英語虛擬語氣

1、.虛擬語氣(一一概念虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想,所說的是一個條件,不一定是事實,或與事實相反。二在條件句中的應(yīng)用條件句可分為兩類,一類為真實條件句,一類為非真實條件句。非真實條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況,故采用虛擬語氣。真實條件句真實條件句用于陳述語氣,假設(shè)的情況可能發(fā)生,其中if 是如果的意思。時態(tài)關(guān)系句型:條件從句主句一般現(xiàn)在時shall/will + 動詞原形If he comes, he will bring his violin.典型例題The volleyball match will be put off if it _.A.will rainB. ra

2、insC. rainedD. is rained答案B。真實條件句主句為將來時,從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。注意:A:在真實條件句中,主句不能用be going to表示將來,該用shall, will.(錯 If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.(對 If you leave now, you will never regret it.B:表示真理時,主句謂語動詞便不用shall (will +動詞原形,而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時的動詞形式。非真實條件句1時態(tài):可以表示過去,現(xiàn)在和將來的情況。它的基本特點是時態(tài)退后。a.同現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)。句型

3、:條件從句主句一般過去時should( would +動詞原形If they were here, they would help you.b.表示于過去事實相反的假設(shè)。句型:條件從句主句過去完成時should(would have+ 過去分詞If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevent

4、ed me from going.If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress. (He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.句型:條件從句主句一般過去時should+ 動詞原形were+ 不定式would + 動詞原形should+ 動詞原形

5、If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If you should succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.混合條件句主句與從句的動作發(fā)生在不同的時間,這時主,從句謂語動詞的虛擬語氣形式因時間不同而不同,這叫做混合條件句。If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.(從句與過去事實相反,主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反。If it

6、 had rained last night (過去, it would be very cold today (現(xiàn)在.虛擬條件句的倒裝虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可將if省略,再把were, should或had 移到從句句首,實行倒裝。Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.Had you come earlier, you would have met him =If you had come earlier, you wo

7、uld have met him.Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.注意:在虛擬語氣的從句中,動詞be的過去時態(tài)一律用were,不用was,即在從句中be用were 代替。If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你,就會去找他。If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在這兒,一切都會好的。典型例題_ to do the work, I shoul

8、d do it some other day.A. If were IB. I wereC. Were ID. Was I答案C. 在虛擬條件狀語中如果有were, should, had這三個詞,通常將if省略,主語提前, 變成were, should, had +主語的形式。但要注意,在虛擬條件狀語從句中,省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動詞的縮略形式。如我們可說Were I not to do., 而不能說Werent I to do.三特殊的虛擬語氣詞:should的用法1It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句的謂語動詞要用s

9、hould 加動詞原形,should 可省略。句型:(1suggestedIt is(2important that+ (should do(3 a pity(1suggested, ordered, proposed, required,demanded, requested, insisted + (should do(2important, necessary, natural, strange,a pity, a shame, no wonder + (should do(3It is suggested that we (should hold a meeting next week

10、.It is necessary that he (should come to our meeting tomorrow.2在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動詞后面的從句中。order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insis t, command, insist + (should doI suggest that we (should hold a meeting next week.He insisted that he (should be sent there.注意:如suggest, insist不表示建議

11、 或堅持要某人做某事時,即它們用于其本意暗示、表明、堅持認(rèn)為時,賓語從句用陳述語氣。The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.判斷改錯:(錯You pale face suggests that you (should be ill.(對Your pale face suggests that you are ill.(錯I insisted that you ( should be wrong.(對I insisted that you were wrong.3在表語從句,同位語從句中的應(yīng)用在suggestion, pr

12、oposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣,即(should+動詞原形。My idea is that we (should get more people to attend the conference.I make a proposal that we (should hold a meeting next week.wish的用法1用于wish后面的從句,表示與事實相反的情況,或表示將來不太可能實現(xiàn)的愿望。其賓語從句的動詞形式為:真實狀況wish后從句動作先于主句動詞動作現(xiàn)在時過去時(be的過去式為were從句動作與

13、主句動作同時發(fā)生過去時過去完成時(had + 過去分詞將來不大可能實現(xiàn)的愿望將來時would/could +動詞原形I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一樣高。He wished he hadnt said that. 他希望他沒講那樣的話。I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。2Wish to do表達(dá)法。Wish sb / sth to doI wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.I wish the manager to be informe

14、d at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.比較if only與only ifonly if表示只有;if only則表示如果就好了。If only也可用于陳述語氣。I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有鬧鐘響了,我才會醒。If only the alarm clock had rung.當(dāng)時鬧鐘響了,就好了。If only he comes early.但愿他早點回來。It is (high time thatIt is (high time that 后面的從句謂語動詞要用過

15、去式或用should加動詞原形,但should不可省略。It is time that the children went to bed.It is high time that the children should go to bed.need 不必做和本不該做didnt need to do表示:過去不必做某事, 事實上也沒做。.neednt have done表示:過去不必做某事, 但事實上做了。e.g.John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didnt need to walk back home.約翰開車

16、去車站接瑪麗,所以她不必步行回家了。John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she neednt have walked back home. 約翰開車去車站接瑪麗,所以她本不必步行回家了。(Mary步行回家,沒有遇上John的車。典型例題There was plenty of time. She _.A. mustnt have hurriedB. couldnt have hurriedC. must not hurryD. neednt have hurried答案D。neednt have done. 意為本不必,即

17、已經(jīng)做了某事,而時實際上不必要。Mustnt have done 用法不正確,對過去發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行否定性推斷應(yīng)為couldnt have done, 不可能已經(jīng)。must not do 不可以(用于一般現(xiàn)在時。虛擬語氣(二虛擬語氣表示所說的話只是一種主觀愿望、假設(shè)或建議等。虛擬語氣的重點是:虛擬語氣的特殊形式,即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式,含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣和表示愿望的虛擬形式等。虛擬語氣的常見句型(1由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語氣:A.用wish表示對現(xiàn)在的愿望時,它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為:過去式(be動詞用

18、were。B.用wish表示對將來的愿望時,它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為:would,could,might+動詞原形。C. wish用于對過去的事實表示一種不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望時,賓語從句中的謂語動詞形式為: had+動詞過去分詞或could,would+have+動詞過去分詞。(2had hoped引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為:would+動詞原形,表示一種過去未實現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事。(3would(hadrather,would as soon,would sooner和would prefer所引起的從句中要求用過去式表示當(dāng)時或?qū)淼那闆r,用過去完成時表示過去的情況,表示希望或

19、婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備。例如:Id rather you posted the letter right away.我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。I would prefer he didnt stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那兒呆得太久。I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把這本書還了。(4Its (high,about time that句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語氣形式,即動詞要用過去式。例如:Its very late.Its time we had to go.天太晚了,我們得

20、走了。特殊形式的虛擬語氣(1should(可省略+動詞原形用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)中的that從句中。A.用于表示意愿、建議、命令、提議、請求等動詞后的that賓語從句中,例如:He ordered that parking be prohibited on main street during the rush hour.他下令在(交通高峰期間禁止在大街上停車。Tom insisted that his leadership be recognized by all the boys. 湯姆堅持讓所有男孩接受他的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。這類動詞還有:ask 要求advise 建議arrange 安排beg 請求comma

21、nd 命令decide 決定demand 要求desire 渴望determine 決定insist 堅持intend 打算maintain 堅持,主張move 建議,動員propose 提議object 反對order 命令prefer 偏愛require 需要request 要求resolve 下決心recommend 推薦suggest 建議stipulate 約定,規(guī)定urge 強(qiáng)調(diào),促進(jìn)vote 公認(rèn),提議decree 頒布(法令 pray 請求B.用于It is+形容詞或過去分詞+主語從句中。例如:Thi s is their resolution that extra curri

22、culum activities be made part of their school life.這是他們的決議:要使得課外活動成為他們學(xué)校生活的一部分。這類形容詞或分詞有:advisable 合理的decided 決定的crucial 關(guān)鍵的appropriate 恰當(dāng)?shù)膁etermined 決定的commanded 命令的arranged 安排的essential 緊要的,基本的complied 遵照anxious 焦急的imperative 迫切的important 重要的desirable 合意的better 較好的,更好insistent 堅持的desired 想要asked 請

23、求keen渴望的incredible 難以置信的adamant 堅定不移的natural 自然的insisted 堅持necessary 必要的suggested 建議urgent 緊迫的ordered 命令shocked 震驚的vital 極其重要的possible 可能的strange 奇怪的preferable 好一點proposed 提議requested 要求的required 要求的recommended 推薦resolved 決定的probable 可能的pity 可惜,憾事shame 遺憾C.表示建議、要求、命令、請求等含義的名詞引導(dǎo)表語從句和同位語從句。例如:It is ap

24、propriate that some time be devoted to thorough study of the results of the Apollo mission.拿出時間對阿波羅登月計劃的結(jié)果做詳細(xì)研究是恰當(dāng)?shù)摹he motion is that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.該提議要求把最后一個發(fā)言的人的講話從記錄上除掉。這類名詞常見的有:advice 忠告decision 決定demand 要求desire 要求、愿望insistence 堅持motion 提議necessity

25、必要性order 命令preference 偏愛,選擇proposal 提議pray 懇求recommendation 推薦request 要求requirement 要求resolution 決心suggestion 勸告,忠告(2虛擬語氣用于as if(though引起的方式狀語從句和表語從句中,其動詞形式與wish賓語從句的形式相同。例如:She often laughs spontaneously,and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常自發(fā)的大笑,而且她那良好的