫩） parents.Indra Nooyi, CEO of PepsiCo（百事公司）（百事公司）, was born in India（印度）（印度）.2021-12-2215One important feature of todays gl

9、obal environment is global trade（全球貿(mào)易）（全球貿(mào)易）. It is shaped by two forces:regional trading alliances （區(qū)域（區(qū)域貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟）global trade mechanisms（全球貿(mào)易機(jī)制）（全球貿(mào)易機(jī)制）2021-12-22163.2 Understanding the Global EnvironmentEuropean Union (EU) （歐盟）（歐盟）- a union of 28 European nations created as a unified economic and

10、 trade entityEuro （歐元）（歐元）- a single common European currency3.2.1 regional trading alliances （區(qū)域貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟）（區(qū)域貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟）Exhibit 3-1: European Union Map2021-12-2219Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN）東盟東盟Exhibit 3-2: ASEAN MapAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC） 亞太亞太經(jīng)合組織經(jīng)合組織2021-12-2221Trans -Pacif

11、ic Partnership Agreement（TPP） 跨跨太平洋伙伴關(guān)系太平洋伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)議協(xié)議,“經(jīng)濟(jì)北約經(jīng)濟(jì)北約2021-12-2222Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) 上海上海合作組織，簡(jiǎn)稱上合合作組織，簡(jiǎn)稱上合組織組織World Trade Organization (WTO) 世貿(mào)組織世貿(mào)組織International Monetary Fund (IMF) 國(guó)際貨幣基金組織國(guó)際貨幣基金組織World Bank Group 世界銀行世界銀行Organization for Economic Cooperation and Develo

12、pment (OECD) 經(jīng)合組織經(jīng)合組織2021-12-22233.2.2 Global Trade Mechanisms（全球貿(mào)易機(jī)制）（全球貿(mào)易機(jī)制）The World Trade Organization (WTO)Evolved from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995.Functions as the only global organization dealing with the rules of trade among nations.Has 149 member nations and 32

13、 observer governments.Monitors and promotes world trade.u2001年年12月月11日，中國(guó)正式加入世界貿(mào)易組織，成為其第日，中國(guó)正式加入世界貿(mào)易組織，成為其第143個(gè)成員。個(gè)成員。uWTO15年保護(hù)期的意思是中國(guó)在年保護(hù)期的意思是中國(guó)在2001年入世談判時(shí)，其中一條談判原則年入世談判時(shí)，其中一條談判原則是是“堅(jiān)持以發(fā)展中成員方身份加入堅(jiān)持以發(fā)展中成員方身份加入”。u中國(guó)加入世界貿(mào)易組織議定書中國(guó)加入世界貿(mào)易組織議定書（下稱（下稱中國(guó)入世議定書中國(guó)入世議定書）第）第15條條（a）規(guī)定將在）規(guī)定將在2016年年12月月11日日到期。美國(guó)拒絕到

14、期。美國(guó)拒絕2016年年12月自動(dòng)授予中月自動(dòng)授予中國(guó)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位。地位。2021-12-2225An organization of 185 countries that promotes international monetary （貨幣）（貨幣）cooperation and provides advice, loans, and technical assistance.于于1946年年3月正式成立，總部設(shè)在華盛頓月正式成立，總部設(shè)在華盛頓。中國(guó)是該組織創(chuàng)始國(guó)之一。中國(guó)是該組織創(chuàng)始國(guó)之一。北京時(shí)間北京時(shí)間2015年年12月月1日，日，IMF宣布把人民幣宣布把人民幣納入納入特

15、別提款權(quán)特別提款權(quán)SDR（Special Drawing Right ）。）。人民幣將與美元、歐元、日元、英鎊人民幣將與美元、歐元、日元、英鎊4種種貨幣一道，共同成為貨幣一道，共同成為IMF的國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備貨幣。的國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備貨幣。International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Bank Group (WBG)A group of five closely associated institutions that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries （發(fā)展（發(fā)展中國(guó)家）中國(guó)

16、家）.由國(guó)際復(fù)興開發(fā)銀行、國(guó)際開發(fā)協(xié)會(huì)、國(guó)際金融公司、多邊投資擔(dān)保機(jī)由國(guó)際復(fù)興開發(fā)銀行、國(guó)際開發(fā)協(xié)會(huì)、國(guó)際金融公司、多邊投資擔(dān)保機(jī)構(gòu)和國(guó)際投資爭(zhēng)端解決中心五個(gè)成員機(jī)構(gòu)組成；成立于構(gòu)和國(guó)際投資爭(zhēng)端解決中心五個(gè)成員機(jī)構(gòu)組成；成立于1945年，年，1946年年6月開始營(yíng)業(yè)月開始營(yíng)業(yè)。世界銀行總部設(shè)在美國(guó)首都華盛頓，世界銀行總部設(shè)在美國(guó)首都華盛頓，世界銀行集團(tuán)世界銀行集團(tuán)最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人由美國(guó)人最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人由美國(guó)人擔(dān)任，為期擔(dān)任，為期5年。年。2021-12-2227Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)An internati

17、onal economic organization that helps its 30 member countries achieve sustainable economic growth and employment （可持續(xù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和就業(yè)）（可持續(xù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和就業(yè)）.總部設(shè)在總部設(shè)在巴黎。巴黎。前身是前身是1947年由美國(guó)和加拿大發(fā)起，成立于年由美國(guó)和加拿大發(fā)起，成立于1948年的歐年的歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織（洲經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織（OEEC）。）。2021-12-2228Multinational Corporation (MNC) （跨國(guó)公司）（跨國(guó)公司）公司的力量公司的力量 第第10集集

18、地球地球無疆無疆2021-12-22293.3 Doing Business Globally3.3.1 Different Types of International OrganizationsMultinational Corporation (MNC) （跨國(guó)公司）：（跨國(guó)公司）：Maintains operations in multiple countries.Multidomestic Corporation （多國(guó)化公司（多國(guó)化公司）：）：Is an MNC that decentralizes management and other decisions to the loc

19、al country. （Polycentric Attitude多多國(guó)中心論國(guó)中心論）NestleGlobal Company （全球公司）：（全球公司）：Is an MNC that centralizes its management and other decisions in the home country. （Ethnocentric Attitude民族民族中心論中心論）SonyTransnational or Borderless Organization （無國(guó)界公司）（無國(guó)界公司）: an MNC in which artificial geographical barr

20、iers are eliminated. （Geocentric Attitude全球全球中心論中心論）LOREAL3.3.2 How Organizations Go International? Global Sourcing （全球采購(gòu)）（全球采購(gòu)）- purchasing materials or labor from around the world wherever it is cheapest. Exporting（出口）（出口） - making products domestically and selling them abroad. Importing（進(jìn)口（進(jìn)口）- a

21、cquiring products made abroad and selling them domestically. Licensing（許可證經(jīng)營(yíng)）（許可證經(jīng)營(yíng)）- an organization gives another organization the right to make or sell its products using its technology or product specifications. Franchising （特許經(jīng)營(yíng)（特許經(jīng)營(yíng)）- an organization gives another organization the right to use

22、 its name and operating methods. Strategic Alliance （戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟）（戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟） - a partnership between an organization and one or more foreign company partner(s) in which both share resources and knowledge in developing new products or building production facilities. Joint Venture （合資企業(yè)）（合資企業(yè)） - a specific type o

23、f strategic alliance in which the partners agree to form a separate, independent organization for some business purpose. Foreign Subsidiary （外國(guó)子公司）（外國(guó)子公司） - directly investing in a foreign country by setting up a separate and independent production facility or office. 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All ri

24、ghts reserved. Exhibit 3-3 How Organizations Go Global許可證經(jīng)營(yíng)許可證經(jīng)營(yíng)特許經(jīng)營(yíng)特許經(jīng)營(yíng)合資企業(yè)合資企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟外國(guó)子公司外國(guó)子公司 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 3.4 Managing in A Global EnvironmentThe Political /Legal EnvironmentStability or instability of legal and political systemsLegal procedures are established

25、 and followedFair and honest elections held on a regular basisDifferences in the laws of various nationsEffects on business activitiesEffects on delivery of products and services 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. The Economic EnvironmentEconomic Systems （經(jīng)濟(jì)體制）（經(jīng)濟(jì)體制）Free Market Economy （市

26、場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)）（市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)）- an economic system in which resources are primarily owned and controlled by the private sector.Planned Economy （計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)（計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)）- an economic system in which economic decisions are planned by a central government.Monetary （貨幣）（貨幣）and Financial（金融）（金融） FactorsCurrency exchange rates（匯率）（匯率）Infl

27、ation rates（通貨膨脹率）（通貨膨脹率）Diverse tax policies （稅收政策）（稅收政策）The Cultural EnvironmentNational Culture （民族文化）（民族文化）Is the values and attitudes shared by individuals from a specific country that shape their behavior and their beliefs about what is important.May have more influence on an organization than

28、 the organization culture.Exhibit 3-4: What Are Americans Like? 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. CultureIndividualismversusCollectivismPowerDistanceUncertaintyAvoidanceAchievement versus NurturingLong-TermversusShort-Term Orientation個(gè)人主義個(gè)人主義集體主義集體主義權(quán)力距離權(quán)力距離不確定性規(guī)避不確定性規(guī)避自然特性自然特性長(zhǎng)期導(dǎo)向長(zhǎng)期導(dǎo)向短期

29、短期導(dǎo)向?qū)駿xhibit 3-5: Hofstedes Five Dimensions of National CultureGlobal Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE，全球領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和組織行為效力，全球領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和組織行為效力)a research program that studies cross-cultural leadership behaviors.Identified nine dimensions on which national cultures differ.Exhibit 3-6 GLOB

30、E Highlights果斷果斷未來導(dǎo)向未來導(dǎo)向性別差異性別差異不確定性規(guī)避不確定性規(guī)避權(quán)力距離權(quán)力距離個(gè)人個(gè)人/集體主義集體主義績(jī)效導(dǎo)向績(jī)效導(dǎo)向人本導(dǎo)向人本導(dǎo)向圈內(nèi)集體主義圈內(nèi)集體主義 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Global Management in Todays WorldChallengesOpenness associated with globalizationSignificant cultural differences (e.g., Americanization)Adjusting leadership st

31、yles and management approachesRisksLoss of investments in unstable countriesIncreased terrorismEconomic interdependence 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Terms to Know parochialism ethnocentric attitude polycentric attitude geocentric attitude European Union (EU) Euro North American Free

32、 Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) World Trade Organization (WTO) multinational corporations (MNCs) multidomestic corporation global company transnational or borderless organization born globals global sourcing exporting importing licensing franchising strategic

33、alliances joint venture foreign subsidiary market economy command economy national culture GLOBE wikis blogs2021-12-22442021-12-2245Contemporary Issues Cultural Intelligence - cultural awareness and sensitivity skills. Global Mind-Set - attributes that allow a leader to be effective in cross-cultural environments.Exhibit 3-7: A Global MindsetTerms to Know World Bank Group Organization for Economic