大學(xué)英語新編第一冊(cè)u(píng)nit 3

1、 Unit 3 Gender DifferencesBackground Gender difference is a term used to refer to social characteristic that distinguish men and women. These include such things as differences in hair styles, clothing, family responsibilities, occupational roles,acceptable behavior and other culturally learned acti

2、vities and traits. All of these differences are linked to the non-biological notions of masculinity and femininity which vary from one culture to another.Part one Preparation Related VocabularyGender StereotypeFeminine Qualityl tenderl weakl sensitivel humblel shyl sympatheticl charitablel dependent

3、l soft / gentle l delicate / fragilel timid / cautiousl modestl reservedl concerned / caringl considerate / thoughtfull obedient / tolerantMasculine Qualityl brave / boldl strong / powerfull adventurousl determinedl persistentl able / competentl cooll aggressivel daringl muscularl courageousl resolu

4、tel insistentl confidentl independent Feminine Activitiesl cookingl washing / cleaningl baby nursing l child caring / educationl enthusiastic with charitable institutionl participate in community activityMasculine Activityl bread ownerl family repairerl take part in government or public lifel engage

5、 in business managementl engage in scientific pursuitl do explorationDirections: Read the following poem by Alfred Tennyson(a 19th century poet) and the sentences from The Feminine Mystique (1963) by Betty Friedan. Try to answer the questions below.Man for the field and woman for the hearth(壁爐，喻家庭)M

6、an for the sword and for the needle sheMan with the head and woman with the heartMan to command and woman to obey;All else confusion. - from The Princess(1847), song, “O Swallow”“A girl should not expect special privileges because of her sex, but neither should she adjust to prejudice and dis- crimi

7、nation. She must learn to compete not as a woman, but as a human being.” - Betty FriedanApart from the physical differences are there Apart from the physical differences are there any other features of men and women that are any other features of men and women that are patterned by culture?patterned

8、 by culture? l Men are more independentl Men are generally strong and energeticl Men are less concerned with their appearancel Men are more likely to “explode like a volcano”l Men seldom express feelingsl Men have an aggressive natureApart from the physical differences are there Apart from the physi

9、cal differences are there any other features of men and women that are any other features of men and women that are patterned by culture?patterned by culture? l Women are more sensitivel Women are generally neat and cleanl Women are generally well-manneredl Women express gentle feelingsl Women have

10、a strong need for securityl Women pay a great attention to their appearance When the When the Lord GodLord God made the earth and the heavens made the earth and the heavens , no , no shrub or plant of the field had yetshrub or plant of the field had yetappeared , for the appeared , for the GodGod ha

11、d not sent rain on the had not sent rain on theearth and there was no man to work the ground.earth and there was no man to work the ground. the the Lord GodLord God formed the man from the dust formed the man from the dustof the ground and breathed into his nostrils theof the ground and breathed int

12、o his nostrils thebreath of life, and the man became a living being,breath of life, and the man became a living being,named Adam. The named Adam. The Lord God Lord God took the man and puttook the man and puthim in the garden of Eden to work it and take carehim in the garden of Eden to work it and t

13、ake careof it.of it.MADAM, IM ADAM !Enjoy the following storythe Lord God said, “ It is not good for the man to be alone.I will make a helper suitable for him.” The Lord God caused Adam to fall into a deep sleep; and while he was sleeping, theGod took one of the mans ribs and closed up the place wit

14、hflesh. Then he made a woman from the rib taken out of the man,and he brought her to the man. Adam called the woman madeout of one of his ribs Eve.EVE, MY DEAR! later on, Eve was fooled by the serpent (snake) to eat and persuade Adam to eat the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, which

15、was forbidden by the Lord God. As punishment, the God said: to the woman:I will greatly increase your pains in childbearing;With pain you will give birth to children.Your desire will be for your husband,And he will rule over you.to the man: You will eat the plants of the field.By the sweat of your b

16、row you will eat your food. until you return to the ground.Since from it you were taken; and to dust you will return.-from Holy Biblev1. What do you think an ideal husband should be? tall, handsome, strong,rich,educated,kind and loyalv2.What do you think an ideal wife should be?warm-hearted, beautif

17、ul, intelligent, educated and a good cookWarm-up questions 1. How does a child know the details of gender behavior?He is taught both directly and indirectly. There is a cultural bias in education that favors boys over girls.Warm-up questions 2.What do teachers do in class as far as a cultural bias i

18、n education is concerned?The bias is unintentional and unconscious. Teachers often assign girls tasks generally considered to be suitable to them.Warm-up questions 3.How do boys and girls behave at school?Boys care less about the correctness of their answers, while girls care more. Development Devel

19、opment Conclusion Conclusion Introduction Text StructureText Structure S1. Over the past few decades, it has been proven innumerable times that various types of behavior, emotions and interests that constitute being masculine and feminine are by both heredity and culture. ( Lines 13 ) 1. 本句涉及形式主語問題本

20、句涉及形式主語問題, it 替代后面由替代后面由that 引導(dǎo)的整個(gè)句子；引導(dǎo)的整個(gè)句子；翻譯句子：翻譯句子： e.g. Boys like to pattern themselves on the man they admire.2. constitute是是vt.，而，而masculine及及feminine是形容詞，為了滿是形容詞，為了滿 足及物動(dòng)詞的需要，需加上動(dòng)名詞足及物動(dòng)詞的需要，需加上動(dòng)名詞being;3. pattern (v.): to make according to a pattern; copy exactly 仿制，模仿仿制，模仿男孩子們喜歡模仿他們所欽佩的人。男孩

21、子們喜歡模仿他們所欽佩的人。譯文：在過去的幾十年里，已經(jīng)無數(shù)次地證譯文：在過去的幾十年里，已經(jīng)無數(shù)次地證實(shí)了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：構(gòu)成男子陽剛之氣和女子實(shí)了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：構(gòu)成男子陽剛之氣和女子陰柔之氣的各種不同類型的行為、情感和興趣陰柔之氣的各種不同類型的行為、情感和興趣都是由遺傳決定和文化熏陶而成的。都是由遺傳決定和文化熏陶而成的。1. Over the past few decades, it has been proven innumerable times that various types of behavior, emotions and interests that constitut

22、e being masculine and feminine are by both heredity and culture. ( Lines 13 ) 2.Other details of gender behavior are taught unconsciously, or indirectly, as the culture provides different images aspirations, and adult models for girls and boys. (Lines 67) 句中出現(xiàn)了由句中出現(xiàn)了由as 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。as 的用法歸納如

23、下：的用法歸納如下：1. 連詞連詞（conj.） a. 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句 e.g. He saw her as they were both getting off the bus.b. 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句 e.g. He saw her as they were getting off the bus at the same time.c. 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句（雖然）引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句（雖然） e.g. Improbable as it seems, it is true.d. 引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句（按照）引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句（按照） e.g. Do as I say!e.

24、 引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句（用于引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句（用于asas句式）句式） e.g. She works as carefully as she does quickly. 她工作既細(xì)心又迅速。 2.Other details of gender behavior are taught unconsciously, or indirectly, as the culture provides different images, aspirations, and adult models for girls and boys. (Lines 67) 句中出現(xiàn)了由句中出現(xiàn)了由as 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。引導(dǎo)

25、的原因狀語從句。as 的用法歸納如下：的用法歸納如下：2. 介詞介詞（prep.）相當(dāng)于相當(dāng)于 ，意為，意為“作為作為”。 e.g. Some students work as a tutor in the vacation.e.g. He is a teacher, as is clear from his manner.Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.3. 關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞（pron.），引導(dǎo)定語從句。，引導(dǎo)定語從句。 譯文：另一些與性別相關(guān)的行為方式是人們無譯文：另一些與性別相關(guān)的行為方式是人們無意識(shí)的或間接地傳授給孩子的，因?yàn)?/p>

26、文化為女孩意識(shí)的或間接地傳授給孩子的，因?yàn)槲幕癁榕⒆雍湍泻⒆犹峁┝瞬煌男蜗?、向往的目?biāo)和成子和男孩子提供了不同的形象、向往的目標(biāo)和成年人的榜樣。年人的榜樣。 2.Other details of gender behavior are taught unconsciously, or indirectly, as the culture provides different images aspirations, and adult models for girls and boys. (Lines 67) 3.Their research showed that many teacher

27、s who thought they were nonsexist were amazed to see how biased they appeared on videotape. be amazed to do: 驚異地發(fā)現(xiàn)；不定式驚異地發(fā)現(xiàn)；不定式 to do 作原作原 因狀語因狀語; 常見類似結(jié)構(gòu)還有：常見類似結(jié)構(gòu)還有：e.g. I was surprised to see him there. 我真想不到在那里見到他。 be pleased/ glad/ happy/ surprised/ upset/ sorry to do 等。等。 譯文：他們的研究表明：許多認(rèn)為自己沒有譯文：他

28、們的研究表明：許多認(rèn)為自己沒有性別歧視的教師們驚異地發(fā)現(xiàn)錄像上自己表現(xiàn)性別歧視的教師們驚異地發(fā)現(xiàn)錄像上自己表現(xiàn)得如此偏心。得如此偏心。 3.Their research showed that many teachers who thought they were nonsexist were amazed to see how biased they appeared on videotape. 4.This has a tremendous impact on the learning process for, in general, those students who become a

29、ctive in classroom participants develop more positive attitudes and go on to higher achievement.1. 注意復(fù)習(xí)本句中的句型：注意復(fù)習(xí)本句中的句型： have/make an impact on: 對(duì)對(duì)有巨大影響有巨大影響 2. for是并列連詞，引出表示補(bǔ)充說明的原因。是并列連詞，引出表示補(bǔ)充說明的原因。have/make an effect/influence one.g. We must get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to errors.

30、注意注意：由由for 引出的原因不能出現(xiàn)在句首。引出的原因不能出現(xiàn)在句首。 譯文：這對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)過程有極大影響，因譯文：這對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)過程有極大影響，因?yàn)?，一般說來，那些積極參與課堂活動(dòng)的學(xué)生為，一般說來，那些積極參與課堂活動(dòng)的學(xué)生將對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)逐漸形成一種更為積極的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度，將對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)逐漸形成一種更為積極的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度，進(jìn)而在學(xué)習(xí)上取得更大的成就。進(jìn)而在學(xué)習(xí)上取得更大的成就。 4.This has a tremendous impact on the learning process for, in general, those students who become active in classro

31、om participants develop more positive attitudes and go on to higher achievement.5.These lessons carry over from the home to the classroom, where girls are generally observed to be more dependent on the teacher, more concerned with the form and neatness of their work than ( ) with its content, and mo

32、re anxious about being “right” in their answers than ( ) in being intellectually independent, analytical, or original.1. 本句中出現(xiàn)了一些省略結(jié)構(gòu)，請(qǐng)補(bǔ)全。本句中出現(xiàn)了一些省略結(jié)構(gòu)，請(qǐng)補(bǔ)全。 （見句中括號(hào)部分）（見句中括號(hào)部分） 2. carry over: continue to exist 延續(xù)延續(xù)e.g. The habit carries over from my childhood.這個(gè)習(xí)慣是我小時(shí)候就有的。concernedbeing right譯文：這些教誨從家

33、庭一直延續(xù)到課堂，在譯文：這些教誨從家庭一直延續(xù)到課堂，在課堂里常常可以看到女孩子更依賴教師，更注課堂里常常可以看到女孩子更依賴教師，更注重作業(yè)的形式和整潔而非其內(nèi)容，更在乎她們重作業(yè)的形式和整潔而非其內(nèi)容，更在乎她們的答案是否的答案是否“正確正確”而不是在動(dòng)腦筋方面的獨(dú)而不是在動(dòng)腦筋方面的獨(dú)立性、分析性或創(chuàng)造性。立性、分析性或創(chuàng)造性。5.These lessons carry over from the home to the classroom, where girls are generally observed to be more dependent on the teacher,

34、more concerned with the form and neatness of their work than (concerned ) with its content, and more anxious about being “right” in their answers than (being right ) in being intellectually independent, analytical, or original. （line 47）1.(Title) Gender Roles from a Cultural Perspective 注意復(fù)習(xí)注意復(fù)習(xí) per

35、spective ：透視圖；景色；：透視圖；景色； （看待問題的）視角、觀點(diǎn)（看待問題的）視角、觀點(diǎn)1. From the top of the hill we got a perspective of the entire park.英譯漢英譯漢 我們從山頂上眺望了整個(gè)公園的我們從山頂上眺望了整個(gè)公園的景色景色。2. The new evidence put an entirely different perspective on the case.新的證據(jù)使人們從完全不同的新的證據(jù)使人們從完全不同的角度角度來審視此案件。來審視此案件。 1.(Title) Gender Roles from

36、 a Cultural Perspective e.g. From a white male perspective, it is hard to understand the racial discrimination. 詞組詞組 from a perspective/from a perspective of 從從角度角度in the right/wrong perspective 正確地、全面地（觀察事物）正確地、全面地（觀察事物）; ; 錯(cuò)誤地、片面的錯(cuò)誤地、片面的( (觀察事物）觀察事物）從一個(gè)白人男性的角度看很難理解種族歧視。從一個(gè)白人男性的角度看很難理解種族歧視。 2. each

37、 child learnsthat become incorporated into its genderidentity. (Lines 34, para. 1) incorporated (adj.)： 結(jié)合的，合并的結(jié)合的，合并的 incorporate (v.)：（使）并入，（使）合并，（使）混合：（使）并入，（使）合并，（使）混合漢譯英漢譯英We have incorporated your new ideas into the plan.常見的句型有常見的句型有 incorporate sth in/into：把：把并入，把并入，把吸收到吸收到 1. 我們已把你的新想法我們已把你的

38、新想法吸收吸收到這個(gè)計(jì)劃中去了。到這個(gè)計(jì)劃中去了。The general incorporated a warning into his speech.2. 將軍在講話中將軍在講話中提出提出警告。警告。I incorporated the new plan with the old.3. 我把新舊計(jì)劃我把新舊計(jì)劃結(jié)合結(jié)合起來。起來。 3. Recently, for example, a study of American public schoolsthat favors boys over girls. (Lines 910, para. 2) favor (vt.) 1. 喜歡喜歡 2.

39、 支持，贊同支持，贊同 3. 有利于，有助于有利于，有助于 e.g. The teacher favors serious students. 老師老師喜歡喜歡學(xué)習(xí)認(rèn)真的學(xué)生。學(xué)習(xí)認(rèn)真的學(xué)生。e.g. We favor your proposal. 相應(yīng)的名詞詞組是：相應(yīng)的名詞詞組是：be in favor of e.g. The weather favored the harvesting. 3. Recently, for example, a study of American public schoolsthat favors boys over girls. (Lines 910,

40、para. 2) favor (vt.) 4. 偏愛，偏袒偏愛，偏袒 5. （容貌）像（容貌）像 e.g.Parents sometimes favor the youngest child in the family. e.g. The child favors his mother; they both have brown eyes.e.g.Its wrong to favor one student over the other. 對(duì)學(xué)生厚此薄彼是錯(cuò)誤的。4. it was observed by professors and women students alike (Lines 2

41、021, para.2) 1. alike (adj.) 相同的，相像的相同的，相像的e.g. 1. 這兄弟倆長得非常相像這兄弟倆長得非常相像/一模一樣。一模一樣。 The two brothers are very much alikeThe two brothers are exactly alike. 2. All music is alike to Tom.各種音樂在各種音樂在TomTom聽來全是一樣的。聽來全是一樣的。 4. it was observed by professors and women students alike (Lines 2021, para.2) 2. a

42、like (adv.) 同樣地、同等地同樣地、同等地treat alike 同等對(duì)待同等對(duì)待 think alike 有同樣想法有同樣想法注意復(fù)習(xí)：如何表達(dá)如何表達(dá)“有不同的想法或看有不同的想法或看法法” think differently/ otherwisee.g. I learned a lot from teachers and students alike.我從老師和同學(xué)那里我從老師和同學(xué)那里都都學(xué)到了很多東西。學(xué)到了很多東西。 5. A similar subordination of female to male students has also been (Line 22,

43、para.2) subordination (n.) 次要地位，服從，從屬次要地位，服從，從屬 subordinate (vt.) 使服從，使處于次要地位使服從，使處于次要地位這個(gè)詞的各個(gè)形式都與介詞這個(gè)詞的各個(gè)形式都與介詞toto連用連用. . subordinate (adj.) 次要的，從屬的，下級(jí)的次要的，從屬的，下級(jí)的 從句從句 a subordinate clause e.g. 處于從屬地位 be in a subordinate position 個(gè)人利益服從集體利益subordinate ones personal interests to those of the group

44、.少數(shù)服從多數(shù) The minority is subordinate to majority.5. A similar subordination of female to male students has also been (Line 22, para.2) in accordance with 根據(jù)，按照根據(jù)，按照1. consider problems in terms of peoples interests翻譯句子翻譯句子 從從人民的利益出發(fā)來考慮問題人民的利益出發(fā)來考慮問題2. This should be discussed fully in light of the de

45、velopments in the university.這件事應(yīng)該這件事應(yīng)該根據(jù)根據(jù)大學(xué)里的新情況加以充分討論。大學(xué)里的新情況加以充分討論。 6.Research done by the Sadkers showed by assigning them different tasks in accordance with stereotyped gender roles. (Lines2426, para 3)同義表達(dá)有：同義表達(dá)有：according to/ in terms of / in (the) light of注意復(fù)習(xí)：注意復(fù)習(xí)：deprive sb. of sth. 剝奪剝奪/

46、奪去某人的奪去某人的1. She has been deprived of sight for some years.翻譯句子翻譯句子 她已經(jīng)她已經(jīng)失明失明多年。多年。2. He derives a lot of pleasure from meeting new people. 他從結(jié)交新朋友中獲得許多樂趣。他從結(jié)交新朋友中獲得許多樂趣。 7. the girls were thus being deprived of a vital learning experience (Line 30, para 3 )注意分辨：注意分辨：derive from/ derive from 源于源于,

47、派生派生/ 從從中獲得中獲得8.Another dimension of gender-biased education is the typical American teachers assumption (Line 32, para. 4） 復(fù)習(xí)復(fù)習(xí)dimension 1. (pl.) 尺寸（指長度、寬度、厚尺寸（指長度、寬度、厚/高度高度 2. (pl.) 面積、規(guī)模；面積、規(guī)模； 3. 特點(diǎn)、方面（特點(diǎn)、方面（課文中含義課文中含義）；）； e.g. a box of large dimensionse.g. take the dimensions of a field an oper

48、a house of great dimensionse.g.There is another dimension to this problem which you havent considered.體積很大的箱子體積很大的箱子丈量一塊田地丈量一塊田地規(guī)模巨大的歌劇院規(guī)模巨大的歌劇院9. while girls, who are superior to boys in math up to the age of (Lines 3536, para 4) 注意注意：表達(dá)式中雖沒有表示比較級(jí)的：表達(dá)式中雖沒有表示比較級(jí)的than，但卻表達(dá)比較之意。，但卻表達(dá)比較之意。 注意復(fù)習(xí)：注意復(fù)習(xí)：be

49、 superior to 優(yōu)于、勝過優(yōu)于、勝過其對(duì)應(yīng)的反義表達(dá)為：其對(duì)應(yīng)的反義表達(dá)為：be inferior to1. approve (vt.) 批準(zhǔn)批準(zhǔn)1. 全國人大批準(zhǔn)了總理的報(bào)告。翻譯句子翻譯句子 The National Peoples Congress approved the premiers report.2. （棄權(quán)）決議以68票對(duì)10票通過，28票棄權(quán)。The resolution was approved 68 to 10, with 28 abstentions. 10. girls are filled with fears of the world outside

50、the home and with the desire to be approved of for their“goodness” (Lines 4546, para 5) 2. approve (vi.)（與（與of 連用）連用）我不能支持一項(xiàng)我從未贊同的政策。翻譯句子翻譯句子 I cant approve of a policy of which I have never approved.10. girls are filled with fears of the world outside the home and with the desire to be approved of

51、for their“goodness” (Lines 4546, para 5) 11.同義詞辨析gender/ sexgender（比較正式）性別，（文法）性，如陰性、陽性、中性（比較正式）性別，（文法）性，如陰性、陽性、中性sex 主要指生理方面的性別主要指生理方面的性別without distinction of age or sex 無論男女老少無論男女老少the opposite sex 異性異性12. 同義詞辨析masculine/ male/ manly/ mannish與之對(duì)應(yīng)的反義詞與之對(duì)應(yīng)的反義詞 feminine/ female/womanly/womanishmascu

52、line 有男子氣概的、（組織、行業(yè)）由男子組成的；有男子氣概的、（組織、行業(yè)）由男子組成的； male （指性別）雄性的、男性的（指性別）雄性的、男性的 manly（褒義詞，指男人具有的思想品質(zhì)）有勇氣的、果斷的（褒義詞，指男人具有的思想品質(zhì)）有勇氣的、果斷的 mannish（貶義詞）（指女人）像男人的（貶義詞）（指女人）像男人的 完成句子完成句子 The industry is wholly .這一行全由男性擔(dān)當(dāng)。這一行全由男性擔(dān)當(dāng)。 masculineHe speaks with a deep voice.他的聲音是一種渾厚的男聲他的聲音是一種渾厚的男聲 male They are me

53、n of build.他們都是身材魁梧的男性他們都是身材魁梧的男性 masculine 她的男性化特點(diǎn)非常強(qiáng)她的男性化特點(diǎn)非常強(qiáng) She had strong, almost mannish features.翻譯練習(xí)翻譯練習(xí) He made manly determination to undertake such a difficult task.他果斷地決定接受這項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)他果斷地決定接受這項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù) The boy walked with a manly stride. 那個(gè)孩子邁著雄赳赳的大步走路那個(gè)孩子邁著雄赳赳的大步走路 l Post-Readingl Reading Com

54、prehensionl 1.Understanding the Organization of the Textl 1)Introduction (Para. 1)l It has been proven repeatedly that the various types of behavior, emotions, and interests that constitute being masculine and feminine are patterned by both heredity and culture.l 2)There is a cultural bias in educat

55、ion that favors boys over girls. (Para. 2-4)l Supporting evidence:l A.Teachers called on males in class far more than on female students. (Para. 2)l a.Its consequence: This has a tremendous impact on the learning process.l b.The reason for this: Active classroom participants develop more positive at

56、titudes and go on to higher achievement.l c.Two examples:l i.In many of former all-womens colleges, the boys were “taking over” the classroom discussions and active participation by women students had diminished noticeably.l ii.A similar subordination of female to male students has also been observe

57、d in law and medical school classrooms in recent years.l B.Teachers assigned boys and girls different tasks in accordance with stereotyped gender roles. (Para. 3)l a.Its consequence: This prevented girls from participating as actively as boys in class.l b.An example: A teacher had the little boys pe

58、rform the scientific “experiment” while the girls were given the task of putting the materials away. (Para. 4)l C.Gender-biased education is also reflected in the typical American teachers assumption.l a.The assumption: Boys will so bettering the “hard”, “masculine” subjects of math and science whil

59、e girls are expected to have better verbal and reading skills.l b.Its problem: The assumption is also a self-fulfilling prophecy.l c.Three examples:l i.American boys do develop reading problems, while girls, who are superior to boys in math up to the age of nine, fall behind from then on.l ii.In Ger

60、many, all studies are considered “masculine”, and it is girls who develop reading problems.l ii.In Japan, where early education appears to be nonsexist, both girls and boys do equally well in reading.l 3)The educational bias begins at home. (Para. 5)l A.Supporting evidence:l a.Boy preschoolers were