美國文學(xué)整編到現(xiàn)實主義時期

1、withNathaniel Hawthorne:Romantic novelist, short-story writer. Combined the American romanticism puritan moralism; a central figure in the American RenaissanceMosses from an Old Manse ( 1846 )(“ Young Goodman Brown” and “ Rappaccini 's daughter ”)The Scarlet Letter (1850)The House of the Seven G

2、ables (1851)The Blithedale Romance (1852)The Marble Faun,(1860)Interrogating the innocenceStrong sense of sin and evil in life.Sin will get punished, and evil educates.Source of sin: original sin, conflict between body and soul.Source of evil : overweening intellect, a part of human natureThe Seven

3、Commandments Of The Children Of NoahIdolatry - Monotheism.Adultery.Murder. Blasphemy, not to curse God.Notto eat the live meatnot to stealMaintain courts to enforce these laws.Seven heavenly virtuesFaith Hope CharityFortitudeJustice Temperance PrudenceaI ”novel ”Hawthorne ' s aestheticsFavor on

4、“ romance ” , instead ofContents: sensational material, such as poisoning, murder, adultery, crime.Themes: explore the huma n n ature, deal with moral p roblems, study the effects ofsin on man.Purpo se: to show the inner world of man is the source of evil in societythe tragicrise born of the fortun

5、ate fall,fall T riseinnocence t maturityThe Scarlet LetterTime: in the mid-1600sSett ing: P urita n tow n of Bost onCharacters:*iArtbur Dininiesdiile |Pearl |Rd get Chillin軒 worthRoger Chilli ngworthPearlThe victim of the adulteryA symbol: the symbol of the violati on of thesocial lawsA merciless av

6、en gerTo Hester: the fruit of human love andp assi onThe worst sinnerTo Dimmesdale: the remin der of his sinSymbol of devilTo Chillingworth:the motivationto take hisrevengePurita nism in The Scarlet LetterP urita n emp hasis on the in dividual con scie nee.Hawthor ns attitude towards Purita nism-sco

7、lded the harshness of Puritans, yettook the Puritanism as his living criteria.Purpose of The Scarlet Letter1. Explore the source of evils unreasonable and inhuman social systemmen ' s inner world, defects in men' s nature: strong desire, dishonesty, cowardice, revenge.2. Explore the effect o

8、f sin on different characters:To brave Hester: gain moral rebirth by redeeming her sin, win respect/ love again.To coward Dimmesdale: torment of conscience, suffer in hell fire.To vicious and vengeful Chillingworth: reduced to demon, deteriorated, malicious sinner 3. Explore ways of redeeming sin br

9、ave to confess and face it correct it through love, devotion, generosity and forgiveness.Hawthorne ' s Style rich imagination; well-woven structure; psychological analysis; effective symbolism with delicate imageries, ambiguity and mysterySymbolism in the novelChillingworthis cold andinhuman and

10、 thus brings a “ chill ” to Hester ' s andDimmesdale' s lives.Prynne ”rhymes witha ”sin ”Dimmesdale ” suggestsdimness ” weakness, indeterminacy, lack of insight,and lack of will, all of which characterize the young minister.Pearl ” evokes a biblical allegorical device the “ pearl of great pr

11、ice” that issalvation.a token of shame“ Adultery ” at firstA symbol of being alone and alienationAngel ” , “Able ” ,” Admiration ”Hester offers the genuine sympathy and help to her fellow villagersHerman Melvillea master of allegory and symbolism 1) early worksTypee (1846) : the “man who lived among

12、 cannibals.”O(jiān)moo(1847)Mardi (1849) :The first three drew from his adventures among the people of theon his firstSouth Pacific islands;Redburn (1849) is a semi-autobiographical novel, based Bedburn voyage to EnglandWhite Jacket (1850) relates his life on a United States man-of-war.Moby Dick (1851)Lat

13、er works: Pierre (1852) The Confidence Man (1857)Billy Budd1924 )Moby-Dick* the first American prose epicis regarded as : * an encyclopedia of everythingThe white whaleP equod -a world in mini ature* Melville's bleak view"Everlasting Nayalie nati on* One of the major themesAhab may have bee

14、 n Melville'sp ortraitof an Emers onianself-relia nt individualsoli psism .Henry Wadsworth Lon gfellow"School-room P oets" or "New En gla nd P oets" or "Fireside P oets"Lon gfellow, Holmes, Lowell and Whittier first America n to tran slate Dante Alighieri's The

15、Divi ne Comedypoet and educator; "P aul Revere's Ride“;The Song of Hiawatha ; Evangeline.Lon gfellow holds the disti nction of being the first America n p oet?Poetry : Voices of the Night (1839)Eva ngel ine (1847) The Song of Hiawatha (1855)A Psalm of LifeMy Lost Y ouththe Slave ' s Dre

16、am Hiawatha ' s Fasti ngHis writ ings bel ong to the milder asp ects of the roma ntic moveme nt, and he was stron gly in flue need by the Germa n roma ntic lyrists.He wrote about America n subjects, but always in European styles.His works are highly sp iritual. He emp hasized the mysteries of bi

17、rth, death, andlove. Most of his works are simpie and easily read so that even childrencan un dersta nd them.If his worst fault is that-he made poetry seem so easy to write that anyoneandandcould do it, his greatest virtue is that he made poetry seem worth reading worth writing.He was the first Amer

18、ican poet to be honored by having his bust placed in thePoets' Comer of Westminster Abbey. This indicates that his poetry has been highly appreciated in Britain.A Psalm of Life 賞析見另材料）P4 the literature of realism1. How to define the Realistic Period in American Literary history?The period rangin

19、g from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States, which is actually a movement or tendency that dominated the spirit of American literature, especially American fiction, from the 1850s onwards.What is the historical and socio-cultural backgr

20、ound of the Realistic Period inAmerica?The American society after the Civil War provided rich soil for the rise development of Realism. This period is characterized with changes, in relation to every aspect of American life, politically, economically, culturally, and religiously.First of all, politi

21、cally, the Civil War affected both the social and the value system of the country. America had transformed itself into an industrialized and commercialized society. Wilderness gave way to civilization. The burgeoning economy and industry stepped up urbanization. However, economically, the changes we

22、re not all for the better. The industrialization and the urbanization were accompanied by the incalculable sufferings of the laboring people.Therefore, polarization of the wellbeing between the poor and the rich started to show up. Thirdly, as far as the ideology was concerned, people became dubious

23、 about the human nature and the benevolence of God, which the Transcendentalists cared most. What Mark Twain referred to as “ the Gilded Age ” replaced the frontier and the spirit of the frontiersman, which is the spirit of freedom and human connection.Fourthly, the literary scene after the Civil Wa

24、r proved to be quite different a picture. The harsh realities of life as well as the disillusion of heroism resulting from the dark memories of the Civil War had set the nation against the romance. TheAmericans began to be tired of the sentimental feelings of Romanticism. Thus, started a new period

25、in the American literary writings known as the Age of Realism, characterized by a great interest in the realities of lifeRealism had originated in France as realisme, a literary doctrine that called forreality and truth ” in the depiction of ordinary life.The three dominant figuresof the period areW

26、illiam Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.English realism a new literary trend rose in late 18th century and flourished in the 19th century with the impact of the Industrial Revolution.presenting the reality, the external life of characters, exposing the dark side of the societyTruthful to li

27、fe, little fancy or fan tasymajor con tributi on:p erfecti on of the novelAmerica n realism a. Historical and social backgrou nd: the imp act of American Civil War (1861-1865) b. Literary in flue nee from Euro pe: Realism as a literary trendKoj!biiiti<4in vs Redisin« Mani and nature Irrer wo

28、rld Imagination, symbolism AesUietics of expresslon What man rrnght be-Man s dream Write from heart-II Man and society External worldI Truthfulness, realism. Aesthetics of reflection What man really i& man*s deeds Write from eyesWalt Whitmanone of America's best ; and most in flue ntial po e

29、tsLeaves of Crass; Song of Myself O Captain My Captain2. Leaves of Grass (res ponse) * sexuality and exotic and vulgar Ian guage"no xious weeds,“"po etry of barbarism, " and "a mass of stupid filth," * "I was simmeri ng, simmeri ng, simmeri ng, "he said, "Emer

30、s on brought me to a boil.* Whitma n, along with Emers on, sees the poet as tak ing over what had used to be the job of a mi nister, a clergyma n, the Church.1. Leaves of Grass a poet with a strong sense of missi onWhitman was one of the most original and inspiring American poets, true to his art an

31、d to his role as a poet. He devoted himself to poetry eulogizing the nativeAmerican experience. As America's first genuine epic poem, Leaves of Grass ran nine editions with more than 400 poems all written in free verse form, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. Title: Th

32、e title implies rebirth, renewal, or green life.where there is earth, where there is water, there is grass.Blend science, democracy and spirituality into one. To write on the organic principleSong of Myself 賞析另見資料）Emily DickinsonAmerica ' s best-known female poetHer modernity is her articulation

33、 of psychological experience and skeptical desire for faith.affected by two men, Benjamin Newton and Charles Wadsworth. but was scarce; I heard a Fly； This is my letter to theThe Poems of Emily Dickinson; I taste a liquor never brewed; I felt a Funeral, in myBrain; A Bird came down the Walk ; I died

34、 for Beauty buzz when I died ; Because I could not stop for Death worldEmily Dickinson was a pessimistic poet. She had a tragic message and was closer to Edgar Allan Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville.The range of her poetry suggests not her limited experience but the power ofher creativity and imaginatio

35、n. Her subjects were love, death, nature, religion,immortality, pain, beauty. The poemsemployed irregular rhythms, slantrhymes,paradox, and a careful balancing ofabstract Latinate and concise Anglo-Saxon' s great poets.words.She is now ranked as one of America 2 Subjects:Death : her poems concer

36、ning death and immortality, ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death.Love : One group of her love poems treats the suffering and frustration love can cause. The other group of love poems focuses on the physical aspect of desire.Nature : In her poems about

37、 nature, her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well-expressed.Religion : In some of her poems she wrote about her doubt and belief about religious subjects.詩歌賞析另見材料Artistic characteristicsHer poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines. In her

38、 poetry, there is a particular stress pattern, in which dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis. Most of her poems borrow the repeated four-line, rhymed stanzas of traditional Christian hymns, with two lines of four-beat meter alternating with

39、 two lines of three-beat meter. Amaster of imaginary that makes the spiritual materialize in surprisingways,Dickinson managed manifold variations within her simple form.She uses imperfect rhythms, subtle breaks of rhythm, and idiosyncratic syntax andpunctuation to create fascinating world puzzles, w

40、hich have producedgreatlydivergent interpretations over the years. Due to her deliberate seclusion, her poemstend to vivify some abstract ideas. Her poetry, despite its ostensibleformalsimplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness. Her limitedprivateworld have never confined the l

41、imitless power of her creativity and imagination.Local ColorismTime: late 1860s and early 70sFeatures: the realistic presentation of the local characters with theirregionalqualities such as dialects and customs.having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been writtenin any o

42、ther place or by another one else than a native.- Hamlin Garland: Crumbing IdolsLocal colorists: Stowe, Mark Twain, Kate ChopinHarriet Beecher StoweThe little woman who wrote the book that started this great war.” - AbrahamLincolnUncle Tom's Cabin (1851)A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853)Dred,

43、 A T ale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856)The Minister's Wooing (1859)The Pearl of Orr's Island (1862)Little Foxes (1866)Old Town Folks (1869)Poganuc People (1878)Slavery and the Civil WarUncle Tom's Cabin was a best seller in the United States, England, Europe, Asia, and translated into

44、over 60 languages.Uncle Tom's Cabin humanized slavery by telling the story of individuals and families.Harriet portrayed the physical, sexual, and emotional abuse endured by enslaved people.The Civil War grew out of a mixture of causes including regional conflicts betweenNorth and South, economi

45、c trends, and humanitarian concerns for the welfare of enslaved people.The strength of Uncle Tom's Cabin is not the plot, but its ability to illustrate slavery's effect on families. Characters freely debated the causes of slavery, the FugitiveSlave Law, the future of freed slaves, what an in

46、dividual could do, and racism.Mark TwainLocal colorism: having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by another one else than a native.- Hamlin Garland: Crumbing IdolsStowe, Mark Twain, Kate ChopinThe Gilded Age (1873)The Adve ntures of Tom

47、Sawyer(1876)The Prince and the Pau per(1881)Life on the Mississ ippi (1883)The Adve ntures of Huckleberry Fi nn(1884)A Conn ecticut Yan kee in King Arthur's Court(1889)The £ 1,000,000 Bank Noteand Other New Stories (1893 )The Man That Corru pted Hadleybury (1900)Style of Writ ingBiti ng and

48、 realistic social satire, dealt largely with the lower strata of societyHumor, shar p wit and comic exaggerati on;Colloquial style, a sup reme comma nd of vern acular America n En glishearlier works are light, humorous, op timistic; the gloomy view in later lifeIronyVerbal irony: what one says is op

49、po site to what one mea ns. (It is uni versallyack no wledged that a man in big fortune must be in want of a wife.)Dramatic irony: a con trast bt. what a character believes or says and what the readerun dersta nds to be true. (Mercha nt of Ven ice P ortia disguised in a lawyer)Situatio nal irony or

50、irony of fate: an incon gruity what is exp ected to happen andwhat actually happen s.)O. HenryWilliam Sydney P orter; embezzleme nt at Ohio Pen ite ntiaryknown for their wit, wordplay, warm characterization, surprise endings"The Gift of the Magi “"The Ransom of Red Chief""The Cop

51、 and the Anthem""A Retrieved Reformation""The Duplicity of Hargraves"The Last LeafHenry Jamesthe founder of psychological realismHis fictional world is concerned more with the inner life of human beings than withovert human actions.the forerunner of the 20th-century "st

52、ream-of-consciousness" novels .His father, Henry James, Sr.an eminent philosopherreformer and theological writer,His brother, William James, was to be the famous philosopher and psychologist.In 1862, James entered Harvard Law School ,where he met HowellsHe toured England, France and Italy, and

53、met, among others, Flaubert(MadameBovary) , and TurgenevThe literary career of Henry James is generally divided into three distinctive periods:early , middle and mature.1) The first period (1865-1882)"international theme"The American (1877) Daisy Miller. (1878) The Europeans (1878)The Port

54、rait of A Lady (1881)2) The second period(1882-895)3) The thirdperiod1895-1900)Third stage: In thethird stage, he returnedto his international themes andproduced the complex and profound novels such asThe Wings of the Dove 鴿翼(1902) , The Ambassadors 專使 (1903) , and The Golden Bowl金碗 (1904).Critics r

55、egard them as his most mature and his best.3. Major Subjects(P.98) James stressed three subjects that are now regarded as influential in modemfiction.Children: James wrote about children as children, not as small adults. He examinedtheir minds, their psychology and accepted it as valid.(2) New Woman

56、: James's fiction is filled with female characters, not as sexualobjects, never married, reticent from sexual passion. He treated the new woman inAmerica in the latter half of the 19th century as a representative of culture andrefinement. While men were engaged in business in making money at that time,women maintained culture. They were to be interested in beauty and refinement.And James's women are interested in those subjects. In a way, the women in hisfiction are concerned about the same things that he was concerned with beauty,culture, and refinement .4. The