高考語法-情態(tài)動詞與助動詞

1、高考語法情態(tài)動詞 (can, may, must)與助動詞(be, do, have )一、“情態(tài)動詞+動詞完成式”用法1. may (might)+動詞完成式：對過去行為的推測E.g. If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.2. can (could) 砌詞完成式：1)表示對過去能做而未做的事，表示惋惜。E.g. In those circumstances we could have done better.2)對過去行為的推測E.g. Where can (could) she have gone?注意

2、：can't和couldn't+動詞原形：可以表示否定推斷。E.g. He can't be the President.3. must + 動詞完成式：對過去行為的推斷，具有極大可能性，意為“一定”E.g. He must have undergone an ordeal no one can imagined.注意：“must +動詞原形”表示對現(xiàn)在行為的推測；“must be +現(xiàn)在分詞”表示 對現(xiàn)在正在進行的或未來的推測。E.g. She looks happy; she must be having a good time.It must be raining

3、 tomorrow according to the weather forecast.4. “needn't + 動詞完成式”和 “ didn't need to do”1) “needn't +動詞完成式”表示一種已經(jīng)做過的但無必要的行為E.g. You needn't have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.2) "didn't need to do"表示沒有必要做，實際上也沒有做的行為E.g. I didn't need to mop the floor. M

4、y mom did it.5. "Should +動詞完成式":肯定結(jié)構(gòu)表示應(yīng)該做的事而沒有做，否定式表示某 行為不該發(fā)生卻發(fā)生了。也可以表示推測，但可能性不大。E.g. You should have given her more help.The couple shouldn't have spoiled their child like that.6. "ought to+動詞完成式"這個結(jié)構(gòu)和 “Should +動詞完成式”可以表示同樣的意義：過去應(yīng)該做而未做，或被忽略未做的某種明智的行為E.g. You ought to have re

5、turned the book earlier.二、助動詞be + 不定式的用法1. 表示打算或計劃好要做的事情（接近于be going to, intend to）E.g. I am to play Juliet.The new building is to be ten stories high.The prime minister is to convene the meeting.不定式可以用完成式，表示“本來打算”E.g. We were to have seen him yesterday, but he didn't come.2. 表示將來必然發(fā)生的事件或結(jié)果E.g.

6、The coronavirus is to claim thousands of lives.The unexpected was to come.3. 肯定表該做某事（接近should, must, need, ought to,have to 用法），否定表示不該做某事E.g. Suppose he comes here, what am I to tell him?You are not to spread rumors about others.4. 表示可能（接近can, may,但是表示可能的用法更廣）E.g. Such dictionaries are to be found o

7、nly in big libraries.三、助動詞do 的用法1. 構(gòu)成疑問句、否定句2. 動詞前表示強調(diào)：E.g. I did see her at the party.Do be quiet at a moment!She does sing well.3. 用于剛提到過的動作，避免重復E.g. Tom talks too much.Yes, he does.You don't live here, but she does.四、助動詞have 的用法1. 可以和其他動詞一起構(gòu)成完成式，動詞不定式的完成式以及“having + 過去分詞”的各種結(jié)構(gòu)。E.g. He said he

8、 had been there before.I expected to have done the experiment this afternoon.She'll have arrived in Shen Zhen by 6 pm.Having gone over my lessons, I went to bed early.2. 構(gòu)成某些句型1) have +名(代)詞+ (不帶to)不定式：表示讓某人做某事E.g. I won't have him cheat me.I'm proud to have you read it.2) have + 名(代)詞+過

9、去分詞：表示讓(別人)做某事或遭遇某事E.g. She's having her eyes tested.The pilot had his plane hijacked.3) have + 名(代)詞+現(xiàn)在分詞：表示讓某人做某事，讓某事發(fā)生E.g. He tried to have her talking, but no use.We can't have that sort of thing happening.4) have (got) to 不得不E.g. I've got to be off now.5) have got (=have)E.g. She ha

10、sn't got a bank account.五、情態(tài)動詞will 和 would 的用法1. will 和 would 可以用來對現(xiàn)在和未來進行推測E.g. This will be the house you are looking for.I suppose she would be seven when she went to school.2. will 和 would 可以表示傾向、重復和習慣的行為，will 表現(xiàn)在； would 表過去。E.g. Sometimes the cat will lie there all afternoon.Boys will be bo

11、ys.On Sundays he would (used to) go out and paint pictures.A wise man changes his mind, a fool never will.3. 表示請求，would 比 will 委婉，有時也用won'tE.g. Will you give her the letter?Would you please tell me your telephone number?Won't you sit down?4. 表命令、強制等（只用will,通用所有人稱）E.g. All will arrive before

12、8 a.m.5. would 用于一些結(jié)構(gòu)中Where would you like to sit?I'd be only too glad to help. 我很高興幫忙。I'd hate to leave you.I'd love a coffee.I'd prefer to go by plane.I'd rather have the gray one.I'd sooner go home. 我寧愿回家。六、 shall 的用法1. 作助動詞的用法1）用于第一人稱，構(gòu)成疑問句征求對方意見E.g. What time shall I com

13、e?Let's look at it again, shall we?2） 用于肯定句和否定句中，現(xiàn)在一般用will 的人更多。E.g. I shall be very happy to see you again.We shan't be arriving until ten o'clock.2. 作情態(tài)動詞，用于第二、三人稱，重讀，不可縮寫，表示“意圖、意志、允諾或命令”等； 但 shall 所表示的意志是說話人的意志，而非句子中主語的意志。在法律、條約等文件中表示規(guī)定、命令等。E.g. You shall have a lot of money. （=I shal

14、l give you a lot of money.）Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.He shall get what he deserves.（F 告）七、 should 的用法1. 用于疑問句或感嘆句，表示推斷。E.g. How should I know?Why should you be worrying?Who should come to meet us but the manager！2. 用在某些狀語從句中表示虛擬。E.g. He took a ta

15、xi to the station so that he should not miss the train.They buried the machine for fear that the enemy should make use of them.3. 用于 I'm surprised, It worries me, It's a pity, It's unthinkable等結(jié)構(gòu)后面的句子中 表示驚訝、憂慮、惋惜等情緒,可以翻譯成“竟然”。E.g. I'm surprised that he should eat so little every day.

16、It's a pity that she should fail in the entrance examination.4. 作情態(tài)動詞表示應(yīng)該（接近 ought to）e.g. The police should do something about it.You shouldn't drink and drive.5. 用在某些句子中使得語氣變得委婉（僅用于第一人稱）E.g. We should be grateful for your help.1 should be glad to talk to you.6. 用在某些賓語從句中構(gòu)成謂語（美國常用動詞原形）（sugg

17、est, advise, agree,arrange, ask, command, determine, order, stipulate等表示建議、命令、請求等動詞 后）E.g. They agreed that the roof should be repaired.He suggested that they should hold a meeting to discuss the issue.7. 用在某些主語從句中構(gòu)成謂語（美國常用動詞原形）（It is + 形容詞結(jié)構(gòu)）E.g. It is advisable that everyone should carry a map.It

18、is essential that he should be prepared for this.It is only right that she should have a share.8. 用在虛擬條件句中1）用在主句中的第一人稱后，這時用would 的人較多。E.g. I should （would） have helped her if she had asked me.2）用在條件從句中（主句謂語可以為虛擬語氣、祈使語氣、陳述語氣）E.g. I could persuade her to make room for you should it be necessary.Should

19、 I be free tomorrow, I will come.9. 用在in case, so that, lest等引導的狀語從句中。E.g. Here is a dollar in case you should need it.He wore a mask so that no one should recognize him.10. 表示猜測E.g. It's 4:30. They should have arrived by now.I should say she's over forty.、would rather 與 would rather than 的用

20、法would rather 表示“寧愿，寧可”，后接動詞原形，否定為：would rather not,疑問句將would 放主語前。would rather (sooner)- than表示“寧愿而不"，than后接動詞原形。 E.g. Wouldn't you rather work here? 你不愿在這里工作嗎？He would rather die than tell the secret.I would rather you hadn't lent her the bike the other day.九、 can 的用法 can 表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r，主

21、要表示1. 能力 She can run very fast. be able tM以表示同樣的意思。2. 可能性 I'm afraid I can't go with you.3. 有時會(不經(jīng)常)You can be very annoying. Yancheng can be very cold in winter.4. (用于否定句及疑問句)可能。That can't be Mary-She's in hospital. Can he survivethe disaster?5. 表示允許做某事，和 may意思差不多，口語中can更常用。You can

22、(may) park here. You can't smoke in front of babies.十、 may 的用法1. 用來提問，問可不可以：May I use your phone?-Yes, you may.2. 用于陳述句，表示可以或不可以：You may come if you wish.3. 表示可能：He may have gone abroad.4. 放在句首，后接動詞原形，表示祝愿：May you be happy!5. 固定短語中：1) may well 彳艮可能He has changed so much that you may well notrecognize him.2) may as well 不妨, 不如 If that's the case, I may as well try it.3) maybut 或許但是 They may be good