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1、Advance with EnglishBy Luo Sha羅莎衡陽市二中,牛津高中英語模塊三Unit 1Wordlist 1, P67 hearing: n. hear: v. raised: adj. raise: v. unit 2,p23 confuse: v. confusing: adj. confused: adj. fog: n. foggy: adj. conductor: n. conduct: v. (take a ) glance at sth. 掃視 nowhere:反義詞 everywhere:adv.到處 in sight看得見, out of sight看不見

2、narrow: adj. 狹窄的, 反義詞 wideUnit 1Wordlist 1, P67 wish for : hope for 盼望 darkness: n. dark: adj.黑暗的;深色的 hesitate: v. hesitation ,hezitein n. 猶豫 reach out: 伸出手 reach into:(把手)伸進(jìn) stare (up) at: (抬頭)凝視 watch out for:留心, look out for, be careful of firmly: adv. firm: adj. be grateful to sb.對某人表示感謝 helper:

3、 n.幫助者 help: v. n. helpful: adj come to ones aid: v. help sb. 幫助某人Unit 1, welcome to the unit, P1The world of our senses To talk about our senses and the importance of them Five senses: sight視覺, hearing聽覺, taste味覺, smell嗅覺, touch觸覺Unit 1welcome to the unit, P1 daily life日常生活 sense: C .感官, U .感覺 five

4、 senses五官感覺: sight視覺, hearing聽覺, taste味覺, smell嗅覺, touch觸覺 blind blaind adj. 瞎的 Braille breil 盲文 hold ones nose 捏住鼻子 as well as usual 和往常一樣 sign language 手勢語 make achievements 做出成就Sight 視覺Sight 視覺To discuss what would happen if we lost one or two our senses and think about how to live without one or

5、 two senses 海倫海倫凱勒凱勒(Helen Keller 1880年年6月月27日日-1968年年6月月1日日) 出生之時原為健康的嬰兒,但卻在出生之時原為健康的嬰兒,但卻在19個月大的時候患了急個月大的時候患了急性腦炎,從此性腦炎,從此失去了聽覺和視覺失去了聽覺和視覺。然而,她仍然努力的保。然而,她仍然努力的保持著和外界的聯(lián)系,運(yùn)用自己的持著和外界的聯(lián)系,運(yùn)用自己的手語手語和家庭成員交流。和家庭成員交流。 19世紀(jì)美國盲聾女作家、教育家、世紀(jì)美國盲聾女作家、教育家、慈善家慈善家、社會活動家。、社會活動家。她以自強(qiáng)不息的頑強(qiáng)毅力,在安妮。莎莉文老師的幫助下,她以自強(qiáng)不息的頑強(qiáng)毅力,在

6、安妮。莎莉文老師的幫助下,掌握了英、法、德等五國語言掌握了英、法、德等五國語言。完成了她的一系列著作,。完成了她的一系列著作,并致力于為殘疾人造福,并致力于為殘疾人造福,建立慈善機(jī)構(gòu)建立慈善機(jī)構(gòu),被美國,被美國時代周時代周刊刊評為評為美國十大英雄偶像美國十大英雄偶像,榮獲,榮獲“總統(tǒng)自由勛章總統(tǒng)自由勛章”等獎等獎項。主要著作有項。主要著作有假如給我三天光明假如給我三天光明、我的生活我的生活、我的老師我的老師等。等。Reading,P2-3Reading Comprehension, Questions Fast reading: P2, A 1. What is the story about

7、? 2. Where did Polly live? 3. Who helped Polly? Deep reading: P4,C 1 1. Why did Polly leave work early? 2. Why did Polly take the Underground to the Green Park? 3. What was the weather like outside the station? 4. According to the Line 33,what made Polly afraid?Reading,P2outline A plot Main characte

8、rs A certain time period A place A problem to be solved A climax or a surprise endingReading, P2Fog warning left : (P2, L2) v. 離開 ,leave的過去式, (P3,L43) adj. 左邊的, turn left左轉(zhuǎn) at lunch, at noon, at night, at weekend step out into 走出去到 wonder if/whether 想知道能否 still: (P2, L5) adv. 仍然 (P2, L29) adj. 靜止的,不

9、動的 第一段從句: (L2)when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句 (L3)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 (L5)if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句Reading, P2No buses to king Street once: (L7)conj. 一旦 (L42)adv. 曾經(jīng) bus stop(L7)公交車站 take the underground(L11)乘地鐵 too to (L10)太.以致不能. too adj. for sb. to do sth. The boy is still too young to go to school. 小男孩還不到上學(xué)年齡。 it is too foggy for the bus

10、 to run that far. (L10) =the fog is so thick that the bus will not run that(=so) far. 第二/三段從句: (L8) before引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句 (10) The truth is that事實(shí)是,老實(shí)說。引導(dǎo)的表語從句Reading, P2A tall man passenger 乘客 observe, watch, notice 的區(qū)別 at last (L15): 最后;終于 finally rest: (L16) n. 剩余部分 (L51) v. 休息 (take a) glance at (L16)

11、掃視 I took a glance at the book. 我飛快地瀏覽了一下這本書。 nowhere: adv.到處都不, everywhere:adv.到處 本段從句: (L14) as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句,that同位語從句 (L16) while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句 Reading, P2Footsteps entrance entrns n. 入口 thick ik adj. 厚的 lay: v. 躺;位于(lie的過去式) in sight (L20)看得見 out of sight 看不見 Is there a taxi or a bus in sight. 看看是不是有公共汽車

12、或出租車? set off (L20) v. 出發(fā) set out by the time (L22)等到, 到的時候 rough rf adj. 粗糙的 brush br vi.擦過;掠過 beat bi:t v.跳動; 打敗; 拍打 beat, beaten with fear: 因為害怕 with: because of Reading, P2 Footsteps see , hear , feel (L25), watch , notice 等表示感覺的動詞后,既可用 v - ing 構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語,也可用不帶 to 的動詞不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。兩者之間有差別。用 v - ing , 表示

13、動作正在進(jìn)行,即處于發(fā)生的過程中,還沒有結(jié)束;用不定式則表示動作發(fā)生了.類似的動詞還有 observe , look at , listen to, smell, taste等 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)我看見了這個事實(shí)) I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)我見他正干活這個動作) 昨天我見他正在花園里干活。Reading, P2The helpful stranger wish for (L28): v. hope for 盼望 ,希望得到 I hav

14、e nothing left to wish for. 我再也沒什么想要的了。 come along (L28): v. 出現(xiàn) still (L29) adj. 靜止的,不動的 hold sb. still (L28)使某人一動不動 come out of the darkness (L29) 從黑暗中傳來 hesitate heziteit v. 猶豫 be lost (L31)迷路 reach out (L32)伸出(手) reach into (把手)伸進(jìn) I reach out and gently caught it. 我伸出雙手,輕輕地接住了它。 find oneself doin

15、g (L32)無意中發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在做某事Reading, P2 The helpful stranger stare (up) at (L33)抬頭凝視 Its rude to stare at strangers. 盯著陌生人看是沒有禮貌的。 watch out for (L38): 留心 , 注意 look out for The police are watching out for the suspect. 警方正密切注意嫌疑犯的行動。 hit hit v.碰撞 (hit, hit) once: (L7)conj. 一旦 (L42)adv. 曾經(jīng) cross: kr:s n. 十字架;交叉

16、,十字 crossroads: n. 十字路口 left : (P2, L2) v. 離開 , leave的過去式, (P3,L43) adj. 左邊的, turn left左轉(zhuǎn) feel frightened (L45) 感到害怕 anxious nks adj.焦慮的, 擔(dān)憂的Reading, P2The grateful helper firmly: adv. 牢牢地, 堅定地 firm: adj. be grateful to sb. (L48)對某人表示感激 Im grateful to his help. 我感激他對我的幫助。 Here we are.我們到了 come to on

17、es aid (L50): 來幫助某人 help sb. in relief 如釋重負(fù),松了口氣 rest: (L16) n. 剩余部分 (L51) v. 休息 for a while (L50) fr wil一會兒 Now that I am free, I can enjoy music for a while. 既然有空,我可以享受一下音樂。 Its very nice of you: Youre very nice. be off (L52): 離開 I must be off soon. 我很快就得走了。Reading, P2 The grateful helper pay back

18、 (L54): v. 報答,償還 I lent him some money last week but he forgot to pay back. 上周我借了一些錢給他,但他忘記歸還。 get across: v. 通過,渡過 get across the road (L55)過馬路 except (L55): iksept prep. 除之外 like: adj.喜歡,(反)dislike prep.像(反)unlike 本段從句 that (L54): 引導(dǎo)的定語從句 when (L54): 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句Reading, P2-3 從句歸納 名詞性從句 1. At lunch,

19、the radio forecast that(L2) 賓語從句 2. She wondered if the buses(L5) 賓語從句 3. The truth is that it is too foggy(L10) 表語從句 4. she had a feeling that she was(L14) 同位語從句 5. Polly heard (that) it hit the step. (L38) 賓語從句Reading, P2-3 從句歸納 時間狀語從句 1. When Polly left home that morning,(L1) 2. Once (she was) ou

20、t in the street,(L7) 3. As Polly observe the passengers(L14) 4. While the rest of passengers were(L16) 5. When Polly got to the station(L19) 6. As she walked alone the narrow(L21) 本課時間狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:when, once, as whileReading, P2-3 從句歸納 定語從句 1chance to pay back the help that people give me(L54) It gives

21、me the chance to pay back the help. People give me the help. Reading, P2-3PlotReading, P4-5 C 1: 1(L3), 2(L10), 3(L19), 6(L40) C 2: 2(L11),6(L36),5(L32), 9(L50), 3(L15),7(L43),4(L23),8(L49),1(L4),10(L53) D: 1-d, 2-c, 3-e, 4-f, 5-b, 6-a E: 1.darkness 2.wherever 3.hesitate 4.anxious 5.approaching 6.ai

22、d 7.grasp 8.observe F: sixth sense 第六感Reading, P5, E since(L1)原因狀語從句 if(L1)條件狀語從句 because(L2)原因狀語從句 where(L3)賓語從句 when(L7)賓語從句 because(L7)原因狀語從句 when(L8)時間狀語從句 that(L9)賓語從句 when(L10)時間狀語從句 if(L11)賓語從句 when(L12)時間狀語從句 if(L13)賓語從句 since(L14)原因狀語從句 that(L15)賓語從句 that(L16)定語從句Reading, P6 word powerparts

23、 of speech, part A rest: (L16) n. 剩余部分 (L51) v. 休息 Well eat some of the bread and keep the rest for breakfast. n. 剩余部分 我們將吃一點(diǎn)面包,剩下的留到早飯時吃。 I always rest for an hour after dinner. v. 休息 晚飯后,我總要休息一小時。 once: (L7)conj. 一旦 (L42)adv. 曾經(jīng) Once you begin, you must continue. conj. 一旦 一旦開始,你就得繼續(xù)。 You look like

24、 a girl who once saved my life. adv. 曾經(jīng) 你看起來就像是那個曾經(jīng)救我一命的女孩。Reading, P6 word powerparts of speech, part A left : (P2, L2) v. 離開 ,leave的過去式 (P3,L43) adj. 左邊的, turn left左轉(zhuǎn) Do you know why John left our company? v. 離開 你知道約翰為什么離開我們公司嗎? Turn right, turn left, But stay on the pavement. adj. 左邊的 向右拐,向左拐,但是要

25、停在人行道上。 still: (P2, L5) adv. 仍然 (P2, L29) adj. 靜止的,不動的 In practice, we still need to study English hard. adv. 仍然 實(shí)際上,我們?nèi)匀恍枰W(xué)習(xí)英語。 The room was still at the end of the speech. adj. 靜止的 演講結(jié)束的時候,房間里寂靜無聲。Reading, P6 word powerparts of speech, part B 1. cause vt. 引起 2. cause n. 原因 3. answer n. 回答;答案 4.

26、answer v. 回答 5. increases v. 增加 6. increase n. 增加 Reading, P7 weather sun: n. sunny: adj. 睛朗的 rain: n. rainy: adj.下雨的,多雨的 cloud: n cloudy: adj.多云的;陰天的 snow: n snowy: adj.下雪的,多雪的 fog/mist foggy: adj.有霧的,霧茫茫的 shower au n. 陣雨 thunder nd n. 雷 vi. 打雷 lightening laitni n.閃電 v.閃電 hurricane hrikn n. 颶風(fēng),暴風(fēng) s

27、nowstorm n. 暴風(fēng)雪, 雪暴 Reading, P7 weather Part A flood fld n. 洪水 by the way 順便說說,順便問一下 Heres your bus. 你等的公交車到了 Part B weather forecast n.天氣預(yù)報 lunchtime lnttaim n. 午餐時間 early evening n.傍晚 turn to v. 變成 midnight n. 午夜,半夜12點(diǎn)鐘 1. sunny 2. cloudy 3. rain 4. thunder/lightening 5. stormnoun clause 名詞性從句 在句子

28、中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句 (Noun Clauses)。 名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等,因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能,名詞性從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類: 連詞連詞(5個)個):that (賓語從句或表語從句中that有時可以省略) whether,if (均表示“是否”表明從句內(nèi)容的不確定性) as if ,as though (均表示“好像”,“似乎”) 以上在從句中均不充當(dāng)任何成分 連接連接代詞代詞(9個)個):

29、what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever 連接副詞連接副詞(7個)個):when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however His job is important.What he does is important.This is his job.This is what he does every day. I dont like his job.I dont like what he does every day. I dont know a

30、bout the man, Mr. White.I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher. noun clause 名詞性從句一一. 主語從句主語從句 作句子主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that,whether,if,as if和because等連接代詞what,who,which,whatever,whoever,whom等以及連接副詞how,when,where,why等詞引導(dǎo)。 that在句中無詞義,只起連接作用;連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用,在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。because引導(dǎo)表語

31、從句。注:whom、who指人,what指物,whatever,whoever表示泛指意義。 noun clause 名詞性從句一一. 主語從句主語從句 例如: What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我們說什么,還不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 誰能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。 It is known to us how he became a writer. 我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not ye

32、t been announced. 英語晚會將在哪里舉行,還沒有宣布。 noun clause 名詞性從句一一. 主語從句主語從句有時為避免句子頭重腳輕,常用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首,而把主語從句置于句末。主語從句后的謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下: (1) It + be + 名詞 + that從句 (2)It + be + 形容詞 + that從句 (3)It + be + 動詞的過去分詞 + that從句 (4)It + 不及物動詞 + that 從句 另注意在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、另注意在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語氣時,理

33、應(yīng)如此等語氣時,謂語動詞要用謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣虛擬語氣“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:,常用的句型有: It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that noun clause 名詞性從句一一. 主語從句主語從句 P8 1. That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy (陳述句) It makes me happy that I

34、can pay back the help people give me. 2. Whether hell be able to come is not yet known . (一般疑問句) It is not yet known whether hell be able to come. 3. Why they have not left yet is not clear so far. (特殊疑問句) It is not clear so far why they have not left yet. Its likely/possible/important/necessary/cle

35、ar that 很可能很可能/重要的是重要的是/必要的是必要的是/很清楚很清楚Its said/ reported that 據(jù)說據(jù)說/據(jù)報道據(jù)報道It seems/appears/happens that 顯然、明顯、碰巧顯然、明顯、碰巧.Its been announced/declared that 已經(jīng)通知已經(jīng)通知/宣布宣布Its no wonder that 并不奇怪并不奇怪/無疑無疑Its a pity/a fact /a common knowledge (眾所周知)眾所周知) / a common saying(俗話說)(俗話說)thatnoun clause 名詞性從句二.

36、賓語從句賓語從句 名詞從句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句名詞從句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣,一樣,在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞及在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞及非謂語動詞非謂語動詞的賓語。的賓語。 1. 由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時,that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分,在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去,但如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。例如: He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已

37、經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。 He told me( that) he would come and that he would come on time.noun clause 名詞性從句二. 賓語從句賓語從句 P8 1. V. 作動詞的賓語 She believed that he had not told her the truth. I wonder if/ whether thats a good idea. Polly didnt know which way she should go. 2. Preposition 介詞,作介詞的賓語 Im interested in who th

38、at tall man is. There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man.noun clause 名詞性從句二. 賓語從句賓語從句 P8 3. use it as a preparatory object 形式賓語 在在主主+謂謂+it(形式賓語形式賓語)+賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)+that從句從句(真正賓語真正賓語) 的句型中的句型中不省略不省略 We all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone. The conductor has made it c

39、lear that no buses will be running.noun clause 名詞性從句二. 賓語從句賓語從句 That在賓語從句中的省略與保留在賓語從句中的省略與保留 1. 由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時,that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分,在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去,但如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。例如: He told me( that) he would come and that he would come on time. 2. use it as a preparatory object 形式賓語 在在主主+謂謂+i

40、t(形式賓語形式賓語)+賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)+that從句從句(真正賓語真正賓語) 的句型中的句型中不省略不省略 We all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone.noun clause 名詞性從句二. 賓語從句賓語從句 注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后,賓語從句常用“(should)+ 動詞原形”。例如: I insist that she (should) do her work alo

41、ne. 我堅持要她自己工作。 The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令員命令部隊馬上出發(fā)。 noun clause 名詞性從句二. 賓語從句賓語從句 2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問句,應(yīng)注意句子語序要用陳述語序。例如: I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告訴了你什么。 She always

42、 thinks of how she can work well. 她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要幫助的人,她都會給予熱情的支持。 noun clause 名詞性從句二. 賓語從句賓語從句 用用whether或或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,其主語和謂語的順序也不能顛倒,仍保持陳述句語序。此外,whether與if 在作“是否”的意思講時在下列情況下一般只能用whether,不用if: 1、 在動詞不定式之前只能用whether 。如: I cant decide whether to

43、stay. 我不能決定是否留下。 2、 在whether or not 的固定搭配中。如: I want to know whether its good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。 3 、在介詞后,只能用whether。如: His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父親擔(dān)心 是否會失去工作。 免歧義. noun clause 名詞性從句二. 賓語從句賓語從句 4. 引導(dǎo)表語從句 eg:The question is whether we can get in touch with her 5、賓

44、語從句放在句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時,只能用whether 。如: Whether this is true or not, I really dont know. 這是否真的,我真的不知道。 6、用if會引起歧義時,只用whether。如: Could you tell me if you know the answer ? 這句話有兩種意思:“你能告訴我是否知道答案嗎?”或“如果你知道答案,請告訴我,好嗎?”。如用whether可避noun clause 名詞性從句三、表語從句三、表語從句 在復(fù)合句中,位于系動詞系動詞之后作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣,表語

45、從句位于連系動詞后,有時用as if/ though引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語 + 系動詞 + that從句。例如: The fact is that we have lost the game. 事實(shí)是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場比賽。 Thats just what I want. 這正是我想要的。 This is where our problem lies. 這就是我們的問題所在。 That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他為什么不到會的原因。 It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 noun cl

46、ause 名詞性從句三、表語從句三、表語從句 需要注意的,當(dāng)主語是reason時,表語從句要用that引導(dǎo)而不是because。例如: The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . 【注意】whether 可引導(dǎo)表語從句,但與之同義的if卻通常不用于引導(dǎo)表語從句。 noun clause 名詞性從句四、同位語從句四、同位語從句 同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo),可用于同位語從句的名詞有advice、demand、doubt、fact、ho

47、pe、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如: The news that we won the game is exciting.我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動。 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么時候回來。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能瑪麗生病了。 He gave m

48、e a suggestion that I ( should ) be calm now.名詞名詞demand, suggestion, proposal, advice 等詞后的同位語從句的語氣要用虛擬語氣等詞后的同位語從句的語氣要用虛擬語氣,結(jié)構(gòu)為結(jié)構(gòu)為 should + do, should 可省略可省略 noun clause 名詞性從句四、同位語從句四、同位語從句 同位語從句和同位語從句和定語從句定語從句的區(qū)別:的區(qū)別: 定語從句是先行詞的修飾語。定語從句是先行詞的修飾語。that作為關(guān)系代詞,可以引導(dǎo)定語從句,充當(dāng)句子成分,在從句中作賓語時可以省略; 同位語從句對中心詞的內(nèi)容作進(jìn)一

49、步的解釋和同位語從句對中心詞的內(nèi)容作進(jìn)一步的解釋和說明,表明中心詞的具體內(nèi)容。說明,表明中心詞的具體內(nèi)容。 that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時,起連詞的作用,沒有實(shí)際意義,不充當(dāng)句子成分,一般不能省略。 試比較下面兩個例句: I had no idea that you were here(that引導(dǎo)同位語從句,不能省略) noun clause 名詞性從句四、定語從句四、定語從句 定語從句(定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語,)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞詞組或代詞即即先行詞先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后

50、,由。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系或關(guān)系副詞副詞)引出。)引出。 定語用來定語用來限定限定、修飾名詞或代詞,是對名詞或代、修飾名詞或代詞,是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(動詞不定式短詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(動詞不定式短語、動名詞表示的)漢語中常用語、動名詞表示的)漢語中常用“的的”表示。表示。 that that 可省略的情況:可省略的情況:thatthat不可省略的情況:不可省略的情況:1.主語從句主語從句(也包括形式主語表語從句)也包括形式主語表語從句)2.表語從句表語從句3.同位語從句同位語從句4.用用it做形式賓語的賓語從句做形

51、式賓語的賓語從句5.并列的賓語從句中的后幾個從句的并列的賓語從句中的后幾個從句的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞that 不能省略不能省略單個賓語從句中的單個賓語從句中的that可省略可省略Grammar and usage, P9Pleasant smells reduce pain? (L1) reduce pain 減少疼痛減少疼痛 (L5) breath in 吸進(jìn)吸進(jìn) (L11) sniff pleasant smell 聞香味聞香味 (L13) no longer 不再不再 (L13) tolerate the pain 忍受疼痛忍受疼痛 (L14) be related to (doing) sth

52、. 與與相關(guān)相關(guān) (L15) be curious about sth. 對好奇 (L23) be linked to (doing) sth. 與與相聯(lián)系相聯(lián)系 (L24) used to do sth. 過去常常做某事Grammar and usage, P9Pleasant smells reduce pain?reduce: v. 減少,降低,減緩 【反義詞】 increase v. 增加 reduce pain/ costs/ speed: 減輕痛苦、降低價格、減慢速度volunteer: n. 志愿者 v. 志愿做,自愿做volunteer to do sth. 志愿做某事Many

53、 volunteers volunteered to help the old in their town. 許多志愿者自愿幫助鎮(zhèn)上的老人。voluntary: adj. 志愿的 voluntarily: adv. 志愿地Grammar and usage, P9Pleasant smells reduce pain?recognize: vt. 認(rèn)出 I could hardly recognize her at first sight. 我第一眼幾乎不能認(rèn)出她。puzzle: n. 迷,疑問 vt. sth puzzle sb. 某物令某人迷惑puzzled: adj. 感到迷惑的(人作主

54、語puzzling: adj. 令人迷惑的(物作主語Grammar and usage, P9Pleasant smells reduce pain? that (L1)同位語從句 The possibility that pleasant smells might reduce pain while (L5)時間狀語從句 while breathing in different smells. since(L6)原因狀語從句 Since it is believed that strong smells can affect the senses, that(L6)主語從句 ( it是形式主

55、語) it is believed that strong smells can affect the senses, until(L13)時間狀語從句 until they could no longer tolerate the pain. whether(L14)賓語從句 (作介詞in的賓語) interested in whether the sense of smell is related to pain. Grammar and usage, P9Pleasant smells reduce pain? whether(L15)賓語從句 (作介詞about的賓語) curious

56、 about whether it is the same for both sexes. that(L16、18、20)賓語從句 (作動詞賓語) has proved that for women, pleasant smells reduce pain. (L16) He says that scientists have already collected data from 40 volunteers. (L18) (作動詞賓語) He adds that this year, scientists will test another 60 volunteers and will be

57、 in a better position to analyse the results. (L20)Grammar and usage, P9Pleasant smells reduce pain? that(L22)表語從句 is that women s sense of smell is and the smell of babies. that(L24)賓語從句 (作動詞賓語) believe that mothers recognize their children by sight only. that(L26)賓語從句 (作動詞賓語) convinced that the se

58、nse of smell also helps. why(L27)主語從句 why pleasant smells do not reduce pain in men remains a puzzle for scientists名詞性從句, P10 1.(1)當(dāng)名詞性從句是陳述句時,由that引導(dǎo) The radio announced that the mist would become a thick fog. (賓語從句) 1.(2) 當(dāng)名詞性從句是作主語時(主語從句), that不能省略 That we couldnt find our way out was really bad

59、news. That a man came to show her the way made her happy.名詞性從句, P10 1.(3) 當(dāng)名詞性從句作賓語或表語時(賓語從句、表語從句), 非正式英語中that可省略 She wished (that) someone would come along to help her. (賓語從句) come along: v. 出現(xiàn) The truth is (that) the buses will not be running. (表語從句)名詞性從句, P10 2. (1)當(dāng)名詞性從句是一般疑問句時,用if/ whether引導(dǎo),改為

60、: 陳述語序 She wondered. Would the buses still be running? She wondered if/ whether the buses would still be running. (賓語從句) 2. (2)當(dāng)名詞性從句在介詞后(介詞后的賓語從句), 只用whether引導(dǎo) She is not certain about whether she has done anything wrong. be certain about sth. 確信,肯定名詞性從句, P10 2. (3)當(dāng)名詞性從句是一般疑問句作主語置于句首時(主語從句), 只用whe

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