國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)法二GATT1994s課件

1、 關(guān)于世界貿(mào)易組織與原關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系，下列說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤的是哪幾項(xiàng)？ A、原關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定是正式的國(guó)際組織，而世界貿(mào)易組織不僅是正式的國(guó)際組織，還是永久性國(guó)際組織 B、原關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定主要局限于貨物貿(mào)易和紡織品貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域，而世界貿(mào)易組織還包括農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易與服務(wù)貿(mào)易 C、原關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定的許多協(xié)定可以選擇的接受，世界貿(mào)易組織協(xié)定必須一攬子接受，但可以對(duì)參加的協(xié)定提出保留 D、原關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制實(shí)行完全協(xié)商一致的方式，世界貿(mào)易組織爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制采取反向協(xié)商一致的原則，對(duì)爭(zhēng)端解決規(guī)定了時(shí)間表。 根據(jù)WTO的規(guī)則，下列哪些選項(xiàng)屬于貨物貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域國(guó)民待遇原則的例外？ A、未參加政府采購(gòu)協(xié)議的成員方政府，在為自用或公

2、共目的采購(gòu)貨物時(shí)，可以?xún)?yōu)先購(gòu)買(mǎi)本國(guó)產(chǎn)品 B、有關(guān)電影片的國(guó)內(nèi)放映數(shù)量的規(guī)定，即可要求電影院只能放映一定數(shù)量的外國(guó)影片 C、只給予某種產(chǎn)品的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者補(bǔ)貼，且這種補(bǔ)貼符合補(bǔ)貼和反補(bǔ)貼協(xié)議以及農(nóng)產(chǎn)品協(xié)議對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者補(bǔ)貼所作的規(guī)定 D、歷史遺留的特惠關(guān)稅安排 組成: GATT1947的各項(xiàng)條款,不包括臨時(shí)適用議定書(shū) ; WTO成立前的關(guān)稅減讓議定書(shū),各締約方加入議定書(shū),有關(guān)豁免,以及締約方全體作出的其他決定性; “烏拉圭回合”達(dá)成的有關(guān)條款的6個(gè)諒解; 1994年關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定馬拉喀什議定書(shū) Article I: General Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment 1. Wit

3、h respect to customs duties and charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with importation or exportation or imposed on the international transfer of payments for imports or exports, and with respect to the method of levying such duties and charges, and with respect to all rules and formalitie

4、s in connection with importation and exportation, and with respect to all matters referred to in paragraphs 2 and 4 of Article III,* any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity granted by any contracting party to any product originating in or destined for any other country shall be accorded immedia

5、tely and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined for the territories of all other contracting parties. 加拿大汽車(chē)工業(yè)措施案， DS142，DS139 Canada Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry 歐盟香蕉案，歐盟香蕉案，DS27 European Communities Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of B

6、ananasArt3（2）.The products of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of any other contracting party shall not be subject, directly or indirectly, to internal taxes or other internal charges of any kind in excess of those applied, directly or indirectly, to like domestic p

7、roducts. Art3 （4） The products of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of any other contracting party shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to like products of national origin in respect of all laws, regulations and requirements affecting the

8、ir internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use. The provisions of this paragraph shall not prevent the application of differential internal transportation charges which are based exclusively on the economic operation of the means of transport and not on the nation

9、ality of the product. 日本烈酒案，Japan Alcoholic Beverages II ，DS10，DS11，DS58 加拿大期刊案，Canada-Periodicals,DS31 （一）屬于整個(gè)（一）屬于整個(gè) GATT 原則、規(guī)則的例外原則、規(guī)則的例外 1 一般例外 Art 20 Chapeau Subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable di

10、scrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on international trade, nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any contracting party of measures: 第一，不在條件相同國(guó)家間有武斷歧視； 第二，不在條件相同國(guó)家間有不正當(dāng)歧視； 第三，不得對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易構(gòu)成變相限制。 問(wèn)題：措

11、施的采取是否允許歧視？(b) necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health; （ b 項(xiàng)）締約方采取的為保護(hù)人民、動(dòng)植物生命健康所必須的措施 (d) necessary to secure compliance with laws or regulations which are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement, including those （ d 項(xiàng)）為保證與本協(xié)定無(wú)抵觸的法規(guī)、條例的執(zhí)行所必需的措施 (g) relating to the

12、 conservation of exhaustible natural resources if such measures are made effective in conjunction with restrictions on domestic production or consumption; （ g 項(xiàng)）為保護(hù)可能用竭的天然資源的有關(guān)措施 金槍魚(yú)案 BISD 29 S/91 海龜案 WT/DS138 問(wèn)題： （1）產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程與產(chǎn)品本身區(qū)別？限制產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的政策和法律是否適用相似產(chǎn)品的政策法律？ （2）第20條是否允許一國(guó)法律有域外效力？ （3）先審查是否符合20條引言還是具

13、體措施？ 第一，要滿(mǎn)足一般例外中列舉的一種或多種例外； 第二，實(shí)施的措施能達(dá)到例外規(guī)定的目的； 第三，對(duì)條件相同的各成員，實(shí)施的措施不得“構(gòu)成任意的或不合理的歧視待遇，或構(gòu)成對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的變相限制”； 第四，采取的措施是“必需的”。 【案情介紹】【案情介紹】 甲國(guó)以保護(hù)本國(guó)國(guó)民健康為理由，決定禁止從乙國(guó)進(jìn)口含有荷爾蒙的牛肉，但事實(shí)上甲國(guó)境內(nèi)并不禁止此類(lèi)牛肉的銷(xiāo)售；另外，甲國(guó)仍然從丙國(guó)進(jìn)口含荷爾蒙的牛肉。乙國(guó)認(rèn)為其根據(jù) GATT應(yīng)獲得的利益受到損害，甲國(guó)認(rèn)為其采取的措施為 GATT1994第 20條一般例外所允許，兩國(guó)對(duì)此產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)議 【問(wèn)題】【問(wèn)題】 甲國(guó)的做法是否違反 GATT1994 的原則？

14、甲國(guó)的行為是否符為 GATT1994 第 20 條所允許？ GATT 第 21 條是安全例外，規(guī)定締約方提供有關(guān)國(guó)家安全的資料和為國(guó)家安全利益所采取的行動(dòng)，以及依聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章為維持國(guó)際和平安全采取的行動(dòng)不受總協(xié)定約束。 Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed(a) to require any contracting party to furnish any information the disclosure of which it considers contrary to its essential security interests;

15、or(b) to prevent any contracting party from taking any action which it considers necessary for the protection of its essential security interests(i) relating to fissionable materials or the materials from which they are derived;（ii)relating to the traffic in arms, ammunition and implements of war an

16、d to such traffic in other goods and materials as is carried on directly or indirectly for the purpose of supplying a military establishment;(iii)taken in time of war or other emergency in international relations; or（c) to prevent any contracting party from taking any action in pursuance of its obli

17、gations under the United Nations Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security. Art 24 （3）.The provisions of this Agreement shall not be construed to prevent:(a) Advantages accorded by any contracting party to adjacent countries in order to facilitate frontier traffic; 1 GATT24 條規(guī)定

18、：不得阻止建立關(guān)稅同盟和自由貿(mào)易區(qū)。 關(guān)稅同盟、自由貿(mào)易區(qū)和共同市場(chǎng)的含義； Art 24 8（a)A customs union shall be understood to mean the substitution of a single customs territory for two or more customs territories, so that duties and other restrictive regulations of commerce are eliminated with respect to substantially all the trade be

19、tween the constituent territories of the union or at least with respect to substantially all the trade in products originating in such territories, and, Art 24 8（b) A free-trade area shall be understood to mean a group of two or more customs territories in which the duties and other restrictive regu

20、lations of commerce are eliminated on substantially all the trade between the constituent territories in products originating in such territories. 區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化對(duì)多邊貿(mào)易體制的影響。 Art 24（5）(a) with respect to a customs union, or an interim agreement leading to a formation of a customs union, the duties and other

21、regulations of commerce imposed at the institution of any such union or interim agreement in respect of trade with contracting parties not parties to such union or agreement shall not on the whole be higher or more restrictive than the general incidence of the duties and regulations of commerce appl

22、icable in the constituent territories prior to the formation of such union or the adoption of such interim agreement, as the case may be; （1）GSP（General System of Preference） （2）洛美協(xié)定 （3）加勒比盆地安排 指歐共體與非洲、加勒比海和太平洋地區(qū)國(guó)家（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“非加太地區(qū)國(guó)家”）簽署的一系列貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)定。洛美協(xié)定是非加太地區(qū)國(guó)家和歐共體間進(jìn)行對(duì)話(huà)與合作的重要機(jī)制，也是迄今最重要的南北合作協(xié)定。 第一個(gè)洛美協(xié)定于1975年

23、2月28日在多哥首都洛美簽訂，有效期五年。協(xié)定規(guī)定歐共體在五年內(nèi)向非加太地區(qū)國(guó)家提供33.6億歐洲貨幣單位的財(cái)政援助。簽署該協(xié)定的非加太地區(qū)國(guó)家有46個(gè)。 第四個(gè)洛美協(xié)定于1989年12月15日在多哥續(xù)簽，有效期10年。該協(xié)定規(guī)定，歐盟分兩個(gè)階段提供援助：頭五年內(nèi)提供財(cái)政援助120億歐洲貨幣單位；后五年內(nèi)提供援助146.25億歐洲貨幣單位。 2000年6月23日各方在貝寧首都科托努正式簽署了非加太地區(qū)國(guó)家與歐共體及其成員國(guó)伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)定，即科托努協(xié)定，有效期20年，洛美協(xié)定就此正式宣告結(jié)束。 1 國(guó)民待遇原則不適用于政府采購(gòu)。 2 國(guó)民待遇原則不妨礙一成員政府給國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者某種補(bǔ)貼。 1 普遍禁止

24、的例外 Art 11 2.The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not extend to the following:(a)Export prohibitions or restrictions temporarily applied to prevent or relieve critical shortages of foodstuffs or other products essential to the exporting contracting party;(b)Import and export prohibiti

25、ons or restrictions necessary to the application of standards or regulations for the classification, grading or marketing of commodities in international trade; (c) Import restrictions on any agricultural or fisheries product, imported in any form, necessary to the enforcement of governmental measur

26、es which operate:(i)to restrict the quantities of the like domestic product permitted to be marketed or produced, or, if there is no substantial domestic production of the like product, of a domestic product for which the imported product can be directly substituted; or (ii) to remove a temporary su

27、rplus of the like domestic product, or, if there is no substantial domestic production of the like product, of a domestic product for which the imported product can be directly substituted, by making the surplus available to certain groups of domestic consumers free of charge or at prices below the

28、current market level; or(iii)to restrict the quantities permitted to be produced of any animal product the production of which is directly dependent, wholly or mainly, on the imported commodity, if the domestic production of that commodity is relatively negligible. 2 為保障國(guó)際收支實(shí)施的數(shù)量限制 GATT Art12 （1）Not

29、withstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article XI, any contracting party, in order to safeguard its external financial position and its balance of payments, may restrict the quantity or value of merchandise permitted to be imported, subject to the provisions of the following paragraphs of thi

30、s Article. 3 保障條款及保障措施協(xié)議 （一）第 18 條規(guī)定 第 18 條題為政府對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展援助，允許發(fā)展中國(guó)家有更多自由使用數(shù)量限制和其他措施保護(hù)其幼稚工業(yè)和國(guó)際收支平衡，但由于其運(yùn)用受程序限制，較少采用。 GATT 第四部分要求發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家給予發(fā)展中國(guó)家在貿(mào)易談判中減讓關(guān)稅和其他貿(mào)易壁壘的優(yōu)惠，不希望得到互惠；擴(kuò)大發(fā)展中國(guó)家初級(jí)產(chǎn)品的出口；在考慮總協(xié)定其他特殊問(wèn)題時(shí)特別注意發(fā)展中國(guó)家的貿(mào)易利益和根本利益。 GATT 東京回合談判通過(guò)對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家差別的和更優(yōu)惠待遇，互惠和更全面參與的決定的授權(quán)條款，進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)了發(fā)展中國(guó)家在多邊貿(mào)易體制中享有差別的更優(yōu)惠待遇的法律地位。但是 GATT 第四部分與授權(quán)條款不是有約束力的法律義務(wù)，不能強(qiáng)制實(shí)行。 Art 36 8.The developed contracting parties do not expect reciprocity for commitments made by them in trade negotiations to reduce or remove tariffs and other barriers to