2008年高考復(fù)習(xí)精講：英語閱讀理解(新課標(biāo)人教版)

1、2008年高考復(fù)習(xí)精講：英語閱讀理解（新課標(biāo)人教版）一、對學(xué)生閱讀能力的要求1、能把握閱讀材料的主要線索、時(shí)間和空間順序。2、掌握閱讀材料的主旨和大意，以及用以說明主旨和大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。3、理解文中具體信息：既能理解具體事實(shí)，也能理解抽象概念。4、根據(jù)材料所提供的信息通過上下文推斷生詞的詞義。5、能夠根據(jù)材料所提供的信息，根據(jù)學(xué)生應(yīng)有的知識正確做出簡單推理和判斷。6、理解文章基本結(jié)構(gòu)，能夠理解某句、某段的含義，并能把握全篇的文脈，并以此進(jìn)行推理和判斷。7、既要理解字面的意義，也要理解深層次含義，也就是理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度。二、英語新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中閱讀能力的六個(gè)指標(biāo)1、能理解閱讀材料中不同的觀點(diǎn)和

2、態(tài)度。2、能識別不同文體的特征。3、能通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)理解難句和長句。4、能在教師幫助下欣賞淺顯的文學(xué)作品。5、能根據(jù)學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)的需要從電子讀物和網(wǎng)絡(luò)中獲取信息并進(jìn)行加工處理。6、除教材外，課外閱讀量累計(jì)應(yīng)達(dá)到36萬個(gè)詞匯以上。三、閱讀理解規(guī)律方法：在分清文體的基礎(chǔ)上議論文：找主題句(文章的開頭/中間/結(jié)尾)說明文：說明什么道理/原理/事由夾敘夾議文：通過敘述說明什么人生哲理【小技巧】1、選擇概括性/哲理性的答案；2、不選擇細(xì)節(jié)性的信息；3、選擇與主題句意思最接近的選項(xiàng)。四、閱讀理解的答題步驟及注意事項(xiàng) 1、先看問題，再讀文章帶著問題閱讀短文，確定主攻方向，特別要注意首尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主

3、題和脈胳，摘取有用的材料，舍棄無關(guān)的信息，有的放矢，高效省時(shí)。 2、細(xì)讀全文，認(rèn)真推敲針對測試題的要求，細(xì)心閱讀與問題有關(guān)的詞匯、句子或段落，要特別留心一些關(guān)鍵信息詞，它們既是測試的重點(diǎn)，又是把握全文意思的突破口，因此，必須準(zhǔn)確判斷，仔細(xì)斟酌，以便選出最佳答案。 3、復(fù)讀全文，驗(yàn)證答案在選出全部答案后，應(yīng)將答案帶入問題中重讀全文，看前后意思是否貫通，有無矛盾，若前后不一致或意思矛盾，則要考慮重選答案。 【注意事項(xiàng)】1、所選有據(jù)，避免主觀閱讀他人之作，理解他人之意，必須以作者的思維模式為準(zhǔn)繩，以原文提供的事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)和邏輯關(guān)系為自己思維活動的基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)，切忌把自己的觀點(diǎn)和看法與原文或作者的觀點(diǎn) 和看法

4、混為一談，自以為是。文章中的數(shù)字、日期、時(shí)間、表限量的詞或短語等都是設(shè)題的重點(diǎn)，若只注意明顯的內(nèi)容，正好走進(jìn)了它的陷阱；若不注意虛的內(nèi)容，想當(dāng)然答題也必錯(cuò)無疑。因此，必須學(xué)會“虛實(shí)結(jié)合”。 2、符合原文的答案=正確答案最佳答案閱讀題要求選的是最佳答案，有的答案從某個(gè)枝節(jié)來看是對的，但從全文來看則不是最佳的，因此，必須通盤考慮，取主要，舍枝節(jié)。 3、解題有法，但無定法，貴在得法要答好閱讀理解題，必須多讀、巧讀和善思，要不斷擴(kuò)大詞匯量，拓寬閱讀面，提高閱讀速度。同時(shí)也要探索和總結(jié)適合自己的學(xué)習(xí)方法或技巧。實(shí)踐出真知，多練出效益. . 五、能力·思維·方法1、主旨大意題： 這類試

5、題要求對文章的整體或局部（如段落）進(jìn)行分析、概括，歸納相關(guān)部分的中心大意(Main idea)，選擇標(biāo)題（title），判斷作者的寫作目的（purpose）等，旨在考查考生加工與濃縮信息的能力.這一項(xiàng)考查的是文章的靈魂與中心。記敘文、議論文常考文章的主旨大意。一般主旨大意常出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭，有時(shí)也出現(xiàn)在結(jié)尾。當(dāng)然更重要的是從全文去把握.常見問題形式有：(1)The subject/topic of the article is (2)Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?(3)What does t

6、he passage/author mainly discuss?(4)Whats the main point/main idea/central thought of the passage?(5)Which of the following is the best title of the passage?主旨大意題應(yīng)注意的問題：1）開門見山, 提出主題, 隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想. 最常見的演繹法寫作方式.Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world

7、population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.【注意】分清main idea和supporting sentenc

8、es2）首尾呼應(yīng).為突出主題, 作者先提出主題, 結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題, 這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方式較為多見. 但前后表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復(fù), 后面的表述往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味. (首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career.” she said（尾段）“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote my

9、self to helping people bitten by snakes. ”Shu said.3）先表述細(xì)節(jié),后歸納要點(diǎn), 印象, 結(jié)論建議或結(jié)果, 以概括主題. 這是英語中最常見的歸納法寫作方式 A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes

10、man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is

11、so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him. 【注意】分清細(xì)節(jié)和結(jié)論4）無主題句.即主題句隱含在全文中, 沒有明確的主題句. 必須根據(jù)文篇中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)行全面考慮，綜合分析，然后找出共同的東西，歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時(shí)過于寬泛，要恰如其分. 【例題】Joshua Bingham studie

12、d 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.Q: Wha

13、t is the main idea of the passage?A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education. 【解題思路】 此文沒有主題句。全篇共四句，只陳述了四個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)(detail)性的事實(shí)。因此就答案本身看，個(gè)個(gè)都對。讀者只能將所有的details綜合起來，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，才能構(gòu)成一個(gè)沒有言明的主題思想(unsta

14、ted main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是：Joshua Bingham接受過良好的教育，所以答案是 2、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題：主要考查學(xué)生 對閱讀材料中的 某一特定細(xì)節(jié)或文章的主要事實(shí)的理解能力,問題主要包括詢問人(who)、物(what)、時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、原因(cause)、結(jié)果(effect)、文中的數(shù)據(jù)(data)等。新聞、說明文、廣告信息等常?？季唧w細(xì)節(jié)。常見問題形式有（1）三正一誤(三項(xiàng)正確，只有一項(xiàng)不符合原文內(nèi)容)或三誤一正(三項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，只有一項(xiàng)符合原文容)：Which of the followin

15、g is true/false except? Which of the following is mentioned except（2）定義（3）年代與數(shù)字（4）比較（5）原因和結(jié)果細(xì)節(jié)理解應(yīng)注意的問題： 1）對應(yīng)性正確答案應(yīng)與文中的細(xì)節(jié)一一對應(yīng) 2）準(zhǔn)確性 此類題更多地傾向于將題目中的信息與原文有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)信息進(jìn)行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，在轉(zhuǎn)換過程中，做題時(shí)易犯的錯(cuò)誤是未注意到轉(zhuǎn)換的準(zhǔn)確性，常常將細(xì)節(jié)信息中的范圍、程度、語義色彩等改變，從而導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤。 3）區(qū)分性： 有時(shí)命題人會故意利用一些貌合神離的手段，比如給出與原文中一模一樣的字眼來迷惑考生，讓考生不加思索地選定答案，而實(shí)際上選項(xiàng)中的字眼與文中的相同

16、字眼壓根就不是對應(yīng)同一事情. 【例題1】Paani Laupepa , a Tuvaluan government official ,reported to the Earth Policy Institute that the nation suffered an unusaually high number of fierce storms in the past ten years .Many scientists connect higher surface water temperatures resulting from global warming to greater and

17、 more damaging storms.55According to scientists ,the DIRECT cause of more and fiercer storms is .Agreenhouse gas emissions in industrialized nationsBhigher surface water temperatures of the sea Ccontinuous global warmingDrising sea levels【例題2】Laupepa expressed dissatisfaction with the United States

18、for refusing to sign the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement calling for industrialized nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions（導(dǎo)致溫室效應(yīng)的氣體排放）,which are a main cause of global warming . “By refusing to sign the agreement, the US has effectively taken away the freedom of future generati

19、ons of Tuvaluans to live there,” Laupepa told the BBC.56Laupepa was not satisfied with the United States because it did not .Aagree to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions Bsign an agreement with Tuvalu(故原文中一模一樣的字眼來迷惑考生意)Callow Tuvaluans to move to the US Dbelieve the problems facing Tuvalu were real

20、答案：A3、推理判斷題：要求考生在理解原文直接陳述觀點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上領(lǐng)悟作者的言外之意，進(jìn)行符合邏輯的推理，得出符合作者意愿的結(jié)論。即要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的線索和事實(shí)進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推測作者未提到過的事實(shí)或某事發(fā)生的可能性，將間接論據(jù)連貫起來，得出一個(gè)合理（指準(zhǔn)確地從原文中推理，而不是讀者主觀認(rèn)為的合理）的結(jié)論。常見問題形式有(1)It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that (2)The passage suggests/implies that (3)The author may probably agree with/support (4)

21、By the first sentence of the second paragraph, the author means (5)The author seems to be in favor of/be against (6)The authors purpose of writing this passage is 推理判斷題規(guī)律方法 推斷就是從已知的事件中推測未知事件（指文章或作者沒有直接說明但暗示出來或根據(jù)作者提供的信息可能引出的必然結(jié)論），所以這類題目找不到直接答案，只可以找出供推論的依據(jù)。【小技巧】不選擇照抄原文的選項(xiàng)，要選擇要有同義詞解釋的選項(xiàng)。 1)不選事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)選項(xiàng) 2)不

22、選非事實(shí)選項(xiàng) 3)選概括性/哲理性的選項(xiàng)原文： Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats. It is said that the Englishman objects to this type of existence,

23、 but if the case is such, he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today.【例題1】We can infer from the passage that _.A.English people, like most people in other countries, dislike living in flats.B. People in most countries of the world today are not opposed to living

24、 in flatsC. People in Britain are forced to move into high blocks of flatsD. Modern flats still fail to provide the necessary facilities for living.答案：B【例題2】 When the young waitress near my house started saying hello to me every day, I was very happy. She was at least fifteen years younger than I. O

25、ne day she signed me to come near. When I walked over, she asked,“Are you single?" “Why, yes." I answered, smiling at her happily. “So is my mother." she said, “Would you like to meet her?"1. The writer talked about the waitress' age because he thought_.A.she was young B.it a

26、 pleasure to make friends with herC. she was beautiful D. it strange for her to fall in love with him2. The waitress said hello to the writer every day because_.A.she lived near his house B.he often went to visit her motherC. she wanted to be friendly with him D. she loved him very much【解析】 這是兩道推測原因

27、的題目。女服務(wù)員每天向作者示好，作者產(chǎn)生誤解，以為女孩對他有意?？紤]到他們年齡相差懸殊，作者認(rèn)為女孩愛上他有點(diǎn)奇怪。故第1題答案是 D。女孩問作者是否單身，并提到她母親也是單身，并邀請他與她母親見面，可見，女孩每天向他問好，目的是想取得他的好感，進(jìn)而搓和他和她母親。第2題答案是 C。4、猜測詞義題： 單詞的猜測能力是閱讀理解能力的主要組成部分，歷年高考都把這一項(xiàng)作為考生應(yīng)該掌握的一項(xiàng)閱讀技能列入試題，考查對文中關(guān)鍵詞語（實(shí)詞、短語、指代關(guān)系等）的理解。而且，所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)語境來判斷。常見問題形式有(1)The word “” in Line means/can

28、 be best replaced by (2)As used in the passage, the phrase “” suggests(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase “” is/refers to (4)The word “” is closest in meaning to 猜測詞義題規(guī)律方法在通讀過程碰到生詞時(shí)不要著急，耐心地讀下去，文章會幫助你猜出生詞詞義。此外，我們也可以通過構(gòu)詞法知識分析生詞詞義，或通過上下文猜測，尤其是本句話以及前后兩句話，給生詞假設(shè)意思，看是否讀的通。還可以聯(lián)想，即回想已知詞匯中是

29、否存在拼寫方法與該生詞類似的詞?！拘〖记伞坑脴?gòu)詞法和上下文來推測詞義，看到劃線的詞就要注意前面的內(nèi)容。1. Social mobility is the movement from one class or level of living to another.2. The other questioned the veracity the truthfulnessof these reports.3. He is a resolute man, once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.4. Fred Michel is on

30、e of the 7.2 million Americans who moonlight, or hold more than one job. 【例題1】If you are a recent social graduate who has had to listen about unemployment from your computer major classmates, you may have had the last laugh. There are many advantages for the social science major because this high-te

31、ch “Information Age” demands people who are flexible and who have good communication skills.Q: By saying that “You may have had the last laugh,” the author means that you may have _.A. shared the jokes with computer majors B. earned as much as computer majorsC. found jobs more easily than computer m

32、ajors.D. stopped joking about computer majors答案：C【例題2】As the oceans are the source of life on earth, the estuaries are our planet's nurseries. An estuary is the body of water where a river meets the ocean. Salt water from the ocean and fresh water from the river mix together in an estuary. This

33、mixing of fresh and salt water creates a unique environment filled with life of all kinds - a zone between the land and the sea. Estuaries are the homes of thousands of animals and plants. Many cities and towns are built near estuaries, and a lot of fish is caught in estuaries.What does “unique” mea

34、n in the passage? A. perfect B. strange C. clean D. special答案：D【例題3】The Chinese peoples love affair with jade(翡翠) is a long and unbroken one. For five thousand years, Chinese have enjoyed wearing, collecting and appreciating jade. And Chinese craftsmen(工匠) have created a great number and variety of

35、fine works in jade. Starting from Tuesday, an exhibition entitled “ Romance with Jade” opens at Beijings Palace Museum, also known as the Forbidden City. And for many of the valuable stones, its a genuine homecoming.先猜猜看,是什么答案68. By saying “its a genuine homecoming”, the writer means that the valuab

36、le stones have come to the place _.A. where they were “born” B. where theyre loved bestC. where they were originally kept D. where theyll be kept properly再讀下一段的斜體部分,來確定上一題的答案 If these pieces of jade had feeling, theyd probably be sighing over the unusual cycle of life. After several hundred years of

37、 changing hands, including being shipped overseas, the art works have finally come home. For many of the pieces, their return is especially meaningful, since the Forbidden City was where they were originally housed. And this wouldnt have been possible without the efforts of one man.68. By saying “it

38、s a genuine homecoming”, the writer means that the valuable stones have come to the place _.A. where they were “born” B. where theyre loved bestC. where they were originally kept D. where theyll be kept properly答案：C69. Some pieces of jade are said to have had an “unusual cycle of life” because they

39、have _.A. survived many different dynastiesB. witnessed(見證) lifestyles of various people C. been marked with signs of damageD. traveled here and there from hand to hand答案：D5、理解作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度題： 既考查學(xué)生對字面意思的理解，也考查學(xué)生對作者寫作目的、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)等的理解。理解作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度題主要形式:(1)The writers purpose in writing this story is (2)The text

40、discusses men and women 50,000 years from now in order to show that 理解作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度題規(guī)律方法：正確理解作者的寫作意圖，所持的觀點(diǎn)及闡述文章主題時(shí)語氣或他對所論述的對象的態(tài)度。假如你是作者，你為什么要寫本文？【小技巧】辨認(rèn)三種作者使用的表達(dá)情感、態(tài)度及觀點(diǎn)的詞匯，以及承接上下文的連接詞。表示貶義：disgust, critical, negative, tolerant, disappointment.表示褒義: positive, wonder, support, useful, interesting, enthusi

41、asm, admiring表示中立: indifferent, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent, neutral, apathetic, humor, disinterested, disinterest.【例題1】The author appears _ modern advertising.A.to like B. to be indifferent to C. to dislike D. to know how to deal with答案：C【例題2】One of the most authoritative voices speaking to

42、 us today is, of course, the voice of the advertisers. It shouts at us from the television screen and the radio loudspeakers; waves to us from every page of the newspaper; signals to us from the roadside bill-boards all day and flashes to us in colored lights all night. The fridge is considered a ne

43、cessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: “store in the refrigerator.”In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily; the grocer, the butcher(肉商), the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times,

44、a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus(剩余的) bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.The invention of the frid

45、ge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well-tried techniques already existed-natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling.What refrigeration did promote was marketing-marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dea

46、d bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.Consequently, most of the worlds fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fri

47、dges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house-while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.The fridges effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happine

48、ss has been insignificant. If you dont believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers(漢堡包), but at least youll get rid of that terrible hum.1. Why does the author say that nothing was wasted before the invention of fridges?A. P

49、eople would not buy more food than was necessary.B. Food was delivered to people two or three times a week.C. Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easily.D. People had effective ways to preserve their food.2. Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author?A. Inventors B. Consumers C. Manufacturers D. Travelling salesman3. What is the authors overall attitude toward fridges?A. Neutral B. Critical C. Objective D. Compromising以上三題是較為典型的有關(guān)作者觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度的綜合判斷題?！窘馕觥?、D） 從表面上看該題的線索詞“nothing was wasted” 出現(xiàn)在第二段，但第二段中出現(xiàn)的細(xì)節(jié)屬于具體現(xiàn)象，不足以說明題干的問