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1、專升本英語動(dòng)詞語法復(fù)習(xí)資料復(fù)數(shù)名詞)、“主謂一致”、“人稱代詞的用法”(人稱代詞和物主代詞;名詞性的物主代詞和形容詞性的物主代詞)等等。例如:He always reads books before sleeping.He,第三人稱單數(shù)代詞,因此,動(dòng)詞用了reads 這個(gè)加“s ”的第三人稱動(dòng)詞單數(shù)形式。第二、英語的動(dòng)詞具有時(shí)態(tài)的變化。首先,動(dòng)詞具有形態(tài)上的變化:是經(jīng)常發(fā)生的,還是已經(jīng)發(fā)生的,還是正在發(fā)生的。我們稱為“一般式”、“完成式”和“進(jìn)行式”(相延伸的,則產(chǎn)生了“延續(xù)動(dòng)詞”和“靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞”的區(qū)別。)。其次,動(dòng)詞具有時(shí)間上的變化,即:“過去”、“現(xiàn)在”、“將來”。這樣交叉之后即產(chǎn)生了不同的
2、時(shí)態(tài)變化(應(yīng)該是9種,但是一般常用的是8種,除去了一種將來完成式)。因此,我們要正確的使用動(dòng)詞的不同時(shí)態(tài),關(guān)鍵是把握上述兩點(diǎn)。例如:Now ,John is playing basketball.在這個(gè)句子中,從Now 這個(gè)詞語中,我們可以知道動(dòng)詞play 發(fā)生的時(shí)間是現(xiàn)在,此外,這個(gè)動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生,因此,我們要用“現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)”。第三、英語的動(dòng)詞具有語態(tài)的變化。這里考察的是動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的對(duì)象是句子的主語還是句子的賓語。如果是主語,則是“被動(dòng)語態(tài)”,如果是賓語,則是“主動(dòng)語態(tài)”。而大量英語的句子是以物作為主語的,因此,英語句子中被動(dòng)語態(tài)特別多。例如:They sent Lucas to prison
3、for five years.(主動(dòng)語態(tài)) Lucas was sent to prison for five years.(被動(dòng)語態(tài)) 第四、英語的動(dòng)詞具有語氣的變化。相應(yīng)的知識(shí)點(diǎn)有:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法和虛擬語氣。這也是英語句子動(dòng)詞用法中最復(fù)雜的一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)了。相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容不展開論述了,有興趣的朋友可以參看一下的一個(gè)附件中的內(nèi)容。非常詳細(xì)的虛擬語氣講解(見論壇里的其它兩個(gè)帖子)第五、在一個(gè)英語句子中,僅存在一個(gè)主句動(dòng)詞??赡芎芏嗳藭?huì)不同意這一點(diǎn),但是只要我們稍微分析一下,我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這是非常重要的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。相延伸的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是“從句”、“非謂語動(dòng)詞”、“介賓結(jié)構(gòu)的短語”等等。我們所看到的在一個(gè)句子主句中存
4、在兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的唯一的一種情況是:用并列連詞連接的兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞(在并列句中,其實(shí)是兩個(gè)主句)?!皬木洹保涸谡麄€(gè)句子中處于從屬地位,充當(dāng)句子的某一個(gè)成分。我們可以根據(jù)從句在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞謱?duì)從句進(jìn)行分類。如:主語從句,充當(dāng)主語;賓語從句,充當(dāng)賓語;狀語從句,充當(dāng)狀語等等?!胺侵^語動(dòng)詞”:具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì),但不是句子主句的所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作概念,在句子中也是處于從屬地位。有三類非謂語動(dòng)詞:動(dòng)名詞、分詞和不定式。其區(qū)別在于三者時(shí)間概念上的區(qū)別:動(dòng)名詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,且具有名詞的性質(zhì);分詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,過去分詞表被動(dòng)涵義,現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)涵義;不定式表示動(dòng)作即將發(fā)生。“介賓結(jié)構(gòu)的短語”:以介賓形式在句子中處于從屬
5、地位,充當(dāng)句子的非主要成分。在一定條件下,三者之間可以進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化。例如:Running into the room,she started to cry.動(dòng)名詞。After she ran into the room,she started to cry.時(shí)間狀語從句。 句子中的主語是she ,主句的動(dòng)詞是start. 而 to cry 是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。表明哭是在開始之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,表將來概念。第六、其它的一些語法點(diǎn)。剩余的一些語法點(diǎn)是比較零碎的,相對(duì)重要的有:“形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)”、“句式”(包括基本句式,如肯定句、疑問句:一般疑問句;特殊疑問句;反意疑問句、否定句;特殊句式,如倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句
6、)、“冠詞的用法”、“數(shù)詞的用法”、“名詞的所有格”等等。2010年成人高考英語備考指導(dǎo)一、 the + est +名詞+(that+主詞+ have ever +seen(known/heard/had/read,etc the most +形容詞+名詞+(that+主詞+ have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read,etc例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.海倫是我所看過最美麗的女孩。Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have eve
7、r had. 張老師是我曾經(jīng)遇到最仁慈的教師。二、Nothing is + er than to + V Nothing is + more +形容詞+ than to + V例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education.沒有比接受教育更重要的事。三、 cannot emphasize the importance of too much.(再怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)的重要性也不為過。例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我們?cè)僭趺磸?qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)眼睛的
8、重要性也不為過。四、There is no denying that + S + V (不可否認(rèn)的 例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否認(rèn)的,我們的生活品質(zhì)已經(jīng)每況愈下。五、It is universally acknowledged that +句子(全世界都知道例句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道樹木對(duì)我們是不可或缺的。六、There is
9、no doubt that +句子(毫無疑問的 例句:There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫無疑問的我們的教育制度令人不滿意。七、An advantage of is that +句子(的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是 例句:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create(produceany pollution.使用太陽(yáng)能的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它不會(huì)制造任何污染。八、The reason why +句子 is that +句子(的原因是例
10、句: The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air. The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我們必須種樹的原因是它們能供應(yīng)我們新鮮的空氣。九、So +形容詞+ be +主詞+ that +句子(如此以致于 例句:So precious is time that we can t afford to waste it.時(shí)間是如此珍貴,我們經(jīng)不起浪費(fèi)它。十、Adj +
11、as + Subject(主詞+ be,S + V(雖然 例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. by no means = in no way = on no account一點(diǎn)也不雖然我們的國(guó)家富有,我們的生活品質(zhì)絕對(duì)令人不滿意。 十一、The + er + S + V, the + er + S + V The + more + Adj + S + V, the + more + Adj + S + V (愈愈例句:The harder you work ,t
12、he more progress you make.你愈努力,你愈進(jìn)步。The more books we read,the more learned we become.我們書讀愈多,我們愈有學(xué)問。十二、By +Ving, can (借著,能夠例句:By taking exercise ,we can always stay healthy.借著做運(yùn)動(dòng),我們能夠始終保持健康。十三、 enable + Object(受詞+ to + V(使能夠例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.聽音樂使我們能夠感覺輕松。 十四、On no accou
13、nt can we + V (我們絕對(duì)不能例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我們絕對(duì)不能忽略知識(shí)的價(jià)值。十五、It is time + S +過去式(該是的時(shí)候了例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.該是有關(guān)當(dāng)局采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧﹣斫鉀Q交通問題的時(shí)候了。九、So +形容詞+ be +主詞+ that +句子(如此以致于 例句:So precious is time that we can
14、t afford to waste it.時(shí)間是如此珍貴,我們經(jīng)不起浪費(fèi)它。十、Adj + as + Subject(主詞+ be,S + V(雖然 例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. by no means = in no way = on no account一點(diǎn)也不雖然我們的國(guó)家富有,我們的生活品質(zhì)絕對(duì)令人不滿意。十一、The + er + S + V, the + er + S + V The + more + Adj + S + V, the + mo
15、re + Adj + S + V (愈愈例句:The harder you work ,the more progress you make. 你愈努力,你愈進(jìn)步。The more books we read,the more learned we become. 我們書讀愈多,我們愈有學(xué)問。十二、By +Ving, can (借著,能夠 例句:By taking exercise ,we can always stay healthy. 借著做運(yùn)動(dòng),我們能夠始終保持健康。十三、 enable + Object(受詞+ to + V(使能夠例句:Listening to music enabl
16、e us to feel relaxed. 聽音樂使我們能夠感覺輕松。十四、On no account can we + V (我們絕對(duì)不能 例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我們絕對(duì)不能忽略知識(shí)的價(jià)值。十五、It is time + S +過去式(該是的時(shí)候了例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.該是有關(guān)當(dāng)局采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧﹣斫鉀Q交通問題的時(shí)候了。 二十三、It pays to + V
17、 (是值得的。例句:It pays to help others.幫助別人是值得的。二十四、be based on(以為基礎(chǔ)例句:The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社會(huì)的進(jìn)步是以和諧為基礎(chǔ)的。二十五、Spare no effort to + V(不遺余力的We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我們應(yīng)該不遺余力的美化我們的環(huán)境。二十六、bring home to +人+事(讓明白事例句:We should bring home to people the va
18、lue of working hard.我們應(yīng)該讓人們明白努力的價(jià)值。二十七、be closely related to (與息息相關(guān) 例句:Taking exercise is closely related t o health. 做運(yùn)動(dòng)與健康息息相關(guān)。2010年成人高考專升本英語備考輔導(dǎo)動(dòng)詞主要時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1、 表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常和often , always, usually ,sometimes,everyday 等時(shí)間狀語連用;2、 表示主語的特征、性格、能力等;3、 表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理;4、 表示安排或計(jì)劃好的將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;The plane
19、takes off at 10 am 。5、 在時(shí)間或條件狀語中,表示將來的動(dòng)作;When you see her just tell her that I am all right .6、 在某些文學(xué)作品的情節(jié)描寫中,代替過去時(shí),表示或用于引述書刊材料;The author says that the soldiers fight for freedom not for money 。一般過去時(shí)用于表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用,如yesterday,last week,three years ago , in 1987, at the time , in July
20、 。一般將來時(shí)主要用于表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況在時(shí)間或條件狀語中,一般不用將來時(shí),而是用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。I ll let you know the result when I finish everything。1、 shall, will + 動(dòng)詞原型構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí);2、 am (is , are going to + 動(dòng)詞原型,表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要發(fā)生的事情;3、 am (is , are about to + 動(dòng)詞原型,表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;4、 am (is , an to + 動(dòng)詞原型,表示必須或計(jì)劃要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 You are to be here by 4 pm for
21、 collecting the shipment you ordered 。過去將來時(shí)用于表示過去某一時(shí)間內(nèi),將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) was (were going to +動(dòng)詞原型was (were about to +動(dòng)詞原型was (were to + 動(dòng)詞原型 表示過去某時(shí)間內(nèi)計(jì)劃、打算或一定要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)go, come , stay , leave, start 的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式可以表示將來即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作He is coming to see you tomorrow 。hate, like, love, believe, think, look, mind, have
22、, seem, sound, smell, taste 通常不使用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 He was making a long distance phone call to his friend in Australia from 10 to 11 last night 。go, come , stay , leave, start 的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)形式可以表示過去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作將來進(jìn)行時(shí)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)用于在將來的某一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,或按計(jì)劃在未來將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作This time next week she will be working in the
23、company .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去,但持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,或表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍留有某種后果和造成影響。 He has paid his income tax。過去完成時(shí)用來表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或某個(gè)動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,或者表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一個(gè)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。He said that the group had written him a letter and asked him to go there for an intervier 。將來完成時(shí)用來表示在將來某時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作I am sure he will have left Tokyo by thi
24、s time tomorrow 。現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從過去某一個(gè)時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)要現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作, 這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛剛結(jié)束,或者可能要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。 She has been working in Guangzhou since 1985 。過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)開始而又延續(xù)到過去這個(gè)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。 可能剛剛停止,也可能還在繼續(xù)。 He told me that he had been a teacher of physics for more than twenty years 。在表示時(shí)間或條件關(guān)系的主從復(fù)合句中,遵照“主將從現(xiàn)”原則,主句用將來時(shí)態(tài),從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1、
25、 表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常和often , always, usually ,sometimes,everyday 等時(shí)間狀語連用;2、 表示主語的特征、性格、能力等;3、 表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理;4、 表示安排或計(jì)劃好的將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;The plane takes off at 10 am 。5、 在時(shí)間或條件狀語中,表示將來的動(dòng)作;When you see her just tell her that I am all right .6、 在某些文學(xué)作品的情節(jié)描寫中,代替過去時(shí),表示或用于引述書刊材料;The author says that the soldier
26、s fight for freedom not for money 。一般過去時(shí)用于表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用,如yesterday,last week,three years ago , in 1987, at the time , in July 。一般將來時(shí)主要用于表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況在時(shí)間或條件狀語中,一般不用將來時(shí),而是用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。I ll let you know the result when I finish everything。1、 shall, will + 動(dòng)詞原型構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí);2、 am (is , are going to
27、 + 動(dòng)詞原型,表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要發(fā)生的事情;3、 am (is , are about to + 動(dòng)詞原型,表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;4、 am (is , an to + 動(dòng)詞原型,表示必須或計(jì)劃要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 You are to be here by 4 pm for collecting the shipment you ordered 。過去將來時(shí)用于表示過去某一時(shí)間內(nèi),將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) was (were going to +動(dòng)詞原型was (were about to +動(dòng)詞原型was (were to + 動(dòng)詞原型 表示過去某時(shí)間內(nèi)計(jì)劃、打算或一定要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)
28、在進(jìn)行時(shí)go, come , stay , leave, start 的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式可以表示將來即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作He is coming to see you tomorrow 。hate, like, love, believe, think, look, mind, have, seem, sound, smell, taste 通常不使用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 He was making a long distance phone call to his friend in Australia from 10 to 11 last night 。go
29、, come , stay , leave, start 的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)形式可以表示過去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作將來進(jìn)行時(shí)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)用于在將來的某一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,或按計(jì)劃在未來將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作This time next week she will be working in the company . 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去,但持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,或表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍留有某種后果和造成影響。 He has paid his income tax。過去完成時(shí)用來表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或某個(gè)動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,或者表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一個(gè)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。He said that th
30、e group had written him a letter and asked him to go there for an intervier 。將來完成時(shí)用來表示在將來某時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作I am sure he will have left Tokyo by this time tomorrow 。現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從過去某一個(gè)時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)要現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作, 這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛剛結(jié)束,或者可能要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。 She has been working in Guangzhou since 1985 。過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)開始而又延續(xù)到過去這個(gè)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。 可能剛剛
31、停止,也可能還在繼續(xù)。 He told me that he had been a teacher of physics for more than twenty years 。在表示時(shí)間或條件關(guān)系的主從復(fù)合句中,遵照“主將從現(xiàn)”原則,主句用將來時(shí)態(tài),從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)助動(dòng)詞be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分辭短語動(dòng)詞 :example takes good care >> taken good care虛擬語氣用來表示非真實(shí)的假設(shè),表示命令、建議或說話人的主觀愿望 條件從句 主句違背現(xiàn)在事實(shí) 過去式 should / would
32、 / could / might + 動(dòng)詞原形 If the manager were here , he might make a decision immediately 違背過去事實(shí) had + 過去分詞 should / would / could / might + have + 過去分詞I could have done it better if I had been more careful違背將來事實(shí) should + 動(dòng)詞原形 should / would / could / might + 動(dòng)詞原形were + 動(dòng)詞不定式( were to + 動(dòng)詞原形If it shou
33、ld rain tomorrow , what could we do ?在下列結(jié)構(gòu)的主語從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞用虛擬語氣It is necessary / imperative / important / essential / advisable that It is proposed / desired / requested / suggested / recommended / demanded / decided / arranged that混合虛擬句 條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作,在時(shí)間上不一致,動(dòng)詞形式需要調(diào)整If you had taken the medicine yes
34、terday , you would be well now。 Suggest , order , ask , demand , command , request , require etc.這些動(dòng)詞的賓語從句用虛擬句, 在這些動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句中,助動(dòng)詞一律是should 。It is ( It was important ,其后的主語從句用虛擬語氣,助動(dòng)詞用should 。It is important that we ( should learn computer .Wish + ( that 從句,通常表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。 表示現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是,從句中的動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí); 表示過去的
35、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),從句中的動(dòng)詞用had + 過去分詞。但是,從句中動(dòng)詞用would (might + 動(dòng)詞原形時(shí),表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)碛锌赡軐?shí)現(xiàn)的愿望I wish I knew a little contract law . 但愿我知道一點(diǎn)合同法(我不知道I wish you would come tomorrow . 我希望你明天能來 (有可能來As if / as thought 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句(或表語從句 中,常用虛擬語氣。如果從句表示的意思與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,謂語動(dòng)詞則應(yīng)使用過去式;如果從句表示的意思與過去事實(shí)相反,謂語動(dòng)詞則使用 had + 過去分詞的形式 ?;揪湫椭髡Z + 謂語動(dòng)詞 The t
36、wo-man spaceship took off this morning 。 主語 + 謂語動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 The drilling machine is making a hole 。 主語 + 連系動(dòng)詞 + 表語 The answer is off the point 。主語 + 謂語動(dòng)詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語The new approach has saved us a great deal of time主語 + 謂語動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語 We like our guests to feel at home 。常用連詞等立連詞:and , so , not only
37、 but also , neither now , or , otherwise , either or , but , yet , still , however , while ,whereas, for常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞主從連詞 that , whether , if連接代詞 who , whom , whose , what , where , which連接副詞 when , where , why , how倒裝句Never , Scarcely , hardly , rarely , little , nowhere , no sooner than , not only , in no
38、 case , in no way , on no accoune , at no time , under no circumstances (這些詞或詞組放在句首作壯語時(shí)There be 句型和大多數(shù)的疑問句都是倒裝句Here , there , then , thus 等副詞放在句首時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞為come , be , exist , follow 等不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),句子一般都為全部倒裝 Here is a book for you . Here comes the bus .句首為 so , nor , neither 等副詞時(shí)、表明前句說明的情況也適用于本句時(shí) ,句子為倒裝Richar
39、d can speak Japanese . So can his sister在虛擬語氣中,非真實(shí)條件從句中的連詞省略時(shí),句子為倒裝。這時(shí),倒裝到主語前的助動(dòng)次 had ,should 和動(dòng)詞were 。 Had I left a little earlier , I would have missed the trainso / nor / neither + 系動(dòng)詞/ 助動(dòng)詞 / 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 主語表示前句中謂語所說明的情況也同樣適用于后句中的主語,用到裝。He doesnt like music . Nor / Neither do I .在Hardly when 和 No soone
40、r than 以及 Not until 的句型中,由于否定詞或否定詞組放在句首,主句部分中的主、謂要到裝助動(dòng)詞 + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞原形No sooner had he got well than he left the hospital .直接引語和間接引語John said , “ I m going to London with my father .”John said that he was going to London with his father .一般疑問句變成以if (whether 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句He said , “Have you all understood thi
41、s passage ?”He asked the class if they had all understood that passage 。祈使句變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式, 作ask , tell 等動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。表示命令時(shí)常用 tell , order 等; 表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)常用ask , beg 等動(dòng)詞,原句中的don t 應(yīng)變?yōu)?not 。The manager said to the clerk , “Be polite to all the clients .”The manager told the clerk to be polite to all the clients .如主句謂語動(dòng)
42、詞為各種現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來時(shí),間接引語中的動(dòng)詞仍保持直接引語的原來時(shí)態(tài)He says , “ I am very busy reading the book .”He says that he is very busy reading the book .如主句謂語動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí),間接引語中的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)發(fā)生如下變化: 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)一般過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)不變直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時(shí),代詞一般相應(yīng)變化如下:this - that last week the week beforetherse those three days a
43、go three days beforenow then tomorrow the next daytoday that day next week the (next following week this week that week here - thereyesterday the day before come go介詞at 表示確切的時(shí)間點(diǎn)或較短暫的一段時(shí)間 at two oclock in 表示一天中的各部分時(shí)間或較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間 in the morning , in spring , in 1967on 表示具體的某一天或某一天的上午或下午 on Sunday , on Monda
44、y afternoondurning 表示一段時(shí)間 ,強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間的延續(xù) durning the Summer vacationat one time 過去有段時(shí)間、從前at the same time 同時(shí)on time 按時(shí)below 表示低于 , 溫度低于多少度above 表示高于 , 溫度高于多少度幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞的時(shí)候,排列順序如下:好壞、美丑等 + 大小、新舊、顏色 + 質(zhì)地、屬性 + 名詞和前綴a- 組成的形容詞只能做表語而不能做定語, afraid , alive , alike ,alone , ashamed , asleep , awake etc.非謂語動(dòng)詞forge
45、t to do something 忘了而沒有做某事forget doing something 忘了已做過某事remember to do something 記住了要去做某事remember doing something 記得已經(jīng)做過的事情stop to do something 停下正做的事情去做別的事情stop doing something 停下手中正在做的事go on to do something 接下來做另一件事情go on doing something 繼續(xù)做一直在做的事情動(dòng)詞need , want , require 和形容詞 worth 后,可接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式來表示
46、被動(dòng)的意義現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式與及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞都表示被動(dòng):前者表示被修飾的名詞正在承受的行為 The problem being discussed is important后者表示承受過了的行為 The problem discussed yesterday was important .情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must + have + 過去分詞,表示對(duì)過去的某事做出肯定性的判斷; must + 動(dòng)詞原形 ,表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的某事作出肯定性的判斷。 Need not + have +過去分詞 表示過去做了本沒有必要做的事情 主謂一致 (語法一致、意義一致、就近謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù):不定式、動(dòng)名詞或名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)從句作主語
47、時(shí);事件、國(guó)名、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱、作品名稱作主語時(shí);one , every , everyone , everybody , each , one of , many a , either , neither , no one , nobody , anybody ,some body 做主語或修飾主語時(shí);表示時(shí)間、距離、金錢、體積、數(shù)字等詞語作主語表示總量時(shí); a person of , a series of , a kind of 等表示一個(gè)、一種、一系列等詞組用來修飾主語時(shí);集體名次作主語表示一個(gè)整體概念時(shí)。謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)both , few , many , several 等詞語作主語或修
48、飾主語時(shí);(some 不一定形容詞前加定冠詞用于泛指一類時(shí);cattle , people , police , clothes 等名詞作主語時(shí);由and 連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí);a number of 修飾主語時(shí)。定語從句I. 定義:定語是修飾名詞或代詞的成分, 定語可由單詞、短語來充當(dāng)。當(dāng)用一個(gè)句子來充當(dāng)名詞或代詞的修飾語時(shí),這種起定語作用的句子就被稱為定語從句。They have a clever son.Do you know the man over there?I know the man who wrote the book.II. 要點(diǎn):1. 定語從句的前面都有先行詞(被修飾語This
49、 is the boy whom we are looking for2. 定語從句應(yīng)緊跟在先行詞之后3. 先行詞與定語從句之間要有關(guān)系詞(有時(shí)可省略4. 關(guān)系詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)某一成分The girl who is standing under the tree is my sister.The man whom you want to see has come.III. 關(guān)系詞基本用法主格 賓格 所有格人who whom whose 物 which which of which但that 一般可用來代替who, whom, which,作賓格時(shí)可省略 Do you remember the
50、 teacher that/who taught us English?A bookstore is a store that/which sells books.The man (that/whom/who you know is a famous professor.A that 不能用來替代who, whom, which的兩種情況1 “介詞+whom/which”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,不能用thatShe is a good student from whom we should learn.2 在非限制性定語從句中,逗號(hào)后面不能用that She sang a new song, which w
51、e like very much.注意:非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞不能省略B 用that 不用which 的一些特殊情況1 先行詞為all, much, little, something, anything, everything, nothing 等Is there anything (that I can do for you?2 先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾This is the most exciting report that I have ever read.3 先行詞前有first, last, next, only, very, all, any等詞修飾 The first s
52、tep (that we are to take is very difficult.4 先行詞同時(shí)含有“人”和“非人”時(shí),用that 不用which ,也不用who/whomHe talked about the people and the books that interested him.C 關(guān)系副詞when, where, why用關(guān)系副詞when 時(shí),它的先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞,用where 時(shí)先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,而用why 時(shí)它的先行詞只可能是reason ,使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):1 關(guān)系代詞的選擇主要是看先行詞在從句中所作的成分 This is the city where
53、 I was born.This is the city (which/that he has visitedI dont know the reason why she is late.That is the reason (which/that everybody knowsDo you still remember the day when he arrived?Do you still remember the day (that/which we spent together?2 關(guān)系副詞when,where, why可由“介詞+which”的結(jié)構(gòu)來替代 Is this the re
54、ason for which they came?He left the day on which I came.注意:how 不能用來引導(dǎo)定語從句This is the way how he did it.D As 作關(guān)系代詞的用法與the same, such連用This is the same book as I read last week.Such books as I have read are classical works.定語從句練習(xí):1. The book _ is yellow was given to me by Mr. Li.A it s cover C whose
55、coverB its cover D the cover of that2. Who was the grey-haired old woman _ at yesterday s meeting?A we saw her C we sawB we saw whom D she was seen3. He makes good use of the time _ he can spare.A when C thatB in that D in which4. I dont know the room _A where our headmaster lives inB our headmaster
56、 lives inC in that our headmaster livesD in which does our headmaster live5. This is the least interesting book _A which I have ever read C what I have ever readB I have ever read D which I have ever read6. You must do everything _ I have told you to.A which B that C when D how7. Has all _ can be done _?A what/done C that/been doneB that/be done D what/ already done8. Oct. 1, 1949 is the day _ even a small child can well remember.A when
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