跨文化交際名詞解釋

1、名詞解釋1. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交際：指擁有不同文化認(rèn)知和符號(hào)體系的人文之間進(jìn)行的交際.2. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which aff

2、ect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是習(xí)得的一套關(guān)于信仰,價(jià)值觀,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的公認(rèn)的解釋,這些信仰,價(jià)值觀,標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 對(duì)相當(dāng)大人類(lèi)群體的行為產(chǎn)生影響.3. Culture identity refers to one ' s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：指有意識(shí)地把自己歸為某一特定文化或種族群體.4. Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing charact

3、eristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亞文化：具有能在更大的一個(gè)社會(huì)范圍內(nèi)或主流文化中使自己有別于他人的特點(diǎn)的人 類(lèi)群體所形成的文化.5. Normsare culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指的是正確和不

4、正確行為根深蒂固的文化原那么,這種不正確的行為一旦發(fā)生,就 意味著一種顯性或隱性的處分.6. 文化震蕩 Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individualmay encounter when entering a different culture.人們?cè)谶M(jìn)入種新文化環(huán)境時(shí),遭遇的痛苦和難忘的經(jīng)歷.7. 人際交際 interpersonal communication : a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one

5、 another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them.指少數(shù)人之間的交往他們既能根據(jù)對(duì)方調(diào)整自己的信息,又能立即從對(duì)方那里獲得解釋.8. 世界觀 worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God, the nature of humanity and nature.指我們持有的對(duì)

6、宇宙,神,人本質(zhì)及自然的最根本的看法.9. Context : it ' s the information that surrounds an event ,it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event .10. 高語(yǔ)境文化 High-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneouswith regard to experiences ,information networks ,and the lik

7、e ,e.g. Chinese ,Japanese12.個(gè)人主義 Individualism11. 低語(yǔ)境文化 Low-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,e.g. American ,German: broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine13.集體主義 Col

8、lectivismtheater the interests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties originate in individual s ,it emphasizes individual initiative ,independence ,individual expression ,and even privacy . 個(gè)人利益勝于集體利益: it is characterized by a rigid social framework th

9、atdistinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchange for that they fell they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,andgoals of the in-groups rather than oneself ; (2)social norms and

10、duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ; (3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than beliefs that distinguish self from in group ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with in group membership .個(gè)人融入集體.14 .對(duì)不確定因素 的回避態(tài)度：uncertainty avoidance deals with a society ' s

11、tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to mari s search for truth.是關(guān)于一個(gè)社會(huì)對(duì)不確定性和模棱兩可的容忍程度.15 .權(quán)利距離power distance :組織或機(jī)構(gòu)里邊,沒(méi)有權(quán)力的成員對(duì)于權(quán)力不均等分配接 受和期望的程度.16 . 焦慮 Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present

12、in the communication transaction.在新環(huán)境下人們不知如何應(yīng)對(duì),過(guò)多關(guān)注自己的情緒,不能全身心投入 到交際中.17 . 假定一致性：(1) To assume people know how someone else is thinking based on how they see things is called projected cognitive similarity.從自己看待事物的角度來(lái)判斷別人的想法.(2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption that

13、people are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is.18 .定勢(shì) stereotypes : refers to negative or positive judgment madeabout individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.針對(duì)目標(biāo)群體成員所特有的正面或

14、方面的判斷.19 .偏見(jiàn) Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation.偏見(jiàn)是指對(duì)于某一特定群體,種類(lèi),宗教或性取向的無(wú)端的憎惡和疑心.20 . 言 語(yǔ)交際 Verbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each othe

15、r by using language.當(dāng)來(lái)自不同文化背景的人們用語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行交流時(shí)言語(yǔ)交際就發(fā)生了.21 .禁忌語(yǔ)：Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people , or in certain for religious or social reasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社會(huì)原因被一特定群體所防止使用的一些詞語(yǔ)或行為.22 . 委婉語(yǔ)：Euphemismmeans the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague

16、term for one considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.指用溫和的,間接的方式來(lái)代替嚴(yán)厲的,生硬的或冒犯的言語(yǔ).23 .非言語(yǔ)信號(hào)：狹義noverbal communicate refers to intertional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message .運(yùn)用非言語(yǔ)符號(hào)傳達(dá)特定信息的交際行為.廣義refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people ' s use o

17、f them.人們交際時(shí)運(yùn)用的環(huán)境因素.24 .副語(yǔ)言： Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message是與口語(yǔ)交際有關(guān),指說(shuō)的速度,音高,和質(zhì)量,這些要素會(huì) 打斷或臨時(shí)取代語(yǔ)言并影響信息的語(yǔ)意表達(dá).25 . 時(shí)間行為： Chronemics is the study of how people perceive a

18、nd use time.是指研究人們?nèi)绾慰创褪褂脮r(shí)間.26 .時(shí)空行為：proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.指對(duì)空間的認(rèn)知和使用時(shí)空進(jìn)行溝通,包括地盤(pán)性和個(gè)人空間.27 .目光語(yǔ)： The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics.研究目光傳遞的交流信息.28 .氣味行為 Olfactics : The study of communication via s

19、mell is called Olfactics 對(duì)通過(guò)味道進(jìn)行交流的研究.29 . 觸覺(jué)行為 Haptics :refers to communicating through the use of bodily context . 通過(guò)身體接觸來(lái)進(jìn)行交流.30 .身勢(shì)語(yǔ)行為 Kinesics : is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other manneri

20、sms that may accompany or replace oral messages.指交際時(shí)所使用的不同類(lèi)型的動(dòng)作,包括表情,手勢(shì),姿勢(shì),和其他代替語(yǔ)言傳達(dá)信 息的行為舉止.31 . Sex refers to the biological differences between males and females.32 . Gender concerns the psychological, social and culturaldifferences betweenmales and females.33 . Gender identity - perception of self as a woman or man, masculine or feminine34 .良好的交際 Competent communication : as i