lesson18--ING分詞

1、 上教考資源網(wǎng) 助您教考無憂lesson 18 -ING分詞內(nèi) 容 提 要-ING分詞也是動詞的非限定性形式，由動詞原形-ING構(gòu)成，在句中可以直接作主語，也可用形式主語it來代替，而把-ING分詞放到后邊；可以作表語；作賓語時對動詞有一定的要求，有的動詞只能跟接-ING分詞，有的動詞則既可以跟不定式也可以跟-ING分詞，而且-ING分詞還可作介詞的賓語；在作賓語補足語時對動詞也有一定的要求；作狀語時，-ING分詞要與其邏輯主語呼應(yīng)，否則就要用獨立結(jié)構(gòu)；-ING分詞作定語時相當于一個定語從句。跟動詞不定式一樣，-ING分詞也有它的完成時態(tài)、被動語態(tài)和否定形式；最后我們還要了解-ING分詞的邏輯

2、主語問題。 第一節(jié) -ING分詞的形式-ING分詞是指由動詞原形-ING構(gòu)成的、具有完成時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的一種非謂語動詞形式，具體形式如下主動形式被動形式一般時doing being done 完成時having done having been done 就其語法功能而言，它可以作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補語、狀語和定語。 第二節(jié) -ING分詞的用法一、 作主語1. 一般形式1) the matriculation for postgraduate is probably the turning point of my life.A Taking the part of B Taking par

3、t in C To take the part of D To take the notice in2) a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe.A AsB To beC IsD Being3) by transforming the blame to others is often called scapegoating.A Eliminate problemsB The eliminated problemsC Eliminating problemsD Problems are

4、 eliminated2. 有時可以用it做形式主語It's waste of time arguing with the gossip about it.It's interesting having traveled to Beidaihe this year.說明：從這句中我們可以看出，這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常適用于名詞和形容詞。但不適用于像possible, important, essential, necessary等表示性質(zhì)的形容詞，這些詞后面一般要跟動詞不定式。我們不能說 It's quite necessary taking part in the negocia

5、tion.應(yīng)改作It's quite necessary to take part in the negociation.It's glorious getting involved in working out the plan.4) It is A possible determining that B French explorers reached the jucture of C the Kansas and Missouri rivers D in the seventeenth century.二、作表語的-ING分詞Seeing is believing.His

6、 aims are learning two foreign languages and applying the theory he has learned to practice.三、-ING分詞作動詞賓語1. 一類是動詞或短語后邊跟賓語的非限定性動詞只能是-ING分詞，如：acknowledge, admit(坦白，承認), advise, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, can't help, consider, contemplate(深思), delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape(躲過，避開

7、), excuse, fancy, finish, give up, imagine, include, keep on, justify, mean(意味著，等于), mind(在乎), miss, postpone, practise, prohibit, put off, quit, recall, regret, resist, resume, risk(冒險干), suggest, threaten。5) By taking the back way he escaped .A to be seen B have been seen C seeing D being seen6) I

8、 came late and missed Jack winning.A to seeB seeingC seeD seen7) “I see our boss coming down the hall.”“Then wed better quit and get down to business.”A talkingB to talkC from talkingD having talk8) The young doctor first A practised to use B the needles on C his own D wrist.9) Some experts have adv

9、ocated to bring A that country into B the talks, to revive the intermittent dialogue C that began D after the 1967 Middle East War.2. 另一類動詞后邊作賓語的非限定性動詞可以是-ING分詞的動名詞，也可以是動詞不定式，如：attempt, begin, can't bear, cease, continue, deserve, endure, forget, go on, hate, intend, like, love, need, neglect, o

10、mit, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start , stop, try等。(動詞后接-ING和不定式時在用法上的區(qū)別在下一章講)10) “Whats wrong with Henry?”“He needs .”A cheer upB to be cheer upC cheering upD to cheered up11) Any such news would start her .A to worryB worryingC worryD worried3. -ING分詞作賓語還有下一結(jié)構(gòu)，即用it代表-ING分詞，而把-ING分詞短語

11、放到句子的后邊去I consider it worthwhile spending ten thousand yuan on the furniture.Marry fount it marvellous having a journey with him.四、 -ING結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞的賓語幾乎所有介詞，不管是單個介詞還是介詞詞組，不管它們是謂語動詞的組成部分與否，都能用-ING分詞的動名詞作其賓語。所以，-ING結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞賓語的時候很多。-ING結(jié)構(gòu)一般作介詞短語的賓語，主要有以下搭配關(guān)系1. 動詞介詞 -ING12) Scientists measure the hardness A of a

12、 material B by comparatively C with a table of ten well-known D metals.13) Her mother did not A approve of her to go B to the party without dressing C formally D .14) Although many womens colleges A have been coeducational B , other universities remain committed to keep C their facilities separate D

13、 .15) We insist on you leave A the place before B any further C disturbances take place D .2. 名詞(形容詞，不及物動詞)介詞to(不要把它視為動詞不定式的標志)。下面是大綱中所列短語中的“to”為介詞：(be) contrary to (與相反),object(objection)to (反對), with a view to (為起見)，(be) opposed to (反對)， in contrast to (與成對比),be used to (習慣于), be exposed to, be de

14、dicated to (致力于),resort to (訴諸于), as to (關(guān)于), be accustomed to (習慣于), be devoted to (獻身于), be committed to (委身于), react to (對反應(yīng)), with regard to (關(guān)于), look forward to (期待), contribute to (貢獻)，owe to由于，歸功于等16) I have no objection the evening with them.A to spend B to spending C to have spent D to hav

15、e to spend17) Why do you object to the direction? A following B follow C have follow D have been followed18) Mr. Brown often wore A a heavy coat B because he was not used to live C in such a D cold climate.19) Livy was the A only great historian of the time B , and he devoted his attention to give C

16、 the world splendid D pictures.3. 動詞副詞介詞 -INGI look forward to her coming soon.4. 形容詞(或具有形容詞性質(zhì)的-ED分詞)介詞 -INGI am proud of having such a son. He is greatly honored of shaking hands with the President.It's impossible for him finishing the task in such a short time.He is interested in playing table

17、 tennis.5. 表示征詢意見的 “How about?”, “Whatabout?”How about going there?What about having a concert?20) How about to the movies tonight?A goingB if goC to goD if we go6. 前面省略了介詞in的-ING慣用法The two children are busy doing their homework.Mr. Smith has difficulty fulfilling the task.There is no use going over

18、 the lessons before the night of exam.He has spent a lot of time preparing the exam for the postgraduate.Xiao Li lost no time catching up with his classmates.There is no point arguing with him.五、 -ING結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語補足語1. 表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞，如 hear, feel, find, give, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, smell, w

19、atch等詞的賓語可以用-ING作賓語補語21) “Where are the children?” “I saw in the yard.”A them to play B them played C them playing D to them playing22) I must say I dont like to hear you like that.A talkingB to talkC have to talkD talked2. 表示“致使”等意義的動詞，如 catch, have, get, keep, leave, setI am sorry to have kept you

20、 waiting for me so long. What you have told left me thinking that you experienced much when you were young. 3. 其他動詞賓語的補語23) The average age A of the Mediterranean B olive trees grow C today is two hundred years D .六、 -ING結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語-ING結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語表示主語在進行一動作的同時所進行的另一動作，它對謂語動詞起修飾或陪襯的作用。這時要注意-ING與其邏輯主語在時態(tài)、意義上的統(tǒng)一1.

21、 表示時間和伴隨 一般放在句首，有時可放在句中Coming into the room, I found him sobbing. (=When I came into the room, I found him sobbing.) 在這里coming這一-ING分詞動作發(fā)生時，緊接著(幾乎是同時)發(fā)生了謂語動作，有“一就”的意思。Pulling his body in the car, he drove away.(=After he pulled his body in the car, he drove away.)24) Those naughty boys were caught f

22、lowers in the garden again.Ato stealBstealingC having stolenDstolen25) Daniel walked up and down A as he listened, hands behind B his back, now and then C asked D a question.2. 表示方式Being a clever girl, she was sent to college by her father.(此例不可改成：Being a clever girl, her father sent her to college.

23、因為分詞短語的邏輯主語不是“her father ”, 而只能是“she ”。)如果-ING分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，-ING分詞前可以加when,while等連詞，可放在句首或句末：When arriving home, he found the door opened. / He listened to the music radio while reading.26) ，Tony jumped into the river and saved the drowning man. A Good swimer as he is B He can swim very we

24、ll C Being that he was a good swimmer D Being a good swimmer 27) the kind of man he was, he did not pay much attention to it at first.A To beB BeingC Having beenD Though to be28) Was a dancer A and blues singer before B the age of eight C ，F(xiàn)lorence Mills made her D vaudeville debut(輕歌舞首演) in 1910.3.

25、 表示原因Not having had any letter from Tom, Marry was worried.(=Marry was worried because she did not have any letter from Tom.)Having got a headache, I didn't come to the concert. (=Because I got a headache, I didn't come to the concert.) 29) Most of the people, , could not go to sleep that ni

26、ght after the party.being so excitedA being so excited B be so excited C being so exciting D be so exciting30) Having the highest marks in his class， .A the college offered him a scholarship B he was offered a scholarship by the college C a scholarship was offered him by the college D a college scho

27、larship was offered to him 4. 表示條件：一般放在句首Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all. (=If I know anything about it, I will tell you all.)Working diligently, you will pass the entrance exam. (=If you work diligently, you will pass the entrance exam.)5. 表示讓步：表示讓步的-ING分詞常常由although/though, even if/

28、though, unless等連詞引入，一般放在句首Having great diffculties in the course of working, they finished the task ahead of time.Buying a lot of reference books for the exam, he failed in it because of the learning method.Although repeating his words many times, the teacher could not make his students understand t

29、he concret concept of philosophy. Even if coming by taxi, I will arrive in at least 45 minutes. 6. 表示結(jié)果：置于句末，前面要加so, thereby, thus, hence等表示結(jié)果的副詞He worked day and night, making himself near sighted.Not making what he meant misunderstood, he adjusted his tones to underline his meaning.The workers wor

30、ked 14 hours a day, thus producing products three times as they did last month.He wished to travel all over the world, thereby studying customs of other countries.31) The bus was held up by the traffic jam, .A thus causing the delayB so that caused the delayC to cause the delayD caused the delay七、-I

31、NG分詞作定語-ING分詞可以單獨作定語，也可以構(gòu)成合成詞作定語，但在更多情況下是分詞短語作定語，包括限定性和非限定性(用逗號與其他部分分開)，在意義上相當于一個定語從句(包括限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句)32) Jacob Lawrence executed many cycles of paintings significant social themes.A expressed B expressing C express D expression of33) The name Nebraska comes from the Oto Indian word “nebrathka”，

32、flat water.A to mean B meaning C it means D by meanig34) The production of tin ore in the United States is relatively insignificant， less than one hundred tons annually.A amounting to B in the amount C amounts to it D to the amount of八、-ING的完成時、被動語態(tài)與否定形式1. 如果-ING分詞表示的是一般性動作，(即不指明是現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)?不表示動作的先后或與

33、謂語所表示的動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生，這時要用-ING的一般形式35) Revolution means the productive forces.A to liberate B to have liberated C liberating D having been liberated36) It is a simple matter A to have found B the density of a gas C from its formula D .2. 但如果-ING分詞所表示的動作先于句子謂語發(fā)生，就要用“(not)having+-ED分詞”表示完成時37) by the jour

34、ney, he went to bed immediately after he came back home.A Being exhausted B To have exhausted C Having exhausted D Having been exhausted38) with an accedent, he arrived at the station ten minutes late.A Having met B To have met C Meeting D Having been met3. 當非限定性動詞-ING的邏輯主語是-ING所表示的動作對象時要用-ING的被動形式，

35、包括其一般形式“(not)being + -ED分詞和完成形式“(not)having been +-ED分詞”39) Solids, liquids, and gases at rest all have a tendency to resist in motion.A settingB to setC being setD to be set40) Upon questioning A he denied having killed B the old woman with C the home-made D gun.4. -ING的否定形式是把not加在-ING的前邊41) of the

36、 change in the meeting time, Mike arrived late.A Not having notifiedB Not notifyingC Not to notifyD Not having been notified42) I regret hard at school.A not to have workedB not having workedC not have workedD having not worked九、-ING分詞的邏輯主語1. -ING分詞除了具有動詞的特點以外，它還有名詞的特點，即可以加物主代詞(如my,your,his等)和名詞的屬格(

37、如Wang Qing's等)來表示其邏輯主語(這時-ING的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致)43) I suggest on an excursion this Sunday.A we are going B to go C us going D our going44) on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.A If walking B While walking C Walking D When one is walking45) Marta A

38、 being chosen B as the most outstanding C student on her campus made her parents D very happy.2. 還有一種-ING分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致的情況，這時直接可用“-ING分詞的主語-ING”來表示，這樣的-ING分詞短語可由介詞引導。這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫獨立結(jié)構(gòu)46) A new technique , the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.A to have been worked out B having worked outC working o

39、ut D having been worked out47) Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work , we declined the offer.A not being finishedB not having finishedC had not been finished D was not finished3. 如果邏輯主語已和句子主語一致，那么其邏輯主語就可省略(在使用這種用法時要注意：-ING分詞所表示的動作ZZ(一定ZZ)是主語所發(fā)出的，也就是說-ING分詞的邏輯主語ZZ(一定ZZ

40、)是主句的主語。試比較下列句子)Getting into the room, I smelled a terrible smell.(getting 是 I 的動作)Getting into the room, it give a terrible smell. (錯誤)Walking through the forest, we found many strange animals. (walking 是 we 發(fā)出的)Walking through the forest, a lot of animals are there. (錯誤)Looking out of the window o

41、f our hotel room, we saw zigzag mountains. (Looking的使動者是we)Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there were zigzag mountians.(錯誤)48) Never attempting to be a literary stylist, in her novels.A she considered the plot the most important elementB the most important element considered to be the p

42、lotC considering the plot the most important elementD the plot was considered to be the most important element49) with the new method, the material does not break up easily.A To have treated B Having treated C Being treated D Having been treated50) Attempting to reach his home before the storm, .A t

43、he bicycle of John broke downB it happened that Johns bike broke downC the storm caught JohnD John had an accident on his bicycle4. -ING分詞的主語可以與做主語的名詞或代詞(即代詞的主格)一致，放在-ING前邊，與-ING分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的“主謂”關(guān)系。但是，-ING分詞(還有-ED分詞)短語作狀語時，也可以有自己獨立的邏輯上的“主語”。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系，叫做獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。在很多情況下它都相當于各種形式的狀語，表示一種伴隨的動作或情況51) Weath

44、er , well go sightseeing.A permittedB is permittedC permittingD is permitting52) There are four factories in our institute, .A each to have over 100 workersB each having over 100 wordersC which there are over 100 workersD with each that has over 100 workers53) We went to A the World Park, Xiao Wang

45、act B as guide for C he had been there several times D.十、習慣用法1. There is no +-ING分詞，表示“不可能”There is no getting along with him.(無法和他相處。)2. It(There) is no use (good) +-ING分詞，表示“無用”= It is of no use (good) to +V：There(It) is no use advising him to give up smoking.(勸他戒煙是徒勞的。)3. be busy(worth)+-ING分詞 (忙

46、于)He is busy mapping out his plans for the next semester.4. feel like+-ING分詞 (想)I dont feel like eating just now.(我現(xiàn)在不想吃。)5. What do you say to+-ING分詞?(怎么樣?)What do you say to joining us for dinner?(和我們一起進餐，你看怎么樣?)6. spend+時間+(in)+-ING分詞Jane spent several days (in) preparing for the final exams.(簡花了好幾天時間準備期末考試。)7.          difficulty         trouble   have +  a problem