《項目管理》chapter 4 define the proj

1、2022-1-22編輯ppt1 管理學院 School of Management 佟瑞 Edward Tong， MPM，MBADefining the ProjectCHAPTER FOUR Copyright 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin編輯ppt3Where We Are Now2022-1-22編輯ppt4Project, a dream realizationSelect a dreamUse your dream to set a goal Create

2、a planConsider resourcesEnhance skills and abilitiesSpend time wiselyStart ! Get organized and go I have a dream ! 2022-1-22編輯ppt5What is Work breakdown structure ?It is a selective outline of the project.The early stages of developing the outline serve to ensure that all tasks are identified and th

3、at participants of the project have a understanding of what is to be done.Once the outline and its detail are defined, an integrated information system can be developed to schedule work and allocate budgets. 編輯ppt6Defining the ProjectStep 1: Defining the Project ScopeStep 2: Establishing Project Pri

4、oritiesStep 3: Creating the Work Breakdown StructureStep 4: Integrating the WBS with the OrganizationStep 5: Coding the WBS for the Information SystemWe can control only what we have planned. 編輯ppt7Step 1: Defining the Project Scope Project Scope A definition of the end result or mission of the proj

5、ecta product or service for the client/customerin specific, tangible, and measurable terms. Purpose of the Scope Statement To clearly define the deliverable(s) for the end user. To focus the project on successful completion of its goals. To be used by the project owner and participants as a planning

6、 tool and for measuring project success.編輯ppt8Project Scope ChecklistProject objective ( what, when, and how much ?)Deliverables ( the expected outputs over life of the project,)Milestones( natural, important control points in the project. Easy to recognize)Technical requirements( ensure proper perf

7、ormance)Limits and exclusions( limits of scope)Reviews with customer (internal and external )Scope definition should be as brief as possible but complete, one or two pages are O.K.!編輯ppt9Project Scope: Terms and Definitions Scope Statements Also called statements of work (SOW) Project Charter Can co

8、ntain an expanded version of scope statement A document authorizing the project manager to initiate and lead the project. Scope Creep The tendency for the project scope to expand over time due to changing requirements, specifications, and priorities.編輯ppt10Step 2: Establishing Project Priorities Cau

9、ses of Project Trade-offs Shifts in the relative importance of criterions related to cost, time, and performance parameters BudgetCost ScheduleTime PerformanceScope Managing the Priorities of Project Trade-offs Constrain: a parameter is a fixed requirement. Enhance: optimizing a criterion over other

10、s. Accept: reducing (or not meeting) a criterion requirement.編輯ppt11Project Management Trade-offs2022-1-22編輯ppt12Trade-offs among time , cost, and performanceOne of the primary jobs of a project manager is to manage the trade-offs among time, cost, and performance.To do so, project manager must defi

11、ne and understand the nature of the priorities of the project.編輯ppt13Project Priority Matrix編輯ppt14Step 3:Creating the Work Breakdown Structure Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) An hierarchical outline (map) that identifies the products and work elements involved in a project. Defines the relationship

12、of the final deliverable (the project) to its subdeliverables, and in turn, their relationships to work packages. Best suited for design and build projects that have tangible outcomes rather than process-oriented projects.2022-1-22編輯ppt15What is work breakdown structure ?Once the scope and deliverab

13、les have been identified. The work of the project can be successively subdivided into smaller and smaller work elements. The outcome of this hierarchical process is called the work breakdown structure (WBS)WBS is a map of the project.編輯ppt16Hierarchical Breakdown of the WBS* This breakdown groups wo

14、rk packages by type of work within a deliverable and allows assignment of responsibility to an organizational unit. This extra step facilitates a system for monitoring project progress (discussed in Chapter 13).編輯ppt17How WBS Helps the Project Manager WBS Facilitates evaluation of cost, time, and te

15、chnical performance of the organization on a project. Provides management with information appropriate to each organizational level. Helps in the development of the organization breakdown structure (OBS). which assigns project responsibilities to organizational units and individuals Helps manage pla

16、n, schedule, and budget. Defines communication channels and assists in coordinating the various project elements.編輯ppt18Work Breakdown Structure編輯ppt19Work Packages, each work package is a control point. A work package is the lowest level of the WBS. It is output-oriented in that it:Defines work (wh

17、at).Identifies time to complete a work package (how long).Identifies a time-phased budget to complete a work package (cost).Identifies resources needed to complete a work package (how much).Identifies a person responsible for units of work (who).1.Identifies monitoring points (milestones) for measur

18、ing success.編輯ppt20Step 4: Integrating the WBSwith the Organization Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS) Depicts how the firm is organized to discharge its work responsibility for a project. Provides a framework to summarize organization work unit performance. Identifies organization units respo

19、nsible for work packages. Ties the organizational units to cost control accounts.編輯ppt21Integration of WBS and OBS編輯ppt22Step 5: Coding the WBS for the Information System WBS Coding System Defines: Levels and elements of the WBS Organization elements Work packages Budget and cost information Allows

20、reports to be consolidated at any level in the organization structure編輯ppt23WBS Coding編輯ppt24Responsibility Matrices Responsibility Matrix (RM) Also called a linear responsibility chart. Summarizes the tasks to be accomplished and who is responsible for what on the project. Lists project activities

21、and participants. Clarifies critical interfaces between units and individuals that need coordination. Provide an means for all participants to view their responsibilities and agree on their assignments. Clarifies the extent or type of authority that can be exercised by each participant.編輯ppt25Respon

22、sibility Matrix for a Market Research Project編輯ppt26Responsibility Matrix for the Conveyor Belt Project編輯ppt27Project Communication Plan What information needs to be collected and when? Who will receive the information? What methods will be used to gather and store information? What are the limits,

23、if any, on who has access to certain kinds of information? When will the information be communicated? How will it be communicated?編輯ppt28Information Needs Project status reports Deliverable issues Changes in scope Team status meetings Gating decisions Accepted request changes Action items Milestone

24、reports編輯ppt29Developing a Communication PlanStakeholder analysisInformation needsSources of informationDissemination modesResponsibility and timing編輯ppt30Shale Oil Research Project Communication Plan編輯ppt31Key TermsCost accountMilestoneOrganization breakdown structure (OBS)Scope creepPriority matri

25、xResponsibility matrixScope statementProcess breakdown structure (PBS)Work breakdown structure (WBS)Work package2022-1-22編輯ppt321 The method used to collect information to use through all phases of the project life cycle is called c A. Responsibility matrixB. Organization breakdown structureC. Work

26、breakdown structureD. Priority matrixE. Work package2022-1-22編輯ppt332 Jose is looking at a document that outlines the specific tasks and subtasks required to complete the writing of a technical support manual. The method that was probably used to develop the document is most likely cA. Responsibilit

27、y matrixB. Organization breakdown structureC. Work breakdown structureD. Priority matrixE. Work package2022-1-22編輯ppt34 3The first step in creating the necessary information to manage a project is to bA. Establish project prioritiesB. Define the project scopeC. Verify the budget availableD. Assign t

28、eam members to work on the projectE. Determine the required completion date2022-1-22編輯ppt354Linda has just been assigned a project to develop a new advertising campaign for an established product.Her first step should be to bA. Establish project prioritiesB. Define the project scopeC. Verify the bud

29、get availableD. Assign team members to work on the projectE. Determine the required completion date2022-1-22編輯ppt365 Research shows the most frequently mentioned barrier to project success is dA. Not enough budget resourcesB. Poor performance by team membersC. Weak project leadershipD. Poorly define

30、d scope or missionE. Political in-fighting2022-1-22編輯ppt376 An expected output over the life of a project would be classified as aA. A deliverableB. A productC. An end objectD. An objectiveE. A target2022-1-22編輯ppt387 The first step of project scope definition is to e A. Analyze the strategic plan B

31、. Analyze the current budget planC. Meet with team membersD. Select team membersE. Define the overall objective to meet the customers needs2022-1-22編輯ppt398 In reviewing the project plan, Susan sees that the first prototype is due by October 12. This would be best classified as a c A. Project target

32、B. Limit itemC. MilestoneD. Project objectiveE. Critical goal2022-1-22編輯ppt409The ability of 911 emergency systems to identify the callers phone number and location are considered to be a aA. Technical requirementB. MilestoneC. Project limitD. Project exclusionE. Project deliverable2022-1-22編輯ppt411

33、0Which of the following is not one of the items that would appear on a project scope checklist? d A. DeliverablesB. Technical requirementsC. ObjectivesD. Work breakdown structureE. Reviews with customer2022-1-22編輯ppt4211 To construct a high-quality, custom home within five months at costs not to exc

34、eed $150,000 is best classified as cA. A deliverableB. A milestoneC. An objectiveD. A limitE. An exclusion2022-1-22編輯ppt4312 The second step in the defining of a project would be to cA. Analyze the strategic planB. Analyze the current budget planC. Establish project prioritiesD. Select team membersE

35、. Define the major objectives to meet the customers needs2022-1-22編輯ppt4413Which of the following is not one of the basic classifications of project priorities? aA. ProfitB. CostC. TimeD. PerformanceE. All of these are basic classifications2022-1-22編輯ppt4514 If a project criterion indicates that the

36、 project must meet a specific date, that criterion is classified as aA. ConstrainedB. EnhancedC. AcceptedD. LimitedE. Fixed2022-1-22編輯ppt4615 Scott has just been given a project that has a specific target date. After discussion with top management he finds that while the date is important the cost i

37、s more important and a slip in delivery would be acceptable if required to meet the cost targets. The target date is best classified as cA. ConstrainB. EnhanceC. AcceptD. LimitE. Optional2022-1-22編輯ppt4716_The tool used to assist in making project trade-offs between schedule, budget, and performance

38、 objectives is called a cA. Responsibility matrixB. Work breakdown structureC. Project priority matrixD. Work packageE. Criterion matrix2022-1-22編輯ppt4817The lowest element in the hierarchical breakdown of the WBS is bA. A deliverableB. A work packageC. A cost accountD. A lowest sub deliverableE. An

39、 object2022-1-22編輯ppt4918The highest element in the hierarchical breakdown of the WBS is eA. A work packageB. Sub deliverablesC. A cost accountD. Major deliverablesE. The project2022-1-22編輯ppt5019All of the following are true about work packages except cA. Consume resourcesB. Assigned to only one ma

40、nagerC. Have medium to long durationD. Definitive starts and stops datesE. All of these are true2022-1-22編輯ppt5120All of the following are usually included in a work package except eA. What will be done?B. The time needed to complete the work.C. A single person who is responsible for its completion.

41、D. All the costs for the work package.E. All of these are included in a work package.2022-1-22編輯ppt5221 The integration of project work packages within the organizations management structure is known as b A. Responsibility matrixB. Organization breakdown structureC. Work breakdown structureD. Priori

42、ty matrixE. Process breakdown structure2022-1-22編輯ppt5322 The final step in the creation of a Work Breakdown Structure is to aA. Code the WBS for trackingB. Assign the cost account to a managerC. Assign the work package to a managerD. Develop the responsibility matrixE. All of these are included in

43、the final step2022-1-22編輯ppt5423The intersection of the WBS and the OBS is called the dA. Responsibility matrix B. Priority matrixC. Work packageD. Cost accountE. Project overlap2022-1-22編輯ppt5524 Creating an extranet website or an internal software database system would be most closely associated with the c A. Responsibility matrixB. Organization breakdown structureC. Work breakdown structureD. Priority matrixE. Process breakdown structure2022-1-22編輯ppt5625If a p