賓語和同位語從句

1、名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：連 接 詞： that, whether ,if （不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分） 連接代詞： what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which 連接副詞： when, where, how, why1.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有；連接詞that, if, whether; 連接代詞 who, what,which; 連接副詞 when, where, how, why等。1.1 that連詞 that本身沒有意義， 在從句中不擔(dān)任任何句子成分， 在賓語從句中有時(shí) 可省略。I hear （that） he

2、 has joined the football club. That light travels in straight line is known to all. It so happens that I know the man.Is it certain that they will win.1.2 whether 和 if 做連接詞1.2.1 whether可以連接所有的名詞性從句，而 if 只能引導(dǎo)賓語從句。I didn't know whether he would attend the concert.（賓語從句，可用 if 代替 whether）The questio

3、n is whether it s worth trying（. 表語從句，不可用 if 代替 whether） Whether she comes or not makes no difference.（主語從句，不可用 if 代替 whether）He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or no（t.同位語從句 , 不可 用代替）1.2.2 whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可作介詞的賓語，而 if 則不能。It all depends on whether they will support us. 不（ 用 if）Ryan w

4、as worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings.不 （ 用 if）1.2.3 if 既可引導(dǎo)直接賓語從句，也可引導(dǎo)間接賓語從句。如果用 if 會(huì)引起歧義， 應(yīng)避免使用 if ，而用 whether。Please let me know if you want to join us. （if 從句可被看成是賓語從句， if表示是否）Please let me know if you want to join us. （if 從句可被看成是條件狀語從句， if 表示如果）Please let me know whether you want t

5、 join u（s.為避免引起歧義， 可用 whether 表示是否）1.2.4 從句后有 “ or not時(shí)”I wonder whether he will come or not. 后接動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?1.3 who, whom, whose, what, which連接代詞 who, whom, whose, what, which 等在從句中既起連接作用，同時(shí)又 擔(dān)當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語、表語等成分。No one knows who he was waiting for.We are worrying abo

6、ut what we should do next.Tell me whose house it is.Let me know which train you will be arriving on.1.4 where, when, how, why連接副詞 where, when, how, why等在從句中既是連接詞，又作狀語。I don't know where we are going to have the meeting.She always thinks of how she can work well.What I am anxious to know is when

7、we can visit the museum. 比較：when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句和名詞性從句中的不同時(shí)態(tài)。Please let me know when you arrive（. when 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 來表示將來。）Please let me know when you will arrive.（when 引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，從句中用 一般將來時(shí)。）1.5 whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, whoever連接代詞 whoever = anyone who任何人 , 無論誰； whatever =anything that 凡

8、是 .，無論什么； whichever = anything that 無論那一個(gè) , 任何一個(gè)； whomever = anyone whom （ whoever 的賓格形式）。Whoever comes to the club is welcome.Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.They ate whatever they could find on the deserted island.You may do whatever you will.I'll take whichever book interes

9、ts me.Whosever book is overdue will be fined.比較：連接代詞 whoever 在賓語從句中作主語， whomever 作賓語從句中賓語。You may offer the book to whoever wants it. （此句中不能使用 whomever，因 為 whoever 在賓語從句中作 wants it 的主語）You may offer the book to whomever you like（whomever 在賓語從句中作 you like 的賓語）1.6 “疑問詞 +不定式”的功能：在句中可作主語、賓語、表語等成分。1.6.1

10、作主語How to give advice in English is what I am trying to learn.1.6.2 作賓語 作動(dòng)詞的賓語We have to start somewhere if we want to learn how to write plays. 作介詞的賓語We had better learn to make the right choices about what and how to eat.When you are trying to advise someone about what to do or what

11、not to do, you can use should / ought to or should not /ought not to.1.6.3 作表語My question is where to find the answer.1.6.4 從以上可以看出，“疑問詞 +不定式”構(gòu)成的短語在句中相當(dāng)于“名詞” ，因 此有些可以轉(zhuǎn)化成相應(yīng)的從句。I am not sure how to behave at the dinner table.= I am not sure how I should behave at the dinner table.這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，疑問代詞須接及物動(dòng)詞或相當(dāng)于及

12、物動(dòng)詞的短語 （who, which 除外）I don't know what to talk. （×）I don't know what to talk about. （）We haven't decided who （which） to go. （） 這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的疑問副詞后要接不及物動(dòng)詞； 若接及物動(dòng)詞 , 要有動(dòng)詞的賓 語。I don't know how to talk.I wonder if you could tell me how to do it. （ 不能說 : . how to do.）1.7 注意：1.7.1 won

13、der 后面的賓語從句I wonder if （whether） 意為“想知道，不知道，納悶” ，可表示婉轉(zhuǎn)的請(qǐng)求。I wonder if you can help her.I wonder that 從句意為 “對(duì) .感到驚訝 ”I wondered that nobody believes the news.1.7.2 doubt （名詞、動(dòng)詞）后面的同位語從句或賓語從句：肯定句中一般用 if 或 whether引導(dǎo)，在否定句和疑問句中用 that 引導(dǎo)。I doubted if whether he really knew the answer.I have no doubt that

14、she was ill yesterday.= I don't doubt that she was ill yeaterday.Do you doubt that she was ill?There is no doubt that he was ill.1.7.3 sure后面的賓語從句I am sure 后面的賓語從句用 that 引導(dǎo)，但也可以省略 that.I am not sure 后面用 whether, if wh- 疑問詞引導(dǎo)。I am sure that he won the game.I am not sure ifwhether he won the game.

15、I am not sure when he arrived in Beijing.I am not sure where he will go.1.8 that 和 what 做連接詞時(shí)的區(qū)別That 不做任何成分，而 what 做主語，賓語，表語等。What I want is money and food.That he is still famous is a fact.3. 賓語從句 在復(fù)合句中用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。3.1 連接詞3.1.1 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句I hear (that) the president will visit our school next mont

16、h.3.1.2 whether/if 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 ( 此兩個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞的區(qū)別見連接詞部分說明 ) I didn't know whether / if he would attend the concert.3.1.3 what, which, who, whom, whose 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 After the examination, we don't know what we should do. I can't tell which one is right.He was not sure who was right./ whose cloth it was.3

17、.1.4 when, where, why, how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句I don 't know when and where we will go.I don 't know why he is absent today.I know how he solved this difficult problem. 上述句子某些往往可以簡化為由上述連接詞后跟 to do 結(jié)構(gòu)。例：I don 't know when and where to go.After the examination, we don't know what to do.3.1.5 whateve

18、r, whichever, whoever, whomever等 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句You can eat whatever you want to eat.She will give whoever needs help a warm support.You can give the ticket to whomever you like.3.2 賓語從句類別3.2.1 作動(dòng)詞賓語He told us( that)he felt ill.Do you know whose dictionary it is？He has informed me when they are to discuss t

19、he work plan.Give a reading list to whoever comes.3.2.2 作介詞的賓語He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.I am curious as to what he will say.Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.They were praised or criticized according to how they had done their work.He go

20、es to the library every day except when it is raining.注意：that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句只用在少數(shù)介詞后，如： except, in, but 等。此時(shí)， that 不能省略。I know little about him except that he lives downstairs.He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.3.2.3 作形容詞的賓語I am not sure what I ought to do.I'm

21、afraid (that) you don't understand what I said.I'm surprised (that) I didn't see all that before.3.3 用 it 作形式賓語3.3.1 常用 it 來作形式賓語，把真正的賓語從句放在句末，這種情況尤其出現(xiàn)在 帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中， 這樣做的主要原因是為了保持句子的平衡， 避免句子前面 部分內(nèi)容太多而句子后面部分內(nèi)容太少，從而出現(xiàn)頭重腳輕的現(xiàn)象。We thought it strange that he did not come yesterday.He has made it

22、 clear that he will not give in.3.3.2 由于 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句一般不可以直接作介詞的賓語，因此當(dāng)介詞后面 需要用 that從句作賓語時(shí)，一般使用 it 作形式賓語。You may depend on it that I shall always support you. I'll see to it that your problem will be dealt with immediately.3.3.3 在 take, hide, see to, insist on, depend on 等動(dòng)詞以及一些表示愛好的動(dòng)詞 ( enjoy, h

23、ate, like, love, don't mind, resent 等)之后，形式賓語 it 后可直接跟賓語 從句。I take it that he's not interested in the book.She hid it that she was married.I don't like it when you look at me like that!3.3.4 it 不能作由連接代詞 whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever引 導(dǎo)的賓語從句的形式賓語。You may do whatever you

24、 will.I'll take whichever book interests me.We are ready to offer help to whoever needs it.3.4 賓語從句的語序 和其它從句一樣，賓語從句必須使用陳述語序，不能用疑問語序。 How can I get to the station？ Can you tell me？ Can you tell me how I can get to the station3.5 賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)3.5.1 在一般情況下，賓語從句中時(shí)態(tài)要和主句相一致，尤其是主句為過去時(shí)態(tài) 時(shí)。He said that he had

25、 lived in Beijing since liberation.He made it quite clear that he preferred to learn English.3.5.2 有時(shí)，賓語從句中時(shí)態(tài)也可以和主句不一致。You can't imagine how they were excited when they won the first place in the game.Can you make sure where you have put the gold ring3.5.3 客觀真理和自然規(guī)律的內(nèi)容在賓語從句中時(shí)態(tài)保持不變。Mike asked whe

26、ther the earth moves around the sun.Columbus proved that the earth is round.3.6 that 的省略般情況下，賓語從句中的 that是可以省略的。 但下列情況下的 that一般不 可省略。介詞后面的 that 不能省。Peter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上賓語從句其前面的引導(dǎo)詞不能省略。Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.Jack sa

27、ys (that) he has served here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month.3.6.3 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句位于句首時(shí)， that 不可省略。That he ever said such a thing I simply don't believe.3.6.4 主句謂語動(dòng)詞與 that 從句之間有插入語， that 不可省略。He said that, if he could manage it, he would come for dinner.3.6.5 賓語從句中有其他從屬連詞

28、時(shí)， that 不能省略。He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night.3.7 賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移3.7.1 在 think, consider, believe, suppose, expect, fancy等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句， 如有 否定意思，一般要把否定詞前移到主句的語上，從句的謂語用肯定的形式。I don't think he can do it better than me.I don't believe they have finished their work yet.I don'

29、;t suppose he cares, does he?3.7.2 在下列情況下，賓語從句不否定轉(zhuǎn)移think 等詞前有副詞和表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的 doI really expect he won' t fail the examination.I do think that he is not fair. think 等詞和其他詞構(gòu)成并列謂語I think and hope that he won' t cheat at cards. think 等詞作為插入語His decision is not wise, I think.3.8 使用虛擬語氣的賓語從

30、句3.8.1 在 suggest insist, order, demand, request, require, command, propose, desi等reshould +表示建議、命令、要求、欲望動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句中，用虛擬語氣，即 動(dòng)詞原形， should 常被省略。He suggested that we should have a further discussion about the final decision. She insisted that they should show her their passports.3.8.2 在wish 后面的賓語從句中需要用虛

31、擬語氣， 表示與事實(shí)相反或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的 愿望。How I wish I had learned more!He wishes he would have another chance to go abroad.3.9 含有賓語從句復(fù)合句的反意疑問句3.9.1 反意疑問句一般與主句一致。He said they were going to help me, didn't he？She told you that the mat was her own work, didn't she?3.9.2 當(dāng)主句的主語為第一人稱，謂語動(dòng)詞是 think, believe, consider,

32、 imagine, suppose, hope 等詞時(shí)，反意疑問句應(yīng)與賓語從句保持一致。這時(shí)特別要注意否 定轉(zhuǎn)移的問題。I suppose you're serious, aren't you？ （ 不可用 don't I）I don't suppose he's serious, is he （ 不可用 do I）3.9.3 如果主語是第二、第三人稱，則疑問句部分與主句一致，且不存在否定轉(zhuǎn) 移的問題。You don't think we can speak English, do you?He thinks he's got the right answer, doesn't h？e4. 同位語從句 同位語從句用于對(duì)前面的名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容。4.1 同位語從句一般跟在名詞 advice, demand, fact, hop