04-William-Shakespeare-莎士比亞(英美文學(xué))

1、 William Shakespeare(1564-1616)“All the world s a stage, And all the men and women merely players.”O(jiān)utline of the lecture1. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)1)Life Story2)Literary periods3)Major works2. Close readings: sonnet 18 and Hamlet (soliloquy, excerpt) 1)sonnet 18 2)Soliloquy3. Summary of sele

2、cted readings and the expression of Humanistic ideas4. Question discussion: why English Renaissance was much later than the Italian Renaissance?5. Assignment for next lectureI. Life n1. Birth nBorn April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon nBirth date credited as April 23, but the actual date is not known n

3、The 3rd of 8 kidsWilliam Shakespeares Home2. Education Attended the Stratford Grammar School for children of prominent citizens Mandatory attendance at church provided exposure to the Bible Influenced by the beautiful countryside indicated by his use of images from nature, gardening, agricultural pu

4、rsuits, and country folkloreStratford Grammar Schooln3. Marriage Married Anne Hathaway, daughter of a farmer on Nov. 28, 1582 Eight years older than William Three months pregnant when marriedAnne Hathaways cottage4. Life in London 1582 at age 18 married Anne Hathaway 1592 (28 years old) went to Lond

5、on Experiences of hardships: horse-keeper, odd jobs with certain theatrical companies Working as actor, minor parts and playwright Success: “an upstar crow”n5. Honored as Actor and Playwright Queen Elizabeth dies in 1603 King James I takes the throne Shakespeares company becomes the Kings Men Member

6、 of famous writers group6. Death and Burial at Stratford 1610 retired from theatre Dies on April 23, 1616 at age 52 In death, he leaves a final piece of verse as his epitaph: Good friend, for Jesus sake forbear To dig the dust enclosed here. Blessed be the man that spares these stones, And cursed be

7、 he that moves my bones.II. Dramatic Careern1. First Period: Apprenticeship Mainly wrote histories and comedies History plays are dramatic works which use history as a beginning point. They reflect real periods of history but Shakespeare did not write them chronologically. Earliest success in traged

8、y is Romeo and Juliet Juliet: O Romeo, O Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo?Deny thy father and refuse they name;Or, if thou wilt not, be sworn my love,And Ill no longer be a Capulet.- Act Two, Scene II, line 33. Juliet: Whats in a name? That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet:-

9、 Act Two, Scene II, line 43. Romeo and Juliet2. Second Period: Mature period Mainly wrote “Romantic Comedies” Not necessarily funny, but had happy endings. Although the comedies had happy endings, they all included sadness and tragedy. The theme of the comedies is overcoming the obstacle of love. Fo

10、ur great comedies As You Like It Mid-summer Nights Dream Twelfth Night The Merchant of VeniceA Midsummer Nights DreamAs You Like It3. Third Period: Flourishing Period Tragedies are Shakespeares most popular and famous works. Shakespeare used lots of soliloquies in his tragedies. This category explor

11、es the faults/weaknesses of humans. Great tragedies Hamlet Othello King Lear MacbethPosters for some Shakespeares plays說(shuō)不盡的莎士比亞說(shuō)不盡的莎士比亞歌德歌德 Out, out brief candle! Lifes but a walking, his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifyin

12、g nothing. Excerpt from Macbeth4. Forth Period: Creates a new drama formthe dramatic romance of families rather than love and marriage. Endings were characterized by homecoming, recognition, reconciliation, and forgiveness. The romances are set in mythical worlds where supernatural and magic and unl

13、ikely coincidences are commonplace. Cymbeline The Winters Tale The Tempest5. Plots and Characters Plots= romantic, poetic, farfetched, imaginative, supernatural Characters=realistic, alive, three dimensional, powerful and eternally true Objective of Plays= give pleasure Fanciful, imaginative plays A

14、udience= everyday people, uneducated, wanted to escape Wrote in verse=free use of words III. Tragedies by ShakespeareCharacteristics of Shakespeares TragedynMoodEarnestness nThemeLifes dark underside nStyleElevated (Generally Verse) nType of CharactersNoble but flawed (Upper class)3HAMLETOTHELLOKING

15、 LEARMACBETHVII. The Tragic History of Hamlet, Prince of DenmarkHamlet1. Major characters Old Hamlet: Late King of Denmark Gertrude: Queen of Denmark Hamlet: Prince of Denmark Horatio: Hamlets friend Ghost: King Hamlets ghost / spirit Claudius: Hamlets Uncle, the new king Polonius: Chief advisor of

16、Claudius Laertes: son of Polonius Ophelia: Daughter of Polonius, Hamlets GF Rosencrantz and Guildenstern: Hamlets schoolmates HamletClaudiusGertrudeOphelia LaertesThe GhostFortinbrasPolonius 2. Characters Relationship 3. Plot summary King Hamlet is murdered by his brother Claudius Claudius marries t

17、he Queen Gertrude to become king Hamlet is forced by his fathers ghost to take revenge Hamlet uses a theatre group to perform a play to show the guilt of Claudius. (a play within a play) Now Claudius realizes that Hamlet knows the truth and tries to kill him. Accidentally Gertrude drinks the poisone

18、d drink intended to kill Hamlet. Hamlet killed Claudius, but he himself was hurt to death4. Argumentative Structure question raised reasons given and choice made choice rejected suspended 1. To die or not to die: 2. To die: death-sleep-dream (unreal) 3. Not to die: world of the dead unknown 4. Undec

19、ided5. Contrast (1) Hamlet and Claudius: Each tries to probe into the mind of the other. Whether the king is guilty; whether Hamlet is mad (2) Real madness v. Feigned madness (Ophelia Hamlet)n(3) Different attitudes toward vengeance Hamlet thinks too much, delays too long. Laertis acts too rashly, t

20、hinks too little. Fortinbras is a man of both action and thoughts. n(4) Inner conflict in Hamlets mind Strong urge to revenge v. disillusioned view of human lifeContrast on Hamlet-his tragic flaw a unbounded love for the world; cherishes a profound reverence for man firm belief in mans power over de

21、stiny. “what a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculty! In form and moving how express and admirable! In action how life an angel in apprehension how like a god!”6. Traditional: Humanist7. Different interpretationsn(1) Success or failure n(2) Delay or not delay in taking

22、 his revengen(3) Different reasons in explaining the delaying of taking action Too much thought kills the action (Coleridge) A heavy task on weak shoulders (Goethe) (4) Oedipus Complex: Two Complexes (5) Common people/coward/humanist (6) The most significant existential questions; the existence of a

23、 god; “to be or not to be;”IV. Shakespeares SonnetsnSonnet: a poem in 14 lines with iambic pentameternThe rhyme is abab cdcd efef ggn154 Sonnets (1-126 sonnets for a handsome young man; 127-154 sonnets for “Dark Lady”)nThemes: love, friendship and ideal.Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, c A

24、nd often is his gold complexion dimmd; d And every fair from fair sometime declines , c By chance, or natures changing course, untrimmd. dBut thy eternal summer shall not fade, e Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst, f Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade, e When in eternal lines to

25、 time thou growst. fSo long as man can breathe or eyes can see, g So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. g Shall I compare thee to a summers day? a Thou art more lovely and more temperate. b Rough winds do shake the darling buds of may, a And summers lease hath all too short a date. bSomet

26、ime too hot the eye of heaven shines, c And often is his gold complexion dimmd; d And every fair from fair sometime declines , c By chance, or natures changing course, untrimmd. dBut thy eternal summer shall not fade, e Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst, f Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst

27、 in his shade, e When in eternal lines to time thou growst. fSo long as man can breathe or eyes can see, g So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. g Shall I compare thee to a summers day? a Thou art more lovely and more temperate. b Rough winds do shake the darling buds of may, a And summer

28、s lease hath all too short a date. bSonnet 18 Introduction ( 起起 )Elucidation ( 承承 ) Transition ( 轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn) )Conclusion ( 合合 )Iambus（抑揚(yáng)格）Iambic Foot（抑揚(yáng)音步）（抑揚(yáng)音步） 5-foot Iambus (Iambic Pentametre) （五步抑揚(yáng)格）（五步抑揚(yáng)格）Shall I compare thee to a sum mers day ? a Thou art more love ly and more tem perate. b Rough winds

29、 do shake the dar ling buds of may, a And sum mers lease hath all too short a date. bMetre:Quatrain 1Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a date:我怎么能夠把你來(lái)比作夏天？你不獨(dú)比它可愛(ài)也比它溫婉：狂風(fēng)把五月寵

30、愛(ài)的嫩蕊作踐，夏天出賃的期限又未免太短：If I compared you to a summer day, / Id have to say you are more beautiful and serene: / By comparison, summer is rough on budding life, / And doesnt last long either:Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Why does the persona “I” compare his lover to a summers day? Mild, gentle

31、and lovely as a lovely summers day in England This question compares “Thee” to a summers day because summer is considered as the best time of the year. Quatrain 2Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed,And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance, or

32、 natures changing course untrimmed: 天上的眼睛有時(shí)照得太酷烈，它那炳耀的金顏又常遭掩蔽：被機(jī)緣或無(wú)常的天道所摧折，沒(méi)有芳艷不終于雕殘或銷毀。At times the summer sun is too hot, / And at other times clouds dim its brilliance; / Everything fair in nature becomes less fair from time to time, / By chance, or because of the rough hand of natureQuatrain 3 B

33、ut thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst,Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growst, 但是你的長(zhǎng)夏永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)雕落，也不會(huì)損失你這皎潔的紅芳，或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊，當(dāng)你在不朽的詩(shī)里與時(shí)同長(zhǎng)。However, you yourself will not fade, / Nor lose ownership of your fairness; /

34、 Not even death will claim you, / Because these lines I write will immortalize you: What is the personas opinion of beauty, immortal or temporary? How can youth and beauty ever last? And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or natures changing course untrimmed: But “When in eternal lin

35、es to time thou growst”. So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.只要一天有人類，或人有眼睛，這詩(shī)將長(zhǎng)存，并且賜給你生命。 Your beauty will last as long as men breathe and see, / As Long as this sonnet lives and gives you life.Quatrain 4Theme A statement of praise about the be

36、auty of the beloved？ Power of art, power of man; Beauty and youth can be everlasting with the help of literature, which is eventually created by human being.除非人世已經(jīng)滅絕無(wú)生除非人世已經(jīng)滅絕無(wú)生此詩(shī)必將永傳與汝永恆此詩(shī)必將永傳與汝永恆致橡樹致橡樹我如果愛(ài)你/絕不學(xué)攀援的凌霄花，/借你的高枝炫耀自己；我如果愛(ài)你/絕不學(xué)癡情的鳥兒，/為綠蔭重復(fù)單調(diào)的歌曲；也不止像泉源/常年送來(lái)清涼的慰籍；/也不止像險(xiǎn)峰，增加你的高度，/襯托你的威儀。/甚至

37、日光/甚至春雨不，這些都還不夠/我必須是你近旁的一株木棉，作為樹的形像和你站在一起。/根，相握在地下；葉，相觸在云里。/每一陣風(fēng)吹過(guò)，我們都互相致意，但沒(méi)有人/聽(tīng)懂我們的言語(yǔ)/你有你的銅枝鐵干，像刀像劍也像戟；/我有我紅碩的花朵，/像沉重的嘆息，又像英勇的火炬/我們分擔(dān)寒潮風(fēng)雷霹靂；我們共享霧靄流嵐虹霓；/仿佛永遠(yuǎn)分離，卻又終身相依這才是偉大的愛(ài)情，/堅(jiān)貞就在這里/愛(ài)/不僅愛(ài)你偉岸的身軀，也愛(ài)你堅(jiān)持的位置，/足下的土地。VI. The Merchant of Venicen1. Major characters Antonio: Representative of Christians, bo

38、th hero and persecutor against the Jew Bassanio Portia Gratiano Nerissa Lorenzo Jessica Shylock: representative of the Jews suffering from racial discrimination and religious persecution, having a fierce hatred and revengeful feeling towards Christians2. Plot and structure n(1) The casket story On t

39、he gold casket: Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire. On the silver casket: Who chooseth me shall get As much as he deserves. On the lead casket: Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath.n(2) The bond (contract) story nTerms: 3 thousand ducats; 3 months term; a pound of flesh n(3)

40、 The elopement plot Shylocks daughter, Jessica, falls in love with Lorenzo, a Christian, and runs away with him, taking much of her fathers gold. n(4) The ring plot3. Two Worlds n(1) Venice Language of money, commerce Male friendship Justice / letter of law n(2) Belmont Poetic language Love / marria

41、ge bonds Mercy / spirit of law4. Motifs Choices: greed vs. willingness to giveAppearance vs. reality Bonds, covenants (agreements) Risk, venturing (Antonio, Bassanio, suitors) Justice vs mercy5. Shylocks conversion to ChristianitynFrom Christians point of view Shylock cannot be “saved” without Chris

42、t They are doing him a favor nFrom Jews point of view Shylock is condemned to be without society He cannot associate with other Jews The Christians wont really accept him They are imposing a penalty worse than losing all his money 6. Major Themes Traditional: To praise the friendship between Antonio

43、 and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty to her husband, to expose the greediness of the Jew Modern: To satirize the Christians hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship, love, kindness, and their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness; to expose the unreasonin