焊接與無損檢測符號-

1、Welding And Nondestructive Examination Symbols焊接與無損探傷的符號Introduction序言Effective communication between the welding inspectors and others involved in the fabrication and installation of welded product is very important. Much of this communication is achieved through the use of various types of documen

2、ts that describe what attributes such objects must exhibit. While these documents provide the basis for performing the inspection, confusion can occur if there is a tremendous amount of material involved. Spending a great deal of time studying this information may detract from the welding inspectors

3、 actual inspection. 焊接檢驗人員與其他參與焊接產(chǎn)品的制造與安裝人員之間的有效交流是非常重要的。這種交流，大部分是通過使用各類型的文件來實現(xiàn)的，這些文件描述了此類產(chǎn)品必須要展示的屬性。這類文件提供了檢驗依據(jù)的同時，如果涉及的材料太多，就可能產(chǎn)生混亂。花費大量時間研究這些資料會減少焊接檢驗員參加實際檢驗的時間。One method of reducing the mass of information contained in documents (especially drawings) is through the practice of using symbols. Th

4、is practice replaces written words and detailed graphic illustrations with specific symbols to convey the same information in an abbreviated manner. To provide continuity, AWS (American Welding Society) has developed a standard, AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding and Nondestructive Examination,

5、Which describes the construction and interpretation of all types of welding and nondestructive examination symbols, and details all requirements relating to the use of these symbols. This is the document that will be used to teach this coarse.減少文件 (特別是圖紙) 中信息量的一個方法是使用符號。這種方法用特定的符號取代了文字和詳細的圖表說明，以簡潔的方

6、式傳遞了同樣的信息。為保證一致性，美國焊接學會 (American Welding Society，AWS) 已經(jīng)制定了一項標準 - AWS A2.4，焊接與無損探傷的標準符號，其包含了所有類型的焊接和無損探傷符號的構(gòu)成和說明，并詳細地給出使用這些符號的所有要求。該文件將作為本教程的教材。Welding and nondestructive examination symbols are a “shorthand” method of conveying pertinent information. This system provides a simple, yet powerful met

7、hod of describing detailed information. For example, by using symbols the designer can easily communicate a vast amount of information regarding numerous aspects of the welding project for both fabrication and inspection personnel.焊接和無損探傷符號是傳遞相關信息非常簡潔的表示方法。該系統(tǒng)提供了傳遞信息的簡單且有效的方法。例如，通過符號的應用，設計者能很容易地向制造和

8、檢驗人員傳遞與焊接項目相關的大量信息。Welding or examination symbols can provide a great deal of information; however, they must be used properly to be effective. If misapplied or misinterpreted, the symbol can cause confusion, rather than aid in the understanding of some welding or testing detail. For that reason, it

9、 is important to understand how the welding and nondestructive examination symbols are used.然而，只有正確并有效地使用焊接或檢驗符號才能提供大量的信息。錯誤的使用和解釋符號不但無助于正確地理解一些焊接或試驗細節(jié)，反面會引起混亂。為此，了解焊接和無損探傷符號的使用是非常重要的。There are numerous elements of a symbol that have specific meaning, due to their location with respect to other part

10、s of that symbol. Once it is understood how a symbol is constructed, that information can be applied in reverse to gain insight as to what is actually required for a weld to be in compliance with a symbol. The following is a detailed description of the steps used in the construction of a welding or

11、nondestructive examination symbol. 由于與同一符號中的其它部分的相對位置不同，因而同一符號具有大量的、有特定意義元素。一旦理解了一個符號是如何構(gòu)成的，就可以反過來利用其含有的信息清楚地知道符合該符號的焊縫的實際要求。下面對在創(chuàng)建一個焊接或無損探傷符號采取的步驟進行詳細說明：Elements of the Welding Symbol焊接符號的元素It is important to understand some terminology relating to symbols, before describing the various parts of a

12、welding symbol. A basic distinction is the difference between the terms weld symbol and welding symbol. As stated in AWS A2.4, the weld symbol “indicates the type of weld, and when used, is a part of the welding symbol.”在對焊接符號的各部分進行說明之前，了解一些與符號相關的術語是非常重要的。一個基本的不同就是焊縫符號與焊接符號之間的差別。如AWS A2.4所述，焊縫符號表示焊縫

13、的類型，其為焊接符號的一部分。The welding symbol is defined as “a graphical representation of a weld.” It is a method of representing the weld symbol on drawings, and includes supplementary information and consists of the following eight elements. 焊接符號定義為“焊縫的圖形表示”。這是一種在圖紙上表示焊縫符號的方法，其包括補充資料并由下面8種元素構(gòu)成。NOTE: It is no

14、t necessary to use all elements, unless required for clarity (see figure 1.1).注：除非需要明確說明時，沒有必要使用所有元素(見圖1.1)。 1. Reference line (shown horizontally)參考線 (水平顯示的)2. Arrow箭頭3. Basic weld symbols基本焊縫符號4. Dimensions and other data尺寸和其它資料5. Supplementary symbols補充符號6. Finish symbols成品符號7. Tail尾部8. Specifica

15、tion, process, or other reference規(guī)范、工藝和其它參考資料Reference Line參考線In construction of a weld symbol, the primary element that is always included is the reference line, which is simply a horizontal line segment that provides the basis for all other parts of the symbol. The reference line must appear on th

16、e drawing as a horizontal line, because it is significant whether information is positioned above or below the line.在創(chuàng)建一個焊縫符號時，通常要包括的元素是參考線，其僅僅是一條水平線段，為該符號其它部分的基礎。該參考線在圖紙上必須以水平線出現(xiàn)，因為無論信息置于其上還是其下，參考線都很重要。Figure 1.1 Standard Location of Elements of a Welding Symbol圖1.1 焊接符號中各元素的標準位置Arrow箭頭The next ele

17、ment of the welding symbol is the arrow, which is the line segment that connects to one end of the reference line and points to one side of the weld joint. The side to which the arrow points is referred to as the arrow side, while the opposite side is called the other side. Once the arrow side and t

18、he other side have been determined by placement of the arrow information relating to either or both sides can be specified (see Figure 1.2).焊接符號的下一個元素是箭頭，為連接參考線的一端和指向焊縫的一面的線段。箭頭指向的面稱為箭頭面，相反的面叫做另一面。一旦通過箭頭的定位確定了箭頭面和另一面之后，與這兩面相關的信息就可以確定了（見圖1.2）。Figure 1.2 Arrow Location Significance圖1.2 箭頭位置的重要性The AWS

19、 rule is that any information placed below the reference line relates to the arrow side of the joint, and that information above the reference line describes what will occur on the other side of the joint. No matter which end of the reference line is attached to the arrow or which direction the arro

20、w may point, the rule remains the same. Even with the arrow oriented in different directions and at either end of the reference line, the operation will be performed on the side of the joint to which the arrow points. AWS的規(guī)則是：置于參考線下面的信息與焊縫的箭頭面相關，而參考線上面的信息則則是關于焊縫的另一面的。無論參考線哪一端與箭頭相連或箭頭指向哪個方向，該規(guī)則都不變。即使

21、箭頭指向不同的方向及在參考線任何一端，焊接操作都應在箭頭所指的那一面進行。Basic Weld Symbols基本焊縫符號Once the reference line and arrow are in place, the weld symbol that describes what actual weld configuration will be used can be added. Weld symbols that depict arrow side welds will be positioned below the reference line and symbols refe

22、rring to other side welds will be positioned above the reference line. Note that some weld symbols are placed so that the reference line splits them in half (e.g., spot, projection, and seam welds), which means that the welds has no side significance, and either side can be called arrow side. With t

23、he exception of the surfacing weld and the stud, which always appears as an arrow side weld, all other types can be shown as arrow side, other side, or both sides.在參考線和箭頭確定位置后，就可以確定描述實際焊縫外形的焊縫符號了。將描述箭頭面焊縫的焊縫符號置于參考線下面，而參考線上面則放置另一面的焊縫符號。請注意，一些焊縫符號被參考線從中間分開（即點、凸和縫焊），其意味著焊縫沒有面的區(qū)分，兩個面都可稱做箭頭面。作為例外的堆焊和螺柱焊，

24、其總是以箭頭面焊縫出現(xiàn)，而其它類型可以以箭頭面、另一面或兩種面同時顯示。Because most of the weld symbols resemble the actual weld configuration, it is easier to remember exactly what type of weld is specified by a particular symbol.由于大部分焊縫符號與實際焊縫構(gòu)型相似，因而容易準確地記住一個特定的符號所規(guī)定的焊縫類型。Note that for weld symbols that represent welds with only on

25、e of the two members prepared, the perpendicular side of the symbol will always appear on the left side (e.g., bevel, J- and flare-bevel grooves, fillet, and corner-flange welds). For these groove welds, the designer can designate which of the two members actually receives the preparation by using a

26、n arrow with a break in the line. The rule is that the last segment of the arrow points to that member receiving the specified preparation (see Figure 1.3).請注意，焊縫符號只代表準備好的、將焊接到一起的兩個焊件之一的焊縫，該符號的垂直面總出現(xiàn)在左面（如坡口、J和喇叭口坡口、填角及角法蘭焊口）。關于這些焊縫，設計者能夠通過使用在其直線上有一處中斷的箭頭指定焊接前的加工面。其規(guī)則是箭頭的最后一端指向需要按規(guī)定進行加工的面（見圖1.3）。Dime

27、nsions and Other Data尺寸和其它資料Groove Weld Detailing對接焊縫詳細說明After designating the type of groove weld required and determining at which side or sides of the joint the weld will be deposited, other data are necessary-primarily relating to dimensional requirements. Groove welds features that need dimensi

28、ons include the joint configuration, weld size, and the extent of welding.指定了所需的對接焊縫的類型和確定了焊縫的哪個面或哪些面作為堆積面后，就需要其它資料了，主要是與尺寸相關的資料。需要尺寸的對接焊縫包括焊縫構(gòu)型、焊縫尺寸和焊接范圍。Figure 1.3 Weld Symbols圖1.3 焊接符號Some of the groove weld dimensions are placed within, or slightly outside, the weld symbol. A dimension within th

29、e weld symbol indicates the required root opening, while a dimension just outside (above or below) the weld symbol refers to the necessary groove angle. Another important dimension for the preparation of the groove is the depth of preparation. This dimension is always shown on the left of the groove

30、 weld symbol. This depth is measured from the base material surface. In each case, the specified depth of preparation is that dimension outside of the parentheses. In general, dimensions to the left of the weld symbol refer to the weld size required.一些對接焊縫尺寸位于焊接符號之內(nèi)或在與其緊鄰。在焊接符號內(nèi)部顯示的尺寸為焊根開口尺寸，而與焊縫符號緊

31、鄰（上面或下面）的尺寸為所坡口的角度。另一個與坡口加工相關的尺寸為坡口的加工深度。該尺寸總是顯示于對接符號的左面。該深度從母材金屬的表面開始測量。在所有情況下，括號外面的尺寸就是規(guī)定的坡口的加工深度?？偠灾缚p符號左面的尺寸為需要的焊縫規(guī)格。The dimensions (in parentheses) placed to the left of the symbol refer to the groove weld size (or joint penetration) required. For groove welds, absence of dimensions for depth

32、 of preparation or weld size implies that the required weld is to have complete joint penetration (see Figure1.4-1.6). The final piece of dimensional information necessary for a groove weld is the required length. This detail is always shown on the welding symbol to the right of the weld symbol. If

33、no dimension is shown, it is assumed that the specified weld is to be the entire length of the joint. A dimension to the right of the weld symbol refers to the length of groove weld segment required.位于該符號左面的尺寸（括號內(nèi)）為需要的對接焊縫（或焊口穿透）的尺寸。對于對接焊縫，不標出加工深度或焊縫尺寸意味著需要的焊縫要有完全穿透的焊口（見圖1.4至1.6）。對接焊縫的最后一個尺寸是要求的長度。在

34、焊接符號中，該詳細尺寸總顯示在焊縫符號的右面。如果沒有標出該尺寸，那就可以認為該焊縫的長度為整個焊口的長度。焊縫符號右面的尺寸為要求的對接焊縫段的長度。Fillet Weld Detailing角焊焊縫詳細說明There is also dimensional information pertinent to fillet welds. As was the case for groove welds, the size of a fillet is dimensioned to the left of the weld symbol.角焊焊縫也有與尺寸相關的資料。與對接相似，填角的尺寸也位于

35、焊縫符號的左面。Another feature identical to the groove weld application is the length of a fillet weld. It is dimensioned to the right of the weld symbol.與對接焊縫相同的另一尺寸為角焊焊縫的長度。其位于焊縫符號的右面。No dimension to the right of the fillet weld symbol indicates that the fillet weld is to be continuous for the entire len

36、gth of the joint. A specific length of fillet weld is denoted by the single dimension to the right of the weld symbol. This dimension, however, does not indicate where the weld is to be placed. Such information must be provided elsewhere; for example, the tail, the drawing, ect. (see Figure 1.7) 如果在

37、焊縫符號的右面沒有標出尺寸，則意味著整個接口長度上的角焊焊縫是連續(xù)的。焊縫符號右面的尺寸代表角焊焊縫的特定長度。然而該尺寸并沒有顯示焊縫的位置。該資料必須在另外一處提供，如在尾部、圖紙上等（見圖1.7）。A common welding practice is to use intermittent fillet welds instead of a continuous fillet weld to reduce distortion and the amount of time required for welding. The dimension for intermittent fil

38、let welds are shown as two numbers separated by a hyphen. The first number is the length of each individual weld segment and the second number refers to the center-to-center spacing of these weld segments. The spacing from one segment to the next is referred to as the pitch. The pitch is measured as

39、 the center-to-center distance of each adjacent length of fillet weld. 在焊接行業(yè)上的一個通常作法是用間斷的角焊代替連續(xù)的角焊，以減少變形和焊接所需要的時間。間斷的角焊的尺寸用由一個連字號分開的兩個數(shù)字來表示。第一個數(shù)字是表示單個焊縫段的長度，第二個數(shù)字表示兩個相鄰焊縫段的中心間隔。該間隔被稱為焊縫節(jié)距。該焊縫節(jié)距為兩個相鄰角焊焊縫的中心距。Intermittent fillet welds may be applied to both sides of a joint in one or two ways. If the

40、individual segments are directly opposite each other, the application is referred to as chain intermittent welding. When the segments on either side of the joint coincide with spaces between individual segments on the other side of the joint, the application is referred to as staggered intermittent

41、welding. In both types of intermittent welds, the pitch distance refers to the center-to-center spacing on that side of the joint only. The dimensions for either staggered or chain intermittent welding do not indicate where the weld is to begin; such information must be provided elsewhere (see Figur

42、e 6.8).可將不連續(xù)角焊以一邊或兩邊焊接的方式應用于焊縫的兩面。如果每段都相互對應，這種方法則叫做鏈式間歇焊接。如果一面的焊點正好對應于另一面間隔時，這種方法則叫做交錯間歇焊接。在這兩種間歇焊接方法中，焊點節(jié)距指的是焊縫的這一面的兩個相鄰焊點的中心距。交錯和鏈式間歇焊接的該尺寸并不代表焊接的起始處，該資料必須在其它地方給出（見圖6.8）。Plug and Slot Weld Details塞和槽焊焊縫的詳細說明The symbolization of plug and slot welds involves several different features, due to the un

43、iqueness of their configurations. Both welds join overlapping members by filling a hole in the top member to connect it to the backing member. The symbol for both plug and slot welds is simply a rectangle box.由于其外形的獨特性，塞和槽焊焊縫的符號涉及到若干不同的特性。通過填充位于上面焊件的一個孔來將其連接到支撐焊件上，兩個焊件搭接到一起。填充和槽焊的符號為一簡單的長方形方塊。Dimens

44、ions for plug welds include plug weld size, depth of filling, pitch distances between adjacent plugs, and groove angle for tapered plug holes. The plug weld size dimension appears to the left of the weld symbol and indicates its diameter. If the hole is intended to be only partially filled, the requ

45、ired depth of filling is indicated within the plug weld symbol. 填充焊的尺寸包括填充焊縫的尺寸、填充深度、相鄰填充點之間的距離和漸縮的填充孔的坡口角。填充焊的尺寸出現(xiàn)在焊接符號的左側(cè)，其為直徑尺寸。如果該孔僅為部分填充，在填充焊符號內(nèi)要顯示出其需要的填充深度。Pitch distances are shown to the right of the plug weld symbol. If the hole is to be tapered to provide better root access, the angular di

46、mension appears just outside (above or below) the weld symbol.節(jié)距顯示在填充焊縫符號的右側(cè)。如果其為漸縮的孔，以能在焊接操作時更好的接近焊根，其角度大小要顯示在緊鄰焊縫符號的外側(cè)（上面或下面）。In general, the rules for plug welds also apply to the welding symbols for slot welds. A number to the left of the slot weld symbol indicates the width of the slot. If the

47、hole is intended to be only partially filled, the required depth of filling is indicated within the slot symbol. The number to the right of the symbol specifies its length. If another number appears farther to the right, it indicates the pitch of the slot welds. A number directly above or below the

48、symbol indicates the countersink, and a number above that in parenthesis specifies the number of slot welds (see Figure 1.9).總的說來，填充焊的符號規(guī)則也適用于槽焊。如槽焊焊縫符號左側(cè)的數(shù)字代表槽的寬度。如果該槽僅為部分填充，需要的填充深度也在該槽焊符號內(nèi)給出。該符號右側(cè)的數(shù)字為規(guī)定的長度。如果在數(shù)字的右側(cè)還有一個數(shù)字，這個處于更右側(cè)的數(shù)字則代表槽焊的節(jié)距。直接位于該符號上面或下面的數(shù)字表示下挖的孔，在其上面括號中的數(shù)字則表示槽焊焊縫的數(shù)量（見圖1.9）。Figure 1

49、.4 Specification of Groove Weld Size and Depth of BevelSpot and Seam Weld Details圖1.4 對接尺寸及坡口點的深度的規(guī)格和縫焊的詳細說明Spot and seam welds can also be described by the use of weld symbols. The size dimension that refers to the diameter of the spot or width of the seam is shown to the left of the weld symbol. A

50、nother way to describe degree of welding is specifying the required shear strength per inch of weld for a seam weld. 也可以用焊縫符號來描述點和縫焊。有關點的直徑和縫的寬度的尺寸顯示在焊縫符號的左面。對于縫焊，說明焊接范圍的另一方式是規(guī)定每英寸焊縫所需要的剪切強度。Figure 1.5 Groove Weld Symbol with Combined Dimensions圖1.5帶有組合尺寸的對接焊縫符號Figure 1.6 Symmetrical Groove Welds wi

51、th Backgouging圖 1.6 需要刨根的對稱對接The pitch distance of adjacent spot welds is shown in the same manner as for plug and slot welds. The required number of spots is shown by the number enclosed in parentheses just above or below the weld symbol. In seam welds, the first number to the right of the symbol i

52、s the length of the seam weld, while the second number is the pitch. The symbol does not indicate where the weld is to start; that information must be provided elsewhere (see Figure 1.10)鄰近點焊點的節(jié)點間隔的表示方法與塞和槽焊焊縫的表示方法相同。需要的焊點的數(shù)量由位于焊縫符號上面或下面的括號內(nèi)的數(shù)字表示。在縫焊中，符號右面的第一位數(shù)字代表焊縫的長度，而第二位數(shù)字代表節(jié)點間隔。該符號并不表示焊縫的起始點，該資料

53、必須在另外的地方給出（見圖1.10）。Back and Backing Weld Detailing背焊和支撐焊詳細說明Two other types of welds are the back and backing welds. While both are represented by the same weld symbol, they differ in that the back weld is deposited after one side has been welded and backing weld is deposited before depositing the o

54、pposite side. Some treatment, such as backgoauging, may be required before application of a back weld and after the deposition of a backing weld. There are two ways to describe the sequencing of these welds. They can be differentiated by using a symbol with a note in the tail or by using multiple re

55、ference lines to show a sequence of operations (see Figure 1.11).另外兩種類型的焊縫為背焊和支撐焊，其均由同樣的焊縫符號表示，它們的不同是：背焊焊縫為一面已經(jīng)焊完后再熔接背焊焊縫，而支撐焊縫為在熔接相反的一面之前就將其熔接。在實施背焊之前或支撐焊縫的熔接完成之后，可能需要象背刨一類的一些處理。有兩種方式描述這些焊縫的焊接順序。通過使用在尾部有一注釋的符號或使用多個參考線來顯示操作順序能將它們加以區(qū)別（見圖1.11）。Surfacing and Weld Detailing堆焊詳細說明The detailing of surface

56、 welds is quite simple-the primary information required is the thickness of the surfacing and the filler metal. The welding symbol must then indicate the region of the part requiring the surfacing treatment. The surfacing symbol appears only as an arrow side weld (see Figure 1.12).堆焊的詳細說明非常簡單需要的主要資料

57、為堆焊和填充金屬的厚度。焊接符號必須顯示需要堆焊處理的部分的區(qū)域。堆焊符號僅作為一個箭頭面焊縫出現(xiàn)（見圖1.12）。 Figure 1.7 Specification of Size and Length of Fillet Welds圖1.7角焊焊縫的尺寸和長度的規(guī)范Figure 1.8 Applications of Intermittent Fillet Weld Symbols圖 1.8 間歇角焊焊縫符號的應用Figure 1.9 Applications of Information to Plug Weld Symbols圖 1.9 塞焊焊縫符號所包含的資料Figure 1.10

58、Applications of Information to Spot and Seam Weld Symbols圖 1.10 點和縫焊焊縫符號所包含的資料Figure 1.10 (continued) Applications of Information to Spot and Seam Weld Symbols圖 1.10 點和縫焊縫符號所包含的資料（續(xù)）Stud Weld Detailing螺柱焊詳細說明The stud weld symbol appears as a circle with an enclosed “X” and is only shown as an arrow side weld. A dimension to the left of the stud weld symbol refers to its required size. The number of studs required can be i