《非謂語動(dòng)詞》完整體系

1、非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞是指在句子中不是謂語的動(dòng)詞，主要包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞。它雖然沒有動(dòng)詞該有的功能，但仍具有動(dòng)詞的部分詞性。非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有自身的賓語， 也可以用副 詞加以修飾。也就是說，它可以模仿動(dòng)詞，但卻無法當(dāng)真正的動(dòng)詞使用。*非謂語動(dòng)詞基本做題方法：判斷邏輯主語和動(dòng)作之間的關(guān)系（邏輯主語不一定是句子主語，動(dòng)作就是選項(xiàng)），主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞doing，被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過去分詞done，表示將來或目的用不定式to do 。I如果句子中有 將來的時(shí)間狀語，首先考慮to do ；II. 在to do 結(jié)構(gòu)中，主動(dòng)仍然用 to do ，被動(dòng)則是to be done ；III. 如果一個(gè)動(dòng)作是由一個(gè)東

2、西發(fā)出的，肯定是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，肯定用ing ；IV. 選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)having done ，可以首先考慮事情發(fā)生的先后順序；V. 動(dòng)詞沖突原則。+平時(shí)注意積累零散小點(diǎn)?？v觀歷年高考試題可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，命題者對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞的以下十大考點(diǎn)非常青睞。一、非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語to do和doing都可以作主語，表示某一具體行為用to do，表示經(jīng)常性、一般性的動(dòng)作用doing。若結(jié)構(gòu)過長(zhǎng)則后置，用it作形式主語。to do作主語，它的邏輯主語可以由for或者of引出，形成如下高考中常見結(jié)構(gòu)：It is（系）+ 形容詞 +for sb. to do sth.說明to do行為特點(diǎn)，不表示 sb.本身特點(diǎn)，常見的此類形容詞

3、有easy, important,necessary, expensive等。It is impossible for him to go alone.It is（系）+ 形容詞 +of sb. to do sth.對(duì)sb.及其所做行為本身的評(píng)價(jià)，此類形容詞有g(shù)ood, kind, nice, wrong,clever,stupid 等。It is kind of you to say so.注意：在it' s no use/good之后要加動(dòng)名詞作真正的主語，it是形式主語。It ' s no use talking with him.2012 浙江No matter how

4、 bright a talker you are, there are times when it' s bettersile nt.A. rema inB. be rema iningC. havi ng rema inedD. to rema in根據(jù)常見句型“ it is adj./n. + to do that. ”，下劃線處應(yīng)采用不定式的形式。It作時(shí)間狀語從句中的形式主語， 真正的主語是to remain silent 。名詞也好理解，例如：It ' my duty to serve the people.2007 全國 2felt funny watching m

5、yself on TV.A. One B. This C. It D. That本題真正的主語是 watching myself on TV，先行詞it作形式主語。2001 上海In fact is a hard job for the police to keep order in animporta nt football match.A. this B. that C. there D. it本題it作形式主語，真正的主語是不定式短語。、非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語1. 有些動(dòng)詞后只接不定式作賓語，如：want, wish, hope, man age ,dema nd, promise,refus

6、e, plan, offer, pretend（ 假裝），decide, agree, expect 等。She prete nded to un dersta nd his words.2. 有些動(dòng)詞只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語， 如：admit , appreciate , avoid , consider, delay, dislike ， enjoy ，escape, excuse ，face ，feel. like ，finish，forgive ，give up, imagine ，include ， keep ，mention ， mind ，miss，practice ，put off ，

7、resist, risk，suggest ，can ' t help（ 情 不自禁），can ' t stand（無法忍受）等。I suggested going to the exhibiti on next weeke nd.3. 有些動(dòng)詞后既可以跟不定式又可以跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，意義上無多大區(qū)別，如：love, like,Hate, prefer, start ， intend（想要、打算），continue 等。說明不是重點(diǎn)4. 有些動(dòng)詞后既可以跟不定式又可以跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別，如forget, regret ，remember ， mean ， try 等。逐

8、個(gè)闡述5. 介詞后可接動(dòng)名詞或者不定式作賓語。一般來說，在介詞 at, i n, for, with, without 等后 面接動(dòng)名詞。但在but, except ，besides接動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要用不定式（有時(shí)帶to,有時(shí)不帶to, 取決于前面是否有 do），例如：She could say nothing but cry.She had nothing to do but stay at home. （but前面有 do, but 后面的不定式 stay省略to,簡(jiǎn)單記作 有do省to）I have no choice but to ask the teacher for help. （but

9、前面沒有 do, but 后面的不定式就要帶上to，簡(jiǎn)單記作 無do留to）2006 北京l can ' t stand with Jane in the same office. She just refusestalking while she works.A. work ing; stopp ingB. to work; stopp ingC. work ing; to stopD. to work; to stopcan ' t stand+ doing不能忍受做某事；refuse+ to do ，拒絕做某事。2012 湖南We ' ve had a good

10、start, but next, more work needsto achievethe final success.A. being doneB. doD. to doC. to be done*need doing=need to be done，表示 "主語需要被做” ，need to do表示 "主語需要主動(dòng)去做”。題干中表達(dá)的是“更多的工作需要被完成以取得最后的成功, 或doing 的形式。threate ned”下劃線處應(yīng)該采用to be done 2009 上海David were not paid.A. to be reportedB. report in

11、ghis neighborto the police if the damagesD. havi ng reportedthreaten 不能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，又因?yàn)閞eport是他主動(dòng)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。*2012 安徽I rememberthe doctor before I left the office, but forgot to turnC. to reportoff the lights.A. locki ngB. to lock C. havi ng lockedD. to have lockedAB都可以翻譯通，但是后面存在并列連詞but，說明前后是并列關(guān)系，則該空要與后面的 forg

12、ot to turn off 一致。2012 陜西If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but an even greater challe nge.A. meets B. meeti ng C. meet D. to meet固定句型"have no choice but to do sth.”所以選不定式。2011 四川Lydia doesn ' t feel likeabroad. Her parents are old.A. study B. study ing C. studied D. to studyf

13、eel like +doing , would like+ to do 。during the vacation. A. havi ng held suggest doing2009 上海Bill suggested a meetingon what to do for the ShanghaiExpoB. to hold C. holdi ng D. hold，且被建議的行為發(fā)生將來而不是已經(jīng)發(fā)生，所以不選2006 重慶Isn ' t it time you got down tothe papers？A. mark B. be markedC. being markedD. mar

14、kingget down to doing"著手去做”，這里to是介詞，且邏輯主語 you和mark之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式。2008 江蘇They are quiet, aren ' t they ？-Yes. They are accustomedat meals.A. to talk B. to n ot talk C. to talk ing*be accustomed to doing“習(xí)慣于”，toD. to not talk ing是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)2010 上海l had difficultythe suitable food on the m

15、enu in that restaura nt.A. find B. found C. to find D. finding have difficulty (in) doi ng是習(xí)慣用法。*2007 安徽-Robert is in deed a wise man.-Oh, yes. How ofte n I have regrettedhis advice!A. to take B. taki ng C. not to takeD. n ot tak ing*regret doing表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，后悔做了某事，這里沒有接受他的建議not to take這個(gè)事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生 了，所以用doi

16、ng 。 regret to do 是遺憾地去做。Or很多語法書里面寫的是，根據(jù)句意，下劃線應(yīng)表示“后悔過去沒有接受他的建議”，應(yīng)選用動(dòng)名詞的否定形式，能看懂嗎？2006 湖南If you think that treating a womanwell means always her permissi on for thin gs, think aga in.A. gets B. got C. to get D. gett ing*mea n+ doi ng意味著；mea n+ to do 打算做，故意做。如果你認(rèn)為對(duì)一個(gè)女人好就意味著總是得到她的允許再做事情，再想想吧。2008 湖南Sue

17、 wan tedto be in depe ndentof her pare nts. She triedalone, but she didn ' t like it and moved back home.A. livi ngB. to live C. to be livingD. havi ng lived*try+ doi ng試著、嘗試做某事；try +to do努力去做某事。句義更偏向于“嘗試”，嘗試自己住，不喜歡的話，回來就好了；“努力”不是很貼切，因?yàn)槟憔退悴幌矚g，忍忍努力一下也可以繼續(xù)住。2012 北京One learns a Ianguage by making m

18、istakes andthem.A. corrects B. correct C. to correctD. correcti ngand是并列連詞，左右兩邊要一致，且作by的賓語。注意：在allow ， advise ，forbid ， permit等動(dòng)詞后直接跟動(dòng)詞作賓語時(shí)，要用動(dòng)名詞形 式，如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，然后再跟動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，賓語補(bǔ)足語用帶to的 不定式。例如：Wedon ' t allow smoking here.Wedon ' t allow students to smoke.*要么就直接記 allow, advise, forbid, per

19、mit 等，直接 +doing，或者 +sb +to do 。 2007 江蘇Can I smoke here ？Sorry. We don ' t allowhere.A. people smok ingB. people smokeC. to smoke D. smok ing要么用 smoking，要么用 people to smoke 。2011 天津Passengers are permittedonly one piece of hand luggage ontothe pla ne.A. to carryB. carry ingC. to be carriedD. bei

20、ng carriedPermit的用法有 permit doing 和permit sb. to do 這兩種形式。而此處使用了被動(dòng)語 態(tài)，故為sb. be permitted to do，這就是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)+主語補(bǔ)足語，來，我們來講主語補(bǔ)足語的考點(diǎn)。三、非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語1. 能接帶to的不定式做賓補(bǔ)和主補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：ask, tell, force, get, allow, want, intend,request ，wish, prefer, advise, persuade, permit, order, cause等。The teacher didn' t allo

21、w the students to go swimming in the lake.The visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.*被動(dòng)語態(tài)都是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)橹髦^結(jié)構(gòu)是完整的，說明謂語是不及物動(dòng)詞，那么后面的補(bǔ)充說明內(nèi)容就只能叫“主補(bǔ)”了，因?yàn)闆]有賓語啊2. 使役動(dòng)詞、感官動(dòng)詞能接不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語和帶to的不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語。常見的使役動(dòng)詞有 make ，let，have 等；感官動(dòng)詞有 see，hear ，watch ，observe ， notice ，feel 以及 look at ， listen to 等。The

22、 boy often made his little sister cry but today he was made to cry by his sister.*在轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)，即to do變成主補(bǔ)的時(shí)候，不定式符號(hào)to必須保留。2011 天津Passengers are permittedonly one piece of hand luggage ontothe pla ne.A. to carry B. carry ing C. to be carriedD. being carried同上。2008 全國 2The director had her assistantsome ho

23、t dogs for the meeting.A. picked upB. picks up C. pick up D. pick ing up省略to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，使役動(dòng)詞have可接不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語， 也可以 接現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補(bǔ)。2012 江西Having finished her project, she was invited by the schoolto thenew stude nts.A. speak ingB. hav ing spoke nC. to speak D. to have spoke n根據(jù)invite的常見搭配“ invite sb. to do

24、sth. ”，又因?yàn)楸谎?qǐng)時(shí)沒有完成演講這一動(dòng) 作，所以不能用完成時(shí)。2007 北京Excuse me sir, where is Room 301？ Just a minu te. I' ll have Bobyou to your room.A. show B. shows C. to show D. show ing使役動(dòng)詞have后面的賓補(bǔ)應(yīng)該用省略to的不定式形式。2008 陜西The message is very important,so it is supposed as soon aspossible.A. to be sentB. to send C. being

25、sentD. sendingbe supposed to do是固定搭配，且消息應(yīng)該是被送，還應(yīng)該有個(gè)被動(dòng)形式，故選A。長(zhǎng)幼有序，首先滿足to do結(jié)構(gòu)，然后想表示什么主動(dòng)被動(dòng)時(shí)態(tài)的，在to do結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)表示?；蛘龇衷~表示 *你可以選擇背，不3.不定式和分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語表達(dá)的意義不同。接不定式時(shí)，表示經(jīng)常性的 動(dòng)作或指動(dòng)作發(fā)生的全過程；接現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行，的動(dòng)作；接過去分詞時(shí)，表示賓語或主語承受了過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作。過和基本做題方法完全一致！Last ni ght I heard a song sung in En glish.2010 湖南Listen! Do

26、 you hear someonefor help？A. calli ng B. call C. to call D. called非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ)，some one 與call為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，排除 D。hear后接不定式作賓補(bǔ) 時(shí)應(yīng)省略to，排除C。由Listen判斷此處有人正在求救，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。2007 安徽卜-Did Peter fix the computer himself ？-He， because he doesn ' t know much about computers.A. has it fixed B. had fixed itC. had it fixedD

27、. fixed it后面說了，他對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)了解不多，顯然不是自己修的，而是使它被別人修(had it fixed )， 該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，用過去時(shí)。因?yàn)锽D的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者都是 he，與后面的doesn ' t knowmuch about computers 相矛盾。2008 江蘇To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English as much as we can.A. speak B. speak ing C. spoke nD. to speak這里作賓補(bǔ)的非謂語動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語English之間含有邏輯

28、上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故應(yīng)使用表示被動(dòng)意義的過去分詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞最熱考點(diǎn) having done禾口 having been done現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式 hav ing done所表示的動(dòng)作先于主句謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生,Having finished his homework, he went out.(先 finished, 再 went out)Not havi ng received any an swer, he wrote her ano ther letter. (先not received, 再wrote, 判斷順序時(shí)否定詞要帶上。)2012 重慶to work overtime th

29、at evening, I missed a wonderful film.A. Having bee n askedB. To askC. Having askedD. To be askedBC，D表示將來或目的,hav ing done 用法。邏輯主語I和動(dòng)作ask之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，人被問，所以排除并且“被要求加班”這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“錯(cuò)過電影”之前，符合 由于那天晚上我被要求加班，我錯(cuò)過了一部精彩的電影。2008 重慶to reach them on the phone, we sent an email in stead.A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Ha

30、vi ng failed因?yàn)榇虿煌娫?，所以就只能發(fā)郵件了。 Fail這個(gè)動(dòng)作在sent之前發(fā)生，所以用having done ;選A則前后動(dòng)詞沖突。2007 陜西 that she didn ' t do a good job, I don ' t think I am abler thanher.A. To have saidB. Hav ing said C. To say D. Sayi ng*不定式在句首表示目的，翻譯成“為了”。下劃線處所表示的狀語并非表示目的，由此 可排除AC， said這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在 don ' t think之前，所以用 having

31、done。2011 上海The rare fish,from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.A. saved B. savi ng C. to be savedD. havi ng saved魚被救，應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)，所以排除 BD。C表示將來或目的，本動(dòng)作根據(jù)后面的完成時(shí)態(tài) 說明已經(jīng)發(fā)生了，所以排除法選 A。從鍋中被救出的這條屬于珍稀品種的魚已經(jīng)被放歸大海。2009 四川many times, he fin ally un derstood it.A. Told B. Telli ng C. Havi ng toldD. Havi ng

32、 bee n told暗示詞fin ally，說明該空動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生過了。因主句結(jié)構(gòu)完整，下劃線處應(yīng)該是分詞作狀語修飾整個(gè)主句。根據(jù)句義更貼合“已經(jīng)多次被告知，他最后理解了”這個(gè)含義，所以 told這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在 understood之前，且被動(dòng)，所以選D。2008 陜西around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird' sNest for the 2008 Olympic Games.A. Having show nB. To be show nC. Having bee n show nD. To show暗示詞the

33、n表示“然后”，說明該空動(dòng)作在前，且發(fā)生過了。BD表示將來或目的，說明沒發(fā)生過。那為何是被動(dòng)了？ 一個(gè)是句義，一個(gè)是看后面有暗示were take n ，我們?cè)诒粠ьI(lǐng)著參觀了水立方后，又被帶去參觀為2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)準(zhǔn)備的鳥巢。四、非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語出于原則和素質(zhì)教育的考慮，以下三點(diǎn)必須寫出來。你可以把三點(diǎn)背誦，當(dāng)然我不是很相信你能背下來，或者你就看看我.的備注，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)和基本做題方法“完全” 一致。不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞都可以作定語，主要區(qū)別在于它們的時(shí)態(tài)意義和語態(tài)意義不同。這是廢話，因?yàn)榉侵^語動(dòng)詞就那么三種形式，而且除了時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)也沒有第三態(tài)了。1、不定式作定語可以修飾人，也可以修飾物，表示將來

34、意義，既有主動(dòng)形式，也有被動(dòng)形 式。不定式作定語多和被修飾的名詞具有“倒動(dòng)賓關(guān)系”，即被修飾的名詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受著；如果不定式是 不及物動(dòng)詞，就要在不定式動(dòng)詞后面加上相應(yīng)的介詞。I have an article to write today.今天有一篇文章要寫。（可說 to write an article ）I want to have a pen to write with.我想要一只寫字用的筆。（可說 to write with apen，但不能說 to write a pen ）*實(shí)際操作意義不大，直接用基本做題方法即可，當(dāng)然你也可以背誦如上內(nèi)容。2010 山東I have a

35、lot of readingsbefore the end of this term.A. complet ingB. to completeC. completedD. being completed出現(xiàn)將來的時(shí)間狀語before the end of this term ，故用to do 作read in gs 的賓語。2009 安徽The playnext month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.A. produced B. being producedC. to be producedD. havi ng produced出現(xiàn)將來的

36、時(shí)間狀語next month，首先滿足一個(gè)to do結(jié)構(gòu)，又因?yàn)檫壿嬛髡Zplay和動(dòng)作produce 之間應(yīng)該是，戲劇被制作，不可能戲劇自己把自己做了，所以是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用to be done 。2、現(xiàn)在分詞作定語多和被修飾的名詞具有“主謂關(guān)系”，即現(xiàn)在分詞用主動(dòng)式時(shí)，被修飾的名詞正在執(zhí)行其動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在分詞用被動(dòng)式時(shí)， 被修飾的名詞正在承受其動(dòng)作；過去分詞作定語與其所修飾的名詞有“動(dòng)賓關(guān)系”，表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)或完成的動(dòng)作，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)的定語從句。The man sta nding un der the tree is his father. (The man who is sta ndin g.

37、)The buildi ng being built will be a hospital. （The buildi ng which is being built.）*主謂關(guān)系就是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，動(dòng)賓關(guān)系就是 被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以和非謂語動(dòng)詞做題方法完全一 致，引申出一個(gè)點(diǎn)，bei ng done叫做正在被做。2011 全國 1 The n ext thi ng he saw was smokefrom beh ind the house.A. roseB. rising C. to riseD. rise n邏輯主語smoke，動(dòng)作是rise，上升這個(gè)動(dòng)作是 smoke發(fā)出的，所以是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分

38、詞;lit，漢字讀音一樣所以表示一瞬間的有人說煙是被人生起來，對(duì)，漢字里面有同音字，那個(gè)是“生火”寫法不一樣，而且那個(gè)英文是lit。有人說因?yàn)榍懊媸莕ext thing he saw感覺，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞，對(duì)，可以說初中學(xué)的很好。2010 浙江The traffic rule says young children under the age of 4 andless than 40 pounds must be in a safety seat.A. being weighedB. to weigh C. weighedD. weighi ng左邊有很多名詞，哪個(gè)是邏輯主語？childre n

39、 !為什么？*總結(jié)一下邏輯主語的判斷方法：I.邏輯主語是和選項(xiàng)的動(dòng)作有關(guān)的主語。（本題特別標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，traffic rule, age, 4都是名詞都和 weigh產(chǎn)生重量這個(gè)詞不搭配）II.邏輯主語一般在左邊且離最近。產(chǎn)生重量這個(gè)動(dòng)作是孩子產(chǎn)生的吧，所以是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，漢語我重130斤，也是主動(dòng)啊。2009 北京For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit on his own farm.A. grow n B. being grow nC. to be grow nD. to growGrow有兩個(gè)意思，生長(zhǎng)&種植。作“生長(zhǎng)”講，植

40、物生長(zhǎng)，生長(zhǎng)這個(gè)動(dòng)作是植物發(fā)出 的，所以是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用growing ;作“種植”講，植物被種植，所以用grown。（相當(dāng)于定語從句which/that is grown，很多參考書都會(huì)給你這個(gè)解釋，說的很對(duì)，但是和做題沒什么關(guān)系。）3、動(dòng)名詞作定語表示被修飾的名詞所起的作用或者用途。可以改寫成“for+動(dòng)名詞”或者含有“ for+動(dòng)名詞”的定語從句。a swimmi ng pool=a pool for swimmi ng此點(diǎn)中考已經(jīng)消耗或 a pool which is used for swimming五、非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語不定式在句首作目的狀語， 在句末作原因狀語和結(jié)果狀語。 現(xiàn)在分詞短

41、語在句首作原因、 條件、時(shí)間、讓步等狀語，在句末是方式、伴隨、結(jié)果狀語。過去分詞短語放在句首表示時(shí) 間、條件、原因等，放在句末表示對(duì)前面情況的解釋說明，同時(shí)與句子主語具有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。*我估計(jì)沒人能背下來，背下來也不會(huì)用，那就換個(gè)角度處理：在基本做題方法的基礎(chǔ)上加三個(gè)重要小點(diǎn)。Her husba nd died in 1980, leav ing her with two childre n.I現(xiàn)在分詞 作結(jié)果狀語，表示一種 合乎邏輯的結(jié)果。He went to Japa n three years ago, n ever to retur n.II不定式作結(jié)果狀語，表示一種 出乎意料的結(jié)果。II

42、I.不定式在句首作目的狀語，翻譯成“為了”。2010 全國 1 With Father ' s Day around the corn er, I have take n some money out of the bankprese nts for my dad.A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought出現(xiàn)將來的時(shí)間狀語 around the corner固定短語“臨近，在附近”，你懂的選什么。2010 福建Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock , supplies t

43、o Yushu, Qin ghai Province after the earthquake.A. sending B. to sendC. havi ng sentD. to have sent左邊有名詞 worker和clock，你說哪個(gè)和send搭配，總不能送鐘吧，所以邏 輯主語是worker，且send這個(gè)動(dòng)作就是 worker發(fā)出的，所以是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。Or現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語 表示同時(shí)發(fā)生。2009 北京twice, the postma n refused to deliver our letters uni ess wecha nged our dog.A. Bei ng bitt

44、e nB. Bitte nC. Havi ng bitte nD. To be bitte n分詞與邏輯主語在邏輯上是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，被動(dòng)用過去分詞。把C改成having been bitten也對(duì)，符合語法和句義。如果用現(xiàn)在分詞也行，表示人咬了狗，但是不符合句義。*高考中人和狗狗的問題，遛狗必須是dog follow people ，而且一般是狗咬人，高考是普通/大眾思維考試。六、非謂語動(dòng)詞作表語分詞作表語，看分詞語主語的關(guān)系。主謂關(guān)系-現(xiàn)在分詞；被動(dòng)關(guān)系-過去分詞符合基本做題方法 。還有一組 使動(dòng)詞 amuse, bore, excite, frighten, interest, move, s

45、urprise, disappoint等，它們有兩種形容詞，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種形式?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主語具有的特征，“令人的”，即主語是物，用ing ;The speech that he made last week proves excit ing.過去分詞表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，“（某人）感到的”，即主語是人，用ed。Tom sounds very much interested in the job, but I' m not sure whether he.你可以用漢語邏輯的不同進(jìn)行判斷，不過我建議判斷主語。七、“連詞+分詞”的省略分詞短語常常可以用在連詞女口since, whe

46、 n, while, when ever,once, un til, if, nomatter how等之后，就是 狀語從句中的省略當(dāng)從句主語等于主句主語，且從句的謂語動(dòng) 詞是be動(dòng)詞，則可以把從句主語和be動(dòng)詞一起省略。When first in troduced to the market, these products enjoyed great success.狀語從句中省略了they were 。2010 全國 2 Thoughto see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome.A. surpris ingB. was surprised

47、C. surprised D. being surprisedThough是引導(dǎo)狀語從句的，又因?yàn)闋钫Z從句中沒看到主語，說明被省略了，能省略的語法點(diǎn)只有.,though he was surprisedB. if not carefully dealt withD. not if carefully dealt with2007 全國 1 We all know that, the situation will get worse.A. not if dealt carefully with C. if dealt not carefully with四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有if,你知道if引導(dǎo)的句子，i

48、f在最左邊，因?yàn)樗幸龑?dǎo)詞.又因?yàn)閐eal with 是動(dòng)詞短語放在一起不拆開，所以只能選B了。且情況與處理是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，即情況被處理，用過去分詞。八、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)），在形式上與主句沒有任何聯(lián)系，但是在意思上卻與主句密切 聯(lián)系在一起，共同構(gòu)筑成一個(gè)完整的語意環(huán)境。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只有邏輯上的主語，沒有主語和謂語，在句法上不是句子，而是一個(gè)獨(dú)立于句子成分之外的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)分四類：1.獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)；2.獨(dú)立不定式結(jié)構(gòu)；3獨(dú)立無動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)；4.with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。高考考查1+4。*非謂語動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)詞，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，做題方法完全一致。Nobody to help us

49、 tomorrow, we can ' t finish our task ahead of time.With a guidelead ing the way, they had no difficulty finding the hot spri ng.2007 重慶The children went home from the grammar school, their lessonsfor the day.A. finishing B. fini shed C. had fini shedD. were fini shed（所在的那個(gè)小部分是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，但是又不是考你整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)

50、，考的是其中非謂語動(dòng)詞的選擇。）中間逗號(hào)說明這是一個(gè)含有獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的簡(jiǎn)單句，且課堂被結(jié)束。2007 安徽J(rèn)ohn received an invitationto dinner, and with his work ,hegladly accepted it.A. fini shedB. finishing C. havi ng fini shedD. was fini shed這是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，且工作被完成。2002 上海春With a lot of difficult problems, the newly-elected preside nt ishav ing a hard time.A. settledB. s