七年級(jí)英語(yǔ)暑假專題 名詞 湘教版

1、1初一英語(yǔ)初一英語(yǔ)暑假專題：名詞暑假專題：名詞湘教版湘教版【本講教育信息本講教育信息】一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容：暑假專題：名詞二. 重、難點(diǎn)內(nèi)容：名詞的用法三. 具體內(nèi)容：名詞可以分為專有名詞和普通名詞，專有名詞是某個(gè)（些）人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如 Beijing，China 等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness 等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類： 1）個(gè)體名詞：表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：gun。 2）集體名詞：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family。 3）物質(zhì)名詞：表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：air。 4）抽象名詞：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象

2、概念，如：work。個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來(lái)計(jì)算，稱為可數(shù)名詞，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無(wú)法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞。歸納一下，名詞的分類可以用下圖表示：專有名詞物質(zhì)名詞抽象名詞不可數(shù)名詞集體名詞名詞普通名詞個(gè)體名詞可數(shù)名詞 1 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化 情況構(gòu)成方法讀音例詞清輔音后讀/s/map-maps一般情況加 -s濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/bag-bags /car-cars以 s, sh, ch, x 等結(jié)尾加 -es讀 /iz/bus-buses/ watch-watches以 ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾加 -s讀 /iz/license-licenses以輔音字母+y 結(jié)尾變 y

3、 為 i 再加es讀 /z/baby-babies 2 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化 1） 以 y 結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加 s 變復(fù)數(shù)。例如：two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays2）以 o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： A. 加 s，如： photo-photos piano-pianosradio-radios zoo-zoos； 2 B. 加 es，如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes C. 上述 a 和 b 兩種方法均可，如 zero-zeros / zeroes。

4、3） 以 f 或 fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： A. 加 s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs；B. 去 f,fe 加 ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves；C. 上述 a 和 b 兩種方法均可，如 handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。 3 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化 1） child-children foot-feet tooth-teet

5、hmouse-mice man-men woman-women 注意：由一個(gè)詞加 man 或 woman 構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women，如 an Englishman，two Englishmen。但 German 不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman 是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是 the Bowmans。2） 單復(fù)同形，如 deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：a dollar, two doll

6、ars; a meter, two meters。3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說(shuō) a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說(shuō) a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國(guó)民總稱時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用，如 The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的。4） 以 s 結(jié)尾，仍

7、為單數(shù)的名詞，如：A. maths，politics，physics 等學(xué)科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。B. news 為不可數(shù)名詞。C. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國(guó)是 1945 年組建起來(lái)的。D. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書(shū)名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。例如：“The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事書(shū)。5）表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glas

8、ses （眼鏡） ，trousers,clothes 等，若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair（對(duì)，雙）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思，如：goods 貨物，waters 水域，fishes（各種）魚(yú)。4 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示 1）物質(zhì)名詞A. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)為可數(shù)。比較：Cake is a kind of fooD.蛋糕是一種食物。 （不可數(shù)）These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。 （可數(shù)）B. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，可數(shù)。例

9、如：This factory produces steel.（不可數(shù)）We need various steels.（可數(shù)）3C. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：Our country is famous for teA. 我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名。Two teas, please. 請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯茶。2） 抽象名詞表示具體的事例時(shí)也可數(shù)。例如：four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations 四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表示一定的數(shù)量，如 a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一則建議。5. 定語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作

10、定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)。例如：sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室 talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語(yǔ)系2） man, woman, gentleman 等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如： men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials3） 有些由 s 結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，s 保留。例如：goods train 貨車 arms produce武器生產(chǎn)customs papers 海

11、關(guān)文件 clothes brush 衣刷4） 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：two-dozen eggs兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹(shù) a five-year plan.一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃6 不同國(guó)籍人的單復(fù)數(shù) 國(guó)籍總稱（謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)）單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)中國(guó)人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亞人the Australians an Australiantwo Australians俄國(guó)人the Russiansa Russiantwo

12、 Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希臘人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法國(guó)人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美國(guó)人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians德國(guó)人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英國(guó)

13、人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes7 名詞的格 英語(yǔ)中有些名詞可以加“s”來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teachers book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加“s” ，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒(méi)有 s，也要加“s” ，如 the boys bag 男孩的書(shū)包，mens room 男廁所。2） 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加“” ，如：the workers struggle工人的斗爭(zhēng)。3） 凡不能加“s”的名詞，都可以用“名詞+of +名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表

14、示所有關(guān)系，如：4the title of the song 歌的名字。4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barbers 理發(fā)店。5） 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有s，則表示“分別有” ；只有一個(gè)s，則表示“共有” 。例如：Johns and Marys rooms（兩間）John and Marys room（一間）6） 復(fù)合名詞或短語(yǔ)， s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。例如：a month or twos absence【典型例題典型例題】1. My house is within _ from the railway station

15、. A. a stones throw （投距，射程）B. a throw of a stone C. stones throw D. the stones throw2. My mother cut the cloth with _ scissors.A. a B. two C. a couple of D. a pair of3. This room is _. A. the editors-in-chiefs office B. the editor-in-chiefs officeC. the editor-in-chief（主管人員） office D. the editors-in

16、-chief office4. My old classmate, Comrade Sun ,works at _.A. a teacher college B. a teachers collegeC. a teachers college D. a college of a teachers5. Our teacher gave me _.A. an advice B. the advice C. many advice D. much adviceKeys: 1-5 A D B C D 【模擬試題模擬試題】 （答題時(shí)間：40 分鐘）1. He was eager to make some

17、 extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_. A. little wage B. few wage C. wage D. wages2. Most of the houses in the village were burnt to _ during the war.A. an ash B. the ash C. ash D. ashes3.The students at colleges or universities are making _ for the coming New Year.A. m

18、any preparations B. much preparation C. preparations D. preparation4. Painting in _ is one of their spare-time activities.A. oil B. an oil C. oils D. the oil5. In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here.A. much B. lots of C. a great deal of D. many6. The large houses are being painte

19、d, but _.A. of great expense B. at a great expense C. in a lot of expenses D. by high expense7. The room was small and contained far too _.A. much new furniture B. much new furnituresC. many new furniture D. many new furnitures8. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both

20、 of the _.A. rooms number B. room number C. rooms numbers D. room numbers59. Computers can do _ work in a short time, but a man can not do _ by himself. A. a great manymany B. mucha great deal C. a great deal ofmuch D. manya great many10. She didnt know _ he had been given.A. how many information B.

21、 how many informationsC. the number of information D. how much information11. He invited all of his _ to join his wedding party.A. comrade-in-arms B. comrades-in-armC. comrades-in-arms D. comrade-in-arm12. All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month.A. women doctors B. woman doctorsC. women doct

22、or D. woman doctor13. After ten years, all these youngsters became_.A. growns-ups B. growns-upC. grown-up D. grown-ups14. The police investigated those _ about the accident.A. stander-by B. standers-byC. stander-bys D. standers-bys15. The Nazi kept those _ in their concentration camp.A. prisoner-of-

23、wars B. prisoners-of-warC. prisoners-of-wars D. prisoner-of-war16. The manager was greatly appreciated that _ made by Linda lately.A. new reel B. news reel C. new-reels D. news reels17. Marys dress is similar in appearance to her _. A. elder sister B. elder sisters C. elder sisters D. elder sisters

24、dress18. All the people at the conference are _. A. mathematic teachers B. mathematics teacherC. mathematics teachers D. mathematics teachers19. Professor Mackay told us that _ of lead are its softness and its resistance.A. some property B. propertiesC. some properties D. property20. Physics _ with

25、matter and motion.A. deal B. deals C. dealing D. are21. He has written several books, but his last works _ well known among his friends.A. have B. have been C. is D. are 22. After he checked up my _ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.A. father-in-laws B. fathers-in-lawC. father-in-

26、law D. fathers-in-laws23. He told me _ would come to his birthday party.A. many Jack friends B. many Jacks friendC. Jacks many friends D. many friends of Jacks24. I had my hair cut at the _ around the corner.A. barber B. barbers C. barbers D. barbers25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at _.

27、6A. Peter and Helens B. Peter and HelenC. Peter and Helens D. Peters and Helens26._ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the suns energy.A. The earths surface B. The surface of earthC. The surface earth D. The earth surface27. Numerous materials are available to _.A. today of designe

28、rs B. todays of designersC. todays designers D. today designers28. Why did you speak to Peter that way? Dont you know he is an old friend of _?A. my brother B. my brothers C. my brothers D. my brothers friend29._ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.A. This Johns old fri

29、end B. Thats Johns old friendC. This old friend of John D. This old friend of Johns30._ is too much for a little boy to carry.A. A bikes weight B. The weight of a bikeC. The weights of a bike D. Biles weight31. Generally there are _ television programs for children on Saturday.A. little B. much C. a

30、 large number of D. a large amount of32. When they got to the lecture-room, there were _ left.A. only few seats B. a very few seats C. only a few seats D. so a few seats33._ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.A. A little mail B. A piece of mail C. A mail D. A small mail34.

31、The Department purchased _ to improve the working conditions there.A. a new equipment B. new equipments C. a new piece of equipment D. new pieces of equipments35.The boy tried hard but there has been _ in his work.A. little improvement B. many improvementsC. a little improvement D. few improvements3

32、6. Todays modern TV cameras require _ light as compared with the earlier models.A. only a few B. only few C. only a little D. only little37. No country can afford to neglect _.A. an education B. educations C. education D. the education38. Please write the answers to the questions at the end of _.A.

33、eighth chapter B. chapter eight C. eight chapter D. chapter the eight39._ is only surpassed by that of monkeys and apes. A. The intelligent dog C. The intelligence of dogsB. The dogs whose intelligence D. The dogs being intelligent40. All _ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.A. busines

34、s student B. businesss students C. business students D. businesss student41. _ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself. A. Three minutes call C. A three-minutes callB. Three-minute call D. A three-minute call42. The _ about nuclear energy revolves around the

35、waste problem.7A. publics chief concern B. chief public concernC. public chief concern D. chief concern of publics43. _ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroaD.A. Chinese were B. The Chinese was C. Chinese was D. The Chinese were44. _ can get a

36、 better view of the game than the participants.A. Looker-on B. Lookers-on C. Looker-ons C. Lookers-ons45. A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who _ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.A. were B. have been C. was D. has been46.Our livestock _ not as numerous as they used to be.

37、A. is B. are C. be D. been47. One of the most surprising things is that _ may come from petroleum.A. much of tomorrow food B. many of tomorrows foodC. much of the food of tomorrow D. much of tomorrows food48. Scott is an orphan but he received _.A. very good education B. a very good educationC. very

38、 good educations D. many good educations49. After several days hardworking, we have made _ on the design.A. much improvement B. many improvementC. several improvements D. some improvement50. The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a _ yesterday.A. shoes shop B. shoe shop C. shoess shop D. shoes51. Eggs, though nourishing, have _ of fat content.A. large number B. a large number C. a high amount D. the high amount52. He has done some _